• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.184-191
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare health management and leisure activities of the Korean and Japanese elderly. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional descriptive research design. A total of 149 Korean and 140 Japanese older adults living in two urban-rural composite areas participated in this research project. Data were collected using interviews with the participants. t-test and $x^2$ test were used to analyze the data. Results: Eighty eight point two percent of the Japanese perceived that their health status was good whereas 27.3% of the Koreans responded that their health status was poor. There were significant differences in types of leisure activities in art, intellectual, events, and volunteer activities between the two groups. A majority of the Japanese elderly replied that they spent some time and money for leisure activities; however, 20.2% and 27.2% of the Koreans reported that they did not spend time or money at all for leisure activities. Conclusion: The number of the Korean elderly participating leisure activities was significantly lower than Japanese participants. Developing nursing strategies using leisure programs would improve the quality of life of older adults and the quality of nursing care.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.282-292
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• 2000

A meta-analysis of 14 quasi-experimental studies was conducted to compare the effect of size on various relaxation therapies applied to patients and health volunteer students. These studies were selected from theses, dissertations and papers that have been done between 1982 to 1993. Also They have a randomized or nonequivalent control group in a pre test-post test design. The studies were evaluated in different ways; 1) types of relaxation therapy, 2) total amount of time of relaxation therapy, and 3) types of outcome variables. For a group of homogenious studies, the weighted mean effect size and standard error were estimated. Some findings are summarized as follows : 1. Jacobson relaxation therapy had a larger effect on systolic and diastolic blood pressures than on state anxiety. 2. For the total time of relaxation therapy, (longer than 60 minutes) had a much larger effect in decreasing systolic and diastolic blood pressures than in the case of a time period shorter than 60 minutes. 3. Relaxation therapy applied to surgery patients also had a larger effect in decreasing state anxiety than when applied to other patients.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.44
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• pp.318-345
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• 2001

The purpose of this research was to develop and evaluate a preventive mental health program for the depression among the elderly in community. Based on the review of literature, intervention program for preventing depression among the elderly was developed. In particular, the program focuses on enhancing the sense of control which is from social cognitive theory. The preventive mental health program consists of two parts: Tan-Hak and Social intervention program. Tan-Hak was oriented to cognitive change and activities, while social intervention program dealt with some social skills for relationship, stress management, motivation of social activities (volunteer activities), positive future designing, etc. For the evaluation of this program, we employed depression scale and medical measurement such as hormone test before and after the program, and in-depth interview of subjects. Overall, this program was successful in some points. First, through the pre and post test, this program has positive effect on strengthening the sense of control, and consequently, lowering depression level. Secondly, 18 people started this program called "smile class" at first time, and none of them turned out until the end of the program. This implies that the program was interesting to the elderly.

• 한국노년학
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.1089-1111
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to research the effects of socio-demographic factors and values in each group on satisfaction with life by categorizing the activity types of the elderly into volunteer work and economic activities. The subjects of this study were 60 years an old higher. The questionnaires were categorized depending on activity types and collected. The voluntary work group consisted of 201 people (76 males, 36.8% and 125 females, 62.2%), The economic activity group consisted of 219 people (127 males, 58.0% and 92 females, 42.0%). The SPSS 14.0 Windows program was used to analyze data. Frequency, average, standard deviation, factor analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test, One-Way ANOVA analysis, and hierarchical multiple linear regression were analyzed. The major findings of this study indicate that the elderly in the voluntary work group have a high collectivism value, higher income earned by performing economic activities, and good cognitive health affected by a high satisfaction with life. From these research results, it was proved that a collectivism value is a common factor that affects satisfaction with life in both of the economic activity group. Those who were older had a traditional collectivism value. The voluntary work group showed a stronger collectivism value and higher satisfaction with life than the economic activity group. Thus, the diverse types of voluntary work should be developed and a systematic system should be established as methods for improving quality of life and satisfaction.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.159-163
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• 2006

