• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.227-236
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 친수성 계면활성제와 친유성 계면활성제가 조합된 다양한 HLB (Hydrophilic Lipophilic Balance) 값을 갖는 유화 시스템의 조건에서, required HLB 값이 각기 다른 오일들을 적용하여 제조한 O/W 및 W/S 에멀젼들의 특성 및 유화 안정성을 조사해 보았다. 그 결과 O/W 에멀젼은 유화제의 HLB 값이 낮을수록 점도가 높고, 유화입자는 작고 조밀한 경향을 나타내었으며, 원심분리에서도 더 안정한 경향을 나타내었다. W/S 에멀젼은 유화제의 HLB 값이 높을수록 유화입자는 작고 조밀해지는 경향을 나타내었으며, 원심분리에서도 더 안정한 경향을 나타내었다. 그러나 W/S 에멀젼은 시간이 경과할수록 모든 유화제의 HLB 조건에서 점도가 낮아지는 경향이 나타나 장기 안정도에서는 불안정한 특성을 나타내었다. 이번 연구의 결과는 O/W 에멀젼은 HLB 값이 높은 비이온 계면활성제의 적용이 적합하며 W/S 에멀젼은 HLB 값이 낮은 비이온 계면활성제의 적용이 적합하다는 기본 이론과 상반되는 결과로서 앞으로의 화장품 연구 개발 시 유용한 연구 자료가 될 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.673-679
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• 2004

A microbial cryoprotectant formulation using a W/O/W multiple emulsion system was developed. The psychrotolerant microorganism, B4, isolated from soil in South Korea, was observed by the drop freezing method, in which the microorganism sample inhibited ice nucleation activity. The antifreeze activity was eliminated when the microorganism sample was treated with protease, indicating that the antifreeze activity was due to the presence of antifreeze protein. The result of the l6S rDNA sequencing indicated the B4 strain was most closely related to a species of the genus Bacillus. Culture broth of B4 strain (Bacillus sp.) and rapeseed oil containing 1 % polyglycerine polyricinolate (PGPR) were used as core and wall material, respectively. The most stable W/O emulsion was prepared at a core/oil ratio of 1:2. The highest W/O/W emulsion stability was achieved when the primary emulsion to external aqueous phase containing 0.5% caster oil polyoxyethylene ether $(COG25^{TM})$ ratio was 1:1. Microcrystalline cellulose showed better W/O/W emulsion stability than other polymer types. The viability of cells in a W/O/W emulsion was higher than free cells during storage at $37^\circ{C}$. An acidic pH and UV exposure decreased the viability of free cells, but cells in W/O/W emulsion were more stable under these conditions.

• 공업화학
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.415-420
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• 2019

비이온 계면활성제와 유화안정제가 O/W 유화 제형에 미치는 영향을 살펴보기 위하여 비이온 계면활성제와 유화안정제 종류를 달리한 여러 제형을 만들어 이들의 유변학적 특성을 비교하였다. 친수성 비이온 계면활성제는 polysorbate 60 (Tween 60), PEG-60 hydrogenated castor oil (HCO 60), octyldodeceth-16 (OD 16), ceteareth-6 olivate (Olivem 800) 등을 사용하였고, 유화안정제로는 cetyl alcohol, glyceryl monostearate, stearic acid 등을 각각 사용하였다. Octyldodeceth-16을 사용한 유화 제형에서만 상분리가 일어나고 나머지 제형은 모두 안정한 상을 유지하였다. 계면활성제 ceteareth-6 olivate와 유화안정제 cetyl alcohol을 혼합 사용한 제형의 점도, 경도, 크림성 등이 가장 높게 나타나고 유화된 입자 사이즈도 가장 큰 값으로 측정되었다. 이와 같은 결과는 유화 제형에 액정이 많이 생성되면서 네트워크 구조의 텍스처가 형성되었기 때문이다. 이 제형에서는 탄성적 특성이 크게 나타나고 힘이 가해지는 이력에 따라 점도 값이 달라지는 씩소트로픽 현상이 나타났다.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.279-288
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• 2004

