• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.185-192
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was to evaluate the shear bond strength of the ceramic fused to Ni-Cr alloy(Bellabond plus) and Co-Cr alloy(Wirobond C) by heat treatment. Methods: Metal specimens were divided into 5 groups for each alloy according to heat treatment conditions prior to porcelain application. Fifteen specimens from each group were subjected to a shear load a universal testing machine using a 0.1mm/min cross-head speed and one specimen from each group was observed with EDX line profile. Results: The diffusion of metal oxide observed far in the specimen heat treated than no heat treated in the opaque layer. The shear bond strength measured highest to BP3(50.50MPa), WC2(50.49MPa) groups and measured lowest from BP1(35.1MPaa), WC1(39.66MPa) groups which were not treated with heat, and there was a significant difference (p<0.05). Conclusion: The shear bond strength of Ni-Cr alloy(Bellabond plus) and Co-Cr alloy(Wirobond C) measured similar 5 groups all.

• Journal of Surface Science and Engineering
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.170-174
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• 2007

High Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF) thermal spray coating of nano size WC-Co powder (nWC-Co) has been studied as one of the most promising candidate for the possible replacement of the traditional hard plating in some area which causes environmental and health problems. nWC-Co powder was coated on Inconel 718 substrates by HVOF technique. The optimal coating process obtained from the best surface properties such as hardness and porosity is the process of oxygen flow rate (FR) 38 FMR, hydrogen FR 57 FMR and feed rate 35 g/min at spray distance 6 inch for both surface temperature $25^{\circ}C\;and\;500^{\circ}C$. In coating process a small portion of hard WC decomposes to less hard $W_2C$, W and C at the temperature higher than its decomposition temperature $1,250^{\circ}C$ resulting in hardness decrease and porosity increase. Friction coefficient increases with increasing coating surface temperature from 0.55-0.64 at $25^{\circ}C$ to 0.65-0.76 at $500^{\circ}C$ due to the increase of adhesion between coating and counter sliding surface. Hardness of nWC-Co is higher or comparable to those of other hard coatings, such as $Al_2O_3,\;Cr,\;Cr_2O_3$ and HVOF Tribaloy 400 (T400). This shows that nWC-Co is recommendable for durability improvement coating on machine components such as high speed spindle.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.442-446
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• 2014

Influences of Co and inhibitors from nano-sized WC materials were observed in the sintering process. VC and $Cr_3C_2$ were used as inhibitors. The crystal structure and surface images of sintered nano-sized WC materials, as functions of Co and inhibitors, were evaluated by XRD and FE-SEM analyses. The relative densities of sintered nano-sized WC materials did not change even with increased quantity of Co and increased temperature. The density of sintered nano-sized WC materials with inhibitors was lower than that of sintered nano-sized WC materials without inhibitors. No difference in hardness due to change of inhibitors was found.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.7-11
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• 2013

High velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spray coating of WC-metal powder (powder) was carried out to improve the resistances of friction, wear and corrosion of magnetic bearing shaft material Inconel718 (In718) of turbo blower. A micron sized WC-metal powder (86.5% WC, 9.5% Co 4% Cr) was coated onto In718 surface using HVOF thermal spraying. During the spraying, the binder metals and alloy such as Co, Cr and Co-Cr alloy were molten and a small portion of WC particles were partially decomposed to $W_2C$ and free carbon at above its decomposition temperature of $1250^{\circ}C$. The free carbon and excessively sprayed oxygen formed carbon oxide gases, resulting a porous coating of porosity of $2.2{\pm}0.3%$. The surface hardness of substrate increased approximately three times from 400 Hv of In718 to $1260{\pm}30Hv$ of the coating The friction coefficients of the coating were approximately $0.33{\pm}0.03$ at $25^{\circ}C$ and $0.26{\pm}0.03$ at $450^{\circ}C$. These values were smaller than those of In718 substrate at both temperatures due to the lubrication from the free carbon and the cobalt oxide debris. The corrosion resistance of the coating was higher than that of In718 both in salt water of 3.5% NaCl and acid of 1 M HCl solutions, on the contrary, it was lower in base solution of 1 M NaOH. According to this study, the HVOF WC-metal powder coating is recommended for the durability improvement of magnetic bearing shaft of turbo blower.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.41-46
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• 2014

In this study, cracking susceptibility of laser cladding was investigated according to the processing parameters such as laser power, scan speed and feeding rate with blended powders of stellite#6 and technolase40s (WC+NiCr). The solidification microstructure of clad was composed of Co-based dendrite structures with ${\gamma}+Cr7C3$ eutectic phases at the dendritic boundaries. The crack propagation showed transgranular fracture along dendritic boundaries due to brittle chrome carbide at the eutectic phases. From results of fractography experiments, the fracture surface was typical cleavage brittle fracture in the clad and substrate. The number of clad cracks, caused by a tensile stress after the solidification, increased with increase of laser power, scan speed and feeding rate. Increase of the laser power caused large pores by facilitating WC decarburizing reaction. And the pores affected increase of crack susceptibility. High scan speed caused increment of clad cracks due to thermal stress and WC particle fractures. Also, increase of the feeding rate accompanied an amount of WC particles causing crack initiation and decarburizing reaction.

