• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.19-24
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• 2014

PURPOSES : The study objective was to evaluate rheology and physical properties of SBS-modified warm-mix asphalt (WMA) binders in comparison with hot-mix asphalt (HMA) binders. METHODS : Four different SBS polymers were used to prepare polymer-modified asphalt (PMA) binders, and three different warm-mix additives (WAD) were used to prepare a total of 12 WMA PMA binders. The kinematic viscosity was measured at 115, $135^{\circ}C$. The PG was determined using DSR and BBR. The pass/fail (P/F) temperatures for high and low PG grading were evaluated for HMA PMA and WMA PMA binders. RESULTS : PG 76-22 binders could be prepared by modifying the base binder (PG 64-22) using 4.5 wt% of SBS. The kinematic viscosity (KV) of SBS PMA was increased by 3 times higher than that of base asphalt. The SBS PMA with WAD showed 10% lower KV than that of the normal SBS PMA at $115^{\circ}C$ The high P/F temperatures showed almost no difference between HMA PMA and WMA PMA binders. The high P/F temperature showed very high correlations with KV ($R^2$ > 0.97). The result of SBS modification caused increase of low P/F temperature by $2.7^{\circ}C$ on average. CONCLUSIONS : Since the PMA with WAD showed 10% lower KV than normal (HMA) PMA at $115^{\circ}C$, reducing PMA mixture temperature down to a WMA level was possible in this study. The higher KV binders showed the higher P/F temperature. There was almost no change in high P/F temperature due to the use of WAD. The SBS PMA, showing an increased low P/F temperature, might show somewhat poorer performance at low-temperature, even though the lower PG grade was staying at the same level, i.e., $-22^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.47-54
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• 2015

Objectives This study aimed to research current trends of acupuncture treatment of whiplash associated disorder (WAD). Methods Clinical studies about acupuncture therapy on WAD were searched in 7 databases. The included studies were classified according to their publication dates, methods, interventions, outcome measures. Interventions were analyzed by accompanied intervention, acupoint, acupuncture retaining time and treatment period. Results 14 articles were included. The number of studies on acupuncture for WAD shows increasing tendency since 1990. The included studies consist of 6 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), 2 non-randomized controlled trials (nRCTs), 2 cohort studies, 1 before and after study, 1 case study and 2 case reports. Most studies used visual analogue scale (VAS) as primary outcome. Conclusions This review demonstrates that further clinical studies need to be carried out under the formal clinical practice guidelines of acupuncture therapy for WAD in order to support clinical treatment objectively.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2013

This study analyzed the expressive characteristics of padding in contemporary fashion. The methodology of this study was quantified through documentaries, fashion collections, and internet news. The results of expressive characteristics and methods were as follow. First, variability showed the creation of dwelling space by air filling, detail mode by zipper, and diversity of recycled filling by zipper pocket. It reflected the pursuit of nomadism and subversion of permanence by change of filling. Second, it was sexual symbolicity that showed the blurred androgynous silhouette by air filling and padding bar design of the chest, stomach, shoulder for the male body silhouette. It emphasized male sexual identity and power through the expression of a modern ideal body. Third, decoration displayed various crafts (such as knitting), various fabric such as polapolis, suedette, corduroy, denim, leather, knit, and spangle. It reflected visual pleasure, scarcity and various interpretations. Fourth, playfulness character forms throug hair filling, unfamiliar fashion items, diversity of silhouette and change of uses. It reflected a pleasant feeling through astonishment and surprise, nostalgia involved in memory and childhood play and disembarrassment from reality. Fifth, simplicity showed the elimination of a sportswear's factor with regular wad quilting, elimination of wad quilting, wad quilting following the structural line of clothes and the structual line of clothes omitted. It reflected disembarrassment from stereotype and an emphasis on essential elements.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.314-320
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• 2016

Purpose: This study compared the effectiveness of sling exercise and McKenzie exercise in patients with acute cervical whiplash associated disorder (WAD) caused by rear-end collision. Methods: Thirty WAD patients were randomly assigned to one of three groups; a sling exercise (SE) group, a McKenzie exercise (McE) group, and a control group. Members of the SE and McE exercised three times a week for four weeks under the researcher's guidance. Three groups performed TENS treatment three times a week for four weeks. Diagnostic radiological equipment was used to measure whiplash injury. Visual analog scale (VAS), neck disability index (NDI), and range of motion (ROM) were used in this study. Results: The three groups showed a significant pre-post treatment difference in measures of VAS and NDI (p<0.05). The SE group showed a significant pre-post treatment difference in measures of flexion and extension changes compared to the McE and control group (p<0.05). The SE group also showed significantly greater improvement in the VAS, NDI, and ROM changes than the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: These findings indicate that sling exercise is a stronger and more aggressive intervention for treatment of acute WAD patients.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1998.11b
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• pp.403-406
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• 1998