Liquid crystal (LC) system was introduced into W/O emulsion in order to enhance the stability and moisturizing effect. The LC system, composed of beeswax, surfactant, and water was formed on the surface of emulsion droplet, which was investigated through a polarized microscope. The phenomenon that the viscosity in W/O emulsion system is decreased with time, was reduced by the formation of LC with the addition of beeswax. Centrifugal separation test showed that the stability of emulsion system was increased with the addition of beeswax to 3%. The color change of vitamin C was delayed in LC emulsion systems, which indicates stabilization effect against the oxidation of vitamin C. Evaporation rate in W/O emulsion was retarded by LC, so that high moisturizing effect is expected in W/O LC system.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.315-324
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• 2015

본 논문에서는 양친매성물질인 $C_{12-20}$ 알킬글루코사이드, $C_{14-22}$ 알코올 및 베헤닐알코올로 구성된 액정 에멀젼을 제조하고 그 특성 및 in vitro 피부 투과 연구를 수행하였다. 액정 에멀젼의 배합비 실험 결과, $C_{12-20}$ 알킬글루코사이드 0.8%, $C_{14-22}$ 알코올 3.2% 및 베헤닐알코올 4%에서 선명한 액정 구조가 관찰되었다. 액정 에멀젼과 비교군으로 O/W 에멀젼의 물리적 특성을 비교한 결과, 액정 에멀젼과 O/W 에멀젼의 점성은 각각 $1871.26{\sim}1.15Pa{\cdot}s$ 및 $1768.69{\sim}1.14Pa{\cdot}s$이었으며, 전단응력은 액정 에멀젼은 190.45 ~ 919.38 Pa, O/W 에멀젼은 178.68 ~ 909.18 Pa로 측정되었다. 저장 탄성률은 액정 에멀젼은 4487.82 ~ 8195.59 Pa, O/W 에멀젼은 3428.53 ~ 9157.45 Pa, 탄성에 대한 점성의 비인 tan (delta) 값은, 액정 에멀젼은 0.23 ~ 0.25, O/W 에멀젼은 0.43 ~ 0.19로 나타났다. 경피 수분 함량 측정 결과, 액정 에멀젼은 O/W 에멀젼에 비하여 사용 후 1 h부터 6 h까지 유의적으로 더 높은 피부 수분 함량을 나타냈으며, 경피 수분 손실에서는 30 min부터 4 h까지 유의적으로 수분 손실 억제 효과를 나타내었다. 글리시리직애씨드를 이용한 피부 투과 실험 결과, 24 h 동안 피부 투과량은 액정 에멀젼($64.58{\mu}g/cm^2$), O/W 에멀젼($37.07{\mu}g/cm^2$), 부틸렌글라이콜 용액($41.05{\mu}g/cm^2$) 순으로 나타났고, 시간별 투과능 관찰 결과는 8 h 이후부터 액정 제형에서 피부 투과능이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 액정 에멀젼은 피부의 보습 효과를 증진시킬 뿐만 아니라 기능성 소재의 효율적인 피부 전달체로서 응용 가능성이 있음을 시사한다.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.111-115
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• 1998

We investigated the stability of all-trans-retinol on the liquid crystalline O/W emulsion composed of mainly alkyl polyglycerine, alkyl polyglucose and glycerine, and compared the activity of all-trans-retinol in the various forms of liquid crystal. Under certain conditions, novel liquid crystalline gel was formed around oil droplets, and layers of this liquid crystalline gel were very wide and rigid. (SWLC; Super Wide Liquid Crystal) SWLC was very helpful to stabilize retinol in O/W emulsion. After storage at 45 C for 4 weeks, all-trans-retinol in O/W emulsion composed of SWLC retained above 85% of the activity upon HPLC analysis, whereas those within no liquid crystalline emulsion gave 47% and normal liquid crystalline emulsion composed of fatty alcohols gave 40 60%. Retinol in oil phase is nealy insoluble in pure water, but in cosmetic emulsion systems can be slightly solubilized into water because emulsifiers and polyols in emulsion systems function as solubilizers. In this case, water in outer phase acts as a media for oxygen transporation$.$and thus destabilizes retinol. As a result, retinol in O/W emulsion has a tendency to become unstable. SWLC surrounding oil droplet which contains retinol is wide and rigid, therefore reduces contact between inner phase and outer phase To make SWLC, properties of emulsifiers are very important phase transition temperature should be high, and the structure of surfactants should be bulky, and their ratio should be suitable to make rigid and wide liquid crystalline gel layer in order to reduce contact between retinol in inner phase and water in outer phase.

