• 유통과학연구
• /
• 제17권7호
• /
• pp.45-53
• /
• 2019

Purpose - The relationship between multinationality and performance has become a hot topic in academic circles and is very important for multinational firms, especially for Chinese multinational firms, who need more experience to enter the international market. Given this background, this paper attempts to figure out the importance of multinationality to China's firm performance and to explore whether the Four-stage Theory can also be applied to China's firms. Research design, data, and methodology - We employ the panel data of 435 multinational firms from 2008 to 2017 chosen from China's A-shares to conduct an empirical analysis by using a fixed-effects model. In the paper, the performance is represented by ROA (return on assets), treated as a dependent variable, and multinationality is represented by FSTS (foreign sales/total sales), treated as an independent variable. Results - We find that the performance first decreases then rises, then falls down, and rises again in the end. Hence there is a W-shaped relationship between the multinationality of the Chinese manufacturing industries and firm performance, proving that the four-stage theory is also applicable to Chinese multinational firms. Conclusions - These empirical results can provide some advice for policymakers to improve the firm performance such as reducing the logistics cost of multinationality.

• 한국분말재료학회지
• /
• 제8권4호
• /
• pp.245-252
• /
• 2001

Recent remarkable progress in the semiconductor industry has promoted smaller size of semiconductor chips and increased amounts of heat generation. So, the demand for a substrate material to meet both the characteristics of thermal expansion coefficient and heat radiation has been on the increase. Under such conditions, tungsten(W)-copper(Cu) has been proposed as materials to meet both of the above characteristics. In the present study, the W-10wt.%Cu powders were synthesised by the mixing and hydrogen reduction of the starting mixture materials such as W-Cu, $W-CuCl_2$and $WO_3-CuCl_2$ in order to obtain the full densification. The W-10wt.%Cu produced by hydrogen reduction showed the higher interparticle friction than the simple mixed W-10wt%Cu because of the W agglomerates. In the dilatometric analysis the W-10wt.%Cu prepared from the $W-CuCl_2$was largely shrank by heating up $1400^{\circ}C$ at the constant heating rate of $5^{\circ}C$/min. The possibility of application of metal injection molding (MIM) was also investigated for mass production of the complex shaped W-Cu parts in semiconductor devices. The relationship between the temperature of molding die and the pressure of injection molding was analyzed and the heating up stage of 120-$290^{\circ}C$ in the debinding process was controlled for the most suitable MIM condition.

• 한국분말재료학회지
• /
• 제5권2호
• /
• pp.145-153
• /
• 1998

W-Cu alloy is attractive to thermal managing materials in microelectronic devices because of its good thermal properties. The metal injection molding (MIM) of W-Cu systems can satisfy the need for mass production of the complex shaped W-Cu parts in semiconductor devices. In this study, the application of MIM process of the mechanically alloyed (MA) W-Cu composite powders, which had higher sinterability were investigated. The MA W-Cu powders and reduction treated (RT) powders were injected by using of the multicomponent binder system. The multi-stage debinding cycles were adopted in $N_2$ and $H_2$ atmosphere. The isostatic repressing treatment was carried out in order to improve the relative density of brown parts. The brown part of RT W-Cu composite powder sintered at 110$0^{\circ}C$ had shown the higher sinterability compared to that of MA powder. The relative sintered density of all specimens increased to 96% by sintering at 120$0^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour. The relationship between green density and the sintering behavior of MA W-Cu composite powder was analyzed and discussed on the basis of the nanostructured characteristics of the MA W-Cu composite powder.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
• /
• 제9권6호
• /
• pp.440-446
• /
• 2004

Interest in in vitro study of entomopathogenic fungi, including Cordyceps species, has been increasing due to their valuable bioactive compounds and biocontrol effects. Among Cordyceps species, in vitro stromata of C militaris has been successfully produced and cultivated for industrial purposes. However, genetic study on in vitro stromata formation of C militaris has not been carried out yet. Here, relationship between mating system and perithecial stromata formation of C militaris is reported. Mating system was determined by observing perithecial stromata formation from mono-ascospore cultures and their pair-wise combinations. Certain combinations of mono-ascospore strains produced perithecial club-shaped stromata, whereas other combinations produced either no stromata or only abnormal non-perithecial stromata. Similarly, mono­ascospore cultures without combination produced either no stromata or only abnormal non­perithecial stromata. Despite obvious heterothallism, self-fertility was occasionally observed in few strains of C militaris. These observations indicated that C militaris behaves as a bipolar het­erothallic fungus and requires two mating compatible strains in order to produce regular club­shaped perithecial stromata, a fundamental requirement for its industrial cultivation.