There are two cases of error occurrence of STT(Smart Temperature Transmitter). One is that because of unstable reference voltage, data from A/D converter is not reliable. The other is that because of change of room temperature, this change affects conversion of A/D converter. In this paper, we show algorithms be adapted to STT for reliable conversion of A/D converter through a experiment and compensation for temperature change. In a experiment, we collect data from reference voltage and ground then calculate nominal value of these at constant temperature during A/D converter initialization or at any conversion time. Algorithm for compensation for unstable reference voltage calculates a correction factor and adapts it to compensation for malfunction of A/D converter. Algorithm for compensation for variation of room temperature is come from linearization of thermistor but is adapted to zener diode, not thermistor, therefor we have less effort for compensation for temperature and have a idea that it can be adapted to A/D converter system.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.532-539
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• 2012

Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy of gamma-irradiated fresh broccoli and kimchi cabbage was conducted to identify their irradiation history. Different pretreatments, such as freeze-drying (FD), oven-drying (OD), alcoholic-drying (ALD), and water-washing and alcoholic-drying (WAD) were used to lower the moisture contents of the samples prior to ESR analysis. The non-irradiated samples exhibited a single central signal ($g_0$=2.0007) with clear effect of $Mn^{2+}$, especially in kimchi cabbage. Upon irradiation, there was an increase in the intensity of the central signal, and two side peaks, mutually spaced at 6 mT, were also observed. These side peaks with $g_1$ (left)=2.023 and $g_2$ (right)=1.985 were attributed to radiation-induced cellulose radicals. Leaf and stem in broccoli, and root and stem in kimchi cabbage provided good ESR signal responses upon irradiation. The signal noise was reduced in case of ALD and WAD pretreatments, particularly due to $Mn^{2+}$ signals. The ALD treatment was found most feasible to detect the improved ESR spectra in the irradiated samples.

• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.510-516
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• 2011

For using Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS) in the civil aviation, it should satisfies the Required Navigation Performances(RNPs) which are defined by International Civil Aviation Organization(ICAO). RNP defines the required accuracy, integrity, availability, continuity of each flight procedure. In order to guarantee user's integrity, user's protection level has to be overestimated. On the other hand, for improving user's availability, user's protection level has to be estimated tightly. Therefore protection level should be estimated as tight as possible while it assuring the user's integrity. This paper describes the current integrity function of Korean WAD GNSS test bed, and predicts the availability performance of Korean WAD GNSS by simulation.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.15 no.5 s.73
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• pp.38-46
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• 2006

The removal of arsenic(V) using four different natural minerals were evaluated. Parameters like contact time, pH, adsorbent dosages, and As(V) concentration were optimized. The kinetics of adsorption was observed to be fast and reached equilibrium within 2h. As(V) adsorption on studied minerals was dependent on pH and followed a pseudo-second-order reaction model. For kaolin, maximum adsorption was found at pH 5.0. Whereas, in case of other three minerals, a pH range of 6.0-7.0 was found to be the best for As(V) adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacity (Q) was calculated by fitting Langmuir equation to the adsorption isotherms obtained under a specified condition. From the slope of best fit, the Q values were calculated to be 2.07, 2.15, 1.95 and 0.86 mg As(V)/g of bauxite, wad, iron ore and kaolin, respectively. Desorption of As(V) from loaded materials was dependent on the type of leaching reagents used. Based on the results, it was found that among the studied natural minerals, wad was the best As(V) adsorbent.

• International Journal of Reliability and Applications
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.101-115
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• 2005

This article provides a new class of multivariate linear failure rate distributions where every component is a mixture of linear failure rate distribution. The new class includes several multivariate and bivariate models including Marslall and Olkin type. The approach in this paper is based on the introducing a linear failure rate distributed latent random variable. The distribution of minimum in a competing risk model is discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.655-666
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• 2013

PURPOSE: The main objective of this study is observing the effects of the functional postural trunk exercise (FPTE) on deep cranio-cervical flexor (CCF) muscle endurance applied on neck pain patients suffering from the acute whiplash-association disorder (WAD). METHODS: The study was tested with 47 patients with neck pain. All patients were equally treated with the ordinary therapy, only experimental group (n=23) was treated with FPTE: assumption of an upright lumbo-pelvic and spinal postural position, adding a neck lengthening manoeuvre in addition. Patients attended physical therapy for 3 times a week, for 4 weeks. Visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain, neck disability index (NDI), range of motion (ROM), were recorded both before and after the intervention. Also muscle activity in the CCF test was employed to analyze the changes between before and after. RESULT: After 4 weeks of training intervention, a remarkable increase in muscle endurance, rotation, extension ROM (p<.05) and decrease in pain and NDI (p<.05) in both groups. Further, the differences between groups were muscle endurance (F=60.350, p<.01), pain, and the left rotation ROM (p<.05). CONCLUSION: From the results, the experimental group had significant the increase in muscle endurance, and the significant decrease in pain. Whilst further research in this category is necessary, these observations suggest that applying exercise in early diagnosis can be of help to treat the neck pain patients suffering from the WAD.