• 분석과학
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.233-236
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• 1994

유중수적형 유화계의 유화안정지수를 산출하는 방법을 확립하기 위하여 간편하면서도 예민한 "부피 직접 측정법"을 개발하였는 바, 먼저 강력한 혼합기인 일종의 Ultra-turrax T25를 이용하여 유지방, 유화제 및 물로 구성되면서 유지방이 물보다 많이 함유되는 유중수적형의 유화계를 형성시킨 후 상온에서 시간이 경과함에 따라 분리되어지는 수분층의 부피를 측정하였으며, 유화안정지수는 $(1-V_s/V_a){\times}100$(단, $V_a$는 유화계내에 함유되어 있는 총 수분의 부피이며, $V_s$는 시간이 경과함에 따라 유화계로부터 분리되어지는 수분층의 부피를 의미한다)의 계산식에 대입하여 산출하였다. 한편, sorbitan trioleate, span 60 및 tween 20을 첨가하여 유중수적형 유화계를 형성시킨 후 90분이 경과한 다음 "부피 직접 측정법"에 의하여 유화안정지수를 산출하였는바, 각각 $95.4{\pm}1.8$, $56.1{\pm}2.8$ 및 $41.6{\pm}2.2$였으며, 이러한 값은 유화안정지수의 산출방법으로서 일반적으로 사용하고 있는 "Titus의 방법"과 비교해 볼 때 5.0 이내의 차이-유화안정지수가 평형에 도달하였을 때의 차이 값-를 나타냄을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.259-266
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• 2000

Vitamin A palmitate, an oily drug which has low chemical stability and is poorly absorbed in the intestine, was formulated into a novel powdered dosage form. This is designated as a redispersible dry emulsion by freeze-drying technique. Before preparing a dry emulsion, vitamin A palmitate oil in solid in water (O/S/W) emulsion with soybean oil and coconut oil using Aerosil 200 as an emulsion stabilizer and polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene-blockcopolymer (Pluronic F68) as a surfactant was prepared. The resultants of the stability tests indicated that vitamin A palmitate O/S/W emulsion was improved on increasing the oil content of the formulation. The resultant dry emulsion particles have a good stabilities and free flow properties and readily released the oily droplets to form stable emulsions on rehydration. The drug releasing property from the resultant dry emulsion particles was dependent on factors such as amount of oily carrier(soybean oil) and surfactant(Pluronic F68) formulated. Above 80% of vitamin A palmitate content was released from the dry emulsion for 1 hour. It was deduced that vitamin A palmitate dry emulsion was definitely suitable for oral administration, since small droplets of vitamine A palmitate from the dry emulsion may alter the drug absorption profile resulting in bioavailability enhancement.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.25-32
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• 1998

The emulsion stability of W/O emulsion prepared by D phase emulsification during storage and handling is studied by using phase diagrams. The process of D phase emulsification begins with the formation of isotropic surfactant solution, followed by formation of oil-in-surfactant (O/D) gel emulsion by dispersion of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane(OMCS) in the surfactant solution. Polyols were essential components for this purpose. To understand the function of polyols, the solution behavior of nonionic surfactant/oil/water/polyol systems were investigated by the ternary phase diagrams of polyoxyethylene oleyl ether/OMCS/propylene glycol(PG) aqueous solutions. The addition of PG increased the solubility of oil in the isotropic surfactant phase. D phase emulsification method has been applied to a new type of cosmetics. By using this emulsification technique, O/W emulsion were formed without a need for adjust of HLB. Fine and stable W/O emulsions were prepared by D phase emulsion.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.62-69
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• 1984

Three-ply walled microcapsules containing furosemide and reserpine were prepared from multiple emulsion, and the the appearance of multiple emulsion, the particle size distribution and the drug contents of microcapsules were studied. The microcapsule consisted of alternating three layer of acacia/ethyl cellulose/acacia, and the surface of microcapsules was not porous but wrinkles and had relatively elaborate structure and the particle size range is $4{\mu}m$ to $64{\mu}m$.