• 터널과지하공간
• /
• 제6권4호
• /
• pp.335-341
• /
• 1996

This fundamental study analyzes the relationship between rock thermal properties and psychrometric properties in underground space and has a ultimate goal to develope technologies for predicting major environmental variables. The study is divided into 2 subjects (1) developement of a basic model for predicting temperature and humidity, (2) analysis of the validity of the model through application to a local underground storage space for military supplies. The basic model is built for the network of tunnel-shaped underground spaces. The model takes into account rock thermal properties and changes in moisture content in the air due to condensation/evaporation on the rock surface. Using lumped-parameter analytical method, heat flux from or to the surrounding rock is calculated and then the psychrometric properties(air quantity, pressure, temperature, humidity) are estimated through network simulation. The model can be utilized regardless of the tunnel type. The study site is a local storage space built in rock, mainly granite gneiss and quartz-porphyry. It is a U-shaped tunnel, 593.5m long and 6x6.5m wide. Relative humidity inside has to be strictly controlled under 55% to avoid erosion of a certain types of supplies stored in 6 chambers with the capacity of 300~1.000 ton. The thermal conductivity varies between 2.734 and 2.779W/m$^{\circ}C$ and the thermal diffusivity is in the range of 1.119 and $1.152{\times}10^{-6}\;m^2/s$ the specific heat between 910 and $920\;J/kg^{\circ}C$. Relative errors of the predicted values of dry/wet temperature and relative humidity are 0.8~3.0%, 0~7.5% and 0~7.0%, respectively. Apparent errors associated with the rock surface temperature seems to be partly due to the intrinsic limitations in the infrared thermometer used in this study.

• 자원환경지질
• /
• 제24권4호
• /
• pp.409-419
• /
• 1991

본 연구에서는 북부 미시간지역에 분포하는 세개의 troughes (Marquette, Republic, and Michigan River troughes)가 만나는 지역의 tectonic evolution을 해석하기 위한 stress의 방향 및 변성퇴적암류의 분포를 이해하는데 도움을 주기위하여, 중력탐사를 통하여 연구지역의 기반암구조 및 이를 피복하고 있는 변성퇴적암과의 관계를 해석하였다. 연구지역은 시생대 기반암(Precambrian W)을 원생대의 변성퇴적암이 부정합으로 덮고 있으며, 이들 암석군들은 현저한 밀도의 차이를 보여 본역의 지각구조를 설명하는데 있어서 중력탐사가 효과적이다. $380km^2$에 걸친 연구지역에 340개의 중력기점을 설정하여 측정된 중력은 표준중력 보정과정을 통하여 중력이상도를 작성하였다. Trough내에 퇴적되어 있는 변성퇴적암류를 따라 positive anomaly가 세 trough들의 축을 따라 나타난다. 각 trough들의 지하구조는 Talwani 방법에 의하여 modelling되었으며, 이들의 심도 또한 계산되었다. 그 결과로 Marquette trough는 비대청형으로 남쪽사면에 비하여 북쪽사면이 급경사를 이루고 있다. 세 trough가 합류하는 지점의 기반암구조는 대체로 평평하며, 이것으로 미루어 이 trough들이 거의 동시에 생성되었음을 시사해준다.

• 한국레이저가공학회지
• /
• 제11권1호
• /
• pp.32-35
• /
• 2008

In the remote welding system using $CO_2$ laser, laser beam can be rapidly transferred to a workpiece by moving mirrors of scanner system. So, it makes reducing the cycle time of welding process. We can also use and apply various patterns of weld beads by linear controlled mirrors. But most of the domestic car makers have usually applied use stitch-shaped weld bead. In that case, we don't have the merit of remote welding system efficiently. Therefore, in this paper, we investigated the characteristic of weld strength according to patterns of weld bead on $CO_2$ laser welding. And we also studied the relationship between shape of weld bead and value of tensile load.