• Proceedings of the Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.22-22
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• 2001

전통적으로 초경합금은 무라까미 용액에서 에칭하거나 묽은 염산에 넣고 끓이는 방법에 의해 그 밋구조를 관찰하였다. 그러나 carbide 입자가 suvmicron 크기인 초경합금에서는 전통적인 에칭 방법으 에칭 후에도 입자/기지상, 입자/입자 입계를 동시에 구분시킬 수 있는 SEM 사진을 얻을 수 없다. 본 연구에서는 submicron 크기 초경합금의 고배율 SEM 사진을 얻을 수있는 90H2O2 - 10HNO3 (vol%)의 새로운 에칭 용액을 개발하였다. 경명의 submicron 크기 WC-Co 시편을 샐운 에칭 용액인 90H2O2 - 10HNO3 (vol%)에 넣고 약 6$0^{\circ}C$에서 약 12분 동안 에칭하였다. 에칭에 의해 Co 기지상은 빠르게 제기(dissolution)되었고, 동시에 표면의 WC 입자들은 각각의 결정학적 방향에 따라 천천히(slowly) 다른 속도로 부식(sissolution)되었다. 고배율 SEM을 관찰한 결과 WC/기지상 계면과 WC/WC 입계가 명화갛게 관찰되었다. WC 입자의 성장을 억제시키는입자성장 억제제(Cr3C2, TaC,VC)가 첨가된 WC Co 초경합금을 새로운 에칭 용액인 90H2O2 - 10HNO3 (vol%)에 넣고 약 6$0^{\circ}C$에서 약 12분동안 에칭하였다. 매우 작은 입자를 갖는 미세구조임에도 불구하고 고배율 SEM에서 WC/기지상 계면과 WC/WC 입계가 명확하게 관찰되었다. 90H2O2 - 10HNO3 (vol%)에서 Co 기지상이 빠르게 제거되는 것은 산 (acid)인 HNO3)에서 금속인 Co가 쉽게 녹기 때문이다. 동시에 WC 입자들이 각각 다른 속도로 에칭 된 것은 강력한 산화제인 H2O2가 각각의 WC입자 표면에 얇은 텅스텐 산화물 층을 형성시켰고 이들이 산인 HNO3에서 녹았기 때문이다. 본 연구에서 개발된 새로운 에칭 용액인 90H2O2 - 10HNO3 (vol%)의 에칭 원리가 똑같이 적용 가능한 다른 종류의 초경 합금에서도 사용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.로 판단된다.

• Journal of Surface Science and Engineering
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.179-189
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• 2006

High velocity oxygen fuel(HVOF) thermal spray coating of WC-Co powder is one of the most promising candidate for the replacement of the traditional hard chrome plating and ceramics coating because of the environmental problem of the very toxic $Cr^{6+}$ known as carcinogen and the brittleness of ceramics coating. WC-Co micron and nano powder were coated by HVOF thermal spraying method for the study of durability improvement of the high speed spindle. Coatings were planned by Taguchi program for the four spray parameters of spray distance, flow rates of hydrogen, oxygen and powder feed rate. Optimal coating process was obtained by the studies of coating properties such as porosity, surface roughness, micro hardness, and micro structure. WC-Co micron and nano powder were coated on the Inconel 718 substrate by the optimal coating process obtained in this study. The wear behaviors were studied by the sliding wear tester at room temperature and at an elevated temperature of $500^{\circ}C$ for the application to high speed spindle. Sliding wear test was carried out for four most promising hard coatings of chrome coating, ceramics coatings such as $A1_2O_3,\;Cr_2O_3$ and HVOF Co-alloy T800 for the comparison of their wear behaviors. HVOF WC-Co coating was better than other coatings showing highest micro hardness of 1400 Hv and comparable friction coefficients with others. HVOF WC-Co coating is a strong candidate for the replacement of the traditional hard chrome plating for the high speed spindle.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 1999.08a
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• pp.272-278
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• 1999

Tungsten Carbide(WC) Roll is widely used in finishing stands of wire rod mill. This report is about the manufacturing method of WC roll with excellent wear resistance. To enhance wear resistance, WC content has been increased to the maximum extent while binder content such as Co, Ni, Cr has been minimized. Part of WC is replaced with TiC having more wear resistant than WC. WTiC powder has been used to prevent weight unbalance resulting from the difference of specific weight when adding TiC. The roll manufactured by this method, is having more wear resistance than the existing rolls when applying to the final stand of the finishing mill. This report shows that WC is the critical factor of wear resistance in WC rolls and an approprite amount of TiC effects wear resistance and when adding TiC, using WTiC powder is better.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.138-139
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• 2007

The microstructure and micro-hardness of high velocity oxygen fuel-sprayed (HVOF) WC-CoCr coatings are comparatively studied for both before and after laser heat-treatment (LT) of the coatings. The results indicate that compared to HVOF WC-CoCro coating, the laser treatment has eliminated the pores almost entirely providing a more homogeneous and densified microstructure. And the compact interface of the coating with substrate is achieved by laser treatment. The thickness of the coating has decreased from 300 ${\mu}m$ to 225 ${\mu}m$ As a result, the average porosity is five times higher in HVOF coating than in the coating by laser treatment. The laser treatment has produced a considerable increment in the hardness of the coating near surface whose average value increases from Hv0.2=1262.4 in the HVOF-sprayed coating to Hv0.2=1818.7 in the coatings treated with laser.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.171-172
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• 2007

초고속용사법(HVOF)은 우수한 강도와 높은 경도를 가지는 치밀한 후막형성이 가능하고 피로특성 및 열충격에 대한 저항성이 양호하여 종래에 사용되어 오던 전기도금등을 통한 표면처리 방법을 대체시키고 있다. 항공기엔진의 주요부품, 초고속 air bearing spindle등의 내구성향상을 위한 WC계 분말을 이용한 표면처리의 공정을 다구찌실험계획법을 이용해 최적조건을 선정하였다.