• 대한기계학회논문집
• /
• 제10권6호
• /
• pp.916-922
• /
• 1986

본 논문에서는 여러 연구자들이 반타원형 표면균열에 대한 응력확대계수의 수 정계수(correction factor)을 이론해석, 수치해석 및 실험해석 등을 통하여 구했는데, 그 결과는 서로가 5∼100%의 차이를 나타내고 있는 것이다. 이 때문에 표면균열에 대한 연구보고는 다른 분야에 비하여 비교적 적은 편이며, 현재까지 펴면균열의 피로 성장거동에 대한 정열이 설정되어 있지 못한 실정인 것이다. 이에 저자들은 표면균 열의 피로성장거동에 대한 다각적인 연구계획을 추진하고 있는 중이며, 본 보고서는 그 제1단계 연구로서, 초기 표면균열의 크기가 피로균열성장거동에 미치는 영향을 규 명하기 위한 실험적인 연구결과이다.

• 철학연구
• /
• 제119권
• /
• pp.141-172
• /
• 2011

본 논문은 로크와 훔볼트의 언어개념을 '언어와 사고'의 관계 문제를 중심으로 상호 비교해 보는 것을 근본 목적으로 삼고 있다. 먼저, 로크는 인간에게 있어서 '언어'는 사회 속에서 의사소통의 수단이나 도구로 이용되는 것이 가장 본질적인 특성이며, 이러한 특성은 자연적인 것이 아니라 사회적인 약정에 의한 것이라고 주장한다. 특히 로크는 낱말(언어)을 그것을 사용하는 사람의 마음속에 있는 관념의 기호라고 주장한다. 이에 반해, 훔볼트는 인간의 사고활동이 언어와 함께 수행되기 때문에, 언어의 본질은 인간의 정신활동(사고)과 불가분적인 어떤 것이라고 주장한다. 물론 훔볼트 역시 로크가 강조하는 의사소통의 수단으로서의 언어적 기능을 인정하기는 하지만, 본질적인 의미에서의 언어는 동적인 정신활동이며, 언어를 통해 비로소 정신이 형성된다고 주장한다. 따라서 이렇게 본다면, 양자 간의 언어개념에는 본질적으로 명확한 차이가 존재한다고 할 수 있다. 그런데 이들 양자의 언어개념에서 나타나는 차이성은 이뿐만이 아니다. 예를 들어, 위에서 언급한 언어의 본질적인 기능 문제이외에도, 인간 언어의 역사적 기원 문제나 말(Rede) 개념의 사용 문제, 그리고 언어를 사용하기 위한 인간의 조건 여부 문제 등에서도 명확한 차이가 나타난다. 본 연구에서는 바로 이러한 문제를 염두에 두면서, 첫째로 로크의 언어사상을 그의 마음과 관념 및 낱말(언어) 개념을 중심으로 살펴보았다. 그런 다음, 이와 대비되는 훔볼트의 사상을 '언어와 사고의 관계' 문제를 중심으로 검토하였으며, 끝으로 이들 양자의 언어개념을 유비적으로 비교해 보면서 그 본질적인 차이성을 밝혀보고자 하였다.

• 한국의류산업학회지
• /
• 제13권6호
• /
• pp.838-847
• /
• 2011

The object of this study is as follows. First, according to the silhouette of clothes, I will search the relationship with the embroidery design. Second, I will investigate the relation of coloration about the clothes color and embroidery color. Third, I will search the relation with the image in clothes and embroidery design characteristic. The data acquisition is selected to the total 447 pictures of embroidery clothing design from the www.style.com, www.samsungdesign.net which are the related information site. The data are limited from S/S season in 2004 till F/W season in 2008 in the Paris, Milano, and New York collection. The analytical method was made through the analyze method and statistical method. First, on the relation with the clothes silhouette and embroidery design, if the satin stitch technique is utilized as the X-shaped or A-line silhouette in the one-piece and dress, the image which is elegant and feminine can be expressed. if the satin stitch technique is utilized as the H-line silhouette in jacket and court, the mannish image can be expressed. Second, the embroidery color showed up as the contrast combination of the monotone when the clothes color was the monochrome. And the embroidery color showed up as the tone in which is bright and sober when clothes color had 2 or 3 or 4. So, if the embroidery color is utilized as the similar color scheme, it will be effective. Third, if the embroidery technique of the one-piece and dress is utilized as the the satin stitch technique and the bloom and leaf motive being stylized pattern is used in the all-over and border pattern, It will be effective to express the romantic/feminine, ethnic/folklore, active, and classic image.