Background: Despite the enormous amount of basic research on neuropathic pain, there is the lack of an objective diagnostic test for complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of cold stress thermography in the diagnosis of CRPS. Methods: The study involved 12 patients with CRPS type 1, according to the IASP criteria, who were compared with 15 normal healthy volunteers. All subjects underwent thermographic examination under baseline conditions at $21^{\circ}C$. A cold stress test (CST; $10^{\circ}C$ water for 1 minute) was then applied to both hands below the wrists, immediate, and after 10 and 20 minutes. Results: The temperature asymmetry between the patients with CRPS and the volunteers showed significant discrimination at the baseline and after a 20 minute recovery period from the CST. Among the study subjects having temperature asymmetry of both hands of less than $1^{\circ}C$ (8 out of 12 CRPS patients and 14 out of 15 volunteer), 7 (87.5%) of the 8 CRPS patients and 3 (21%) of the 14 volunteers showed a temperature difference of more than $1^{\circ}C$ after the 20 minute recovery period. The actual temperature values during the four periods did not discriminate between the patients with CRPS and the volunteers. Conclusions: Thermography, under the CST, could be a more objective test for the diagnosis of CRPS. A temperature asymmetry greater than $1^{\circ}C$ during the 20 minute recovery period following CST provides strong diagnostic information about CRPS, with both high sensitivity and specificity.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.27-34
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• 2006

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to prove the increasing range of motion of joint to the patients of adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder applied the gliding-mobilization. Subjects and methods : The subjects are patients of adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder who have limited range of motion due to capsular pattern on the shoulder. The subjects are volunteer patients without a history of neuromuscular problems and randomly distributed into two groups. 15 experimental subjects(4 male, 11 female) received therapy with gliding-mobilization applied on limited shoulder joint and a second group with 15 control subjects(6 male 9 female) was treated by physiological passive range of motion therapy. The data were analyzed with paired t-test to determine striking differences depending on the course of treatment. Result : 1) In the group treated by gliding-mobilization the range of motion in shoulder flexion was increased in accordance to the course of treatment, and paired t-test showed striking differences(p<.05). 2) The range of motion in shoulder extension was increased in accordance to the course of treatment, and paired t-test showed striking differences(p<0.05). 3) The range of motion in shoulder abduction was increased with serise of treatment, and paired t-test showed striking differences(p<0.05). Conclusion : The gliding-mobilization increases the range of motion of the patient of adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.19-22
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• 1998

Cefixime is an orally absorbed 3rd generation cephalosporin with a broad spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and is highly resistant to $\beta-lactamase$ degradation. This study was carried out to evaluate the bioavailability of a new test drug of cefixime (100 mg/capsule) relative to the reference drug. The bioavailability was conducted on 20 healthy volunteers who received a single dose (400 mg) of the test and the reference drugs in the fasting state, in a randomized balanced 2-way crossover design. After dosing, serial blood samples were collected for a period of 12 hours. Plasma was analyzed for cefixime by a sensitive and validated HPLC assay. The major pharmacokinetic parameters $(AUC_{0-12hr},\;C_{max},\;T_{max})$ were calculated from the plasma concentration-time data of each volunteer. The $AUC_{0-12hr},\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ of the test drug were $36.91\pm11.85\;{\mu}g{\cdot}hr/ml,\;5.47\pm1.61\;{\mu}g/ml,\;and\;4.00\pm0.65\;hr,$ respectively, and those of the reference drug were $34.08\pm8.81\;{\mu}g{\cdot}hr/ml,\;5.25\pm1.40\;{\mu}g/ml,\;and\;4.20\pm0.62\;hr$, respectively. Mean differences of those parameters were 8.32, 4.29, and $4.76\%$, respectively, and the least significant differences at $\alpha$=0.05 for $AUC_{0-12hr},\;C_{max},\;T_{max}$ were 16.02, 13.78, and $11.76\%$, respectively. In conclusion, the test drug was bioequivalent with the reference drug.

• Journal of Auto-vehicle Safety Association
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.37-43
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• 2012

The purpose of this research is to obtain and analyze dynamic responses from human volunteers for the development of the human-like mechanical or mathematical model for Korean males in automotive rear collisions. This paper focused on the introduction to a low-speed rear impact sled test involving Korean male subjects, and the accumulation of the motion of head and neck. A total of 50 dynamic rear impact sled tests were performed with 50 human volunteers, who are 30-50 year-old males. Each subject can be involved in only one case to prevent any injury in which he was exposed to the impulse that was equivalent to a low-speed rear-end collision of cars at 5-8 km/h for change of velocity, so called, ${\Delta}V$. All subjects were examined by an orthopedist to qualify for the test through the medical check-up of their necks and low backs prior to the test. The impact device is the pendulum type, tuned to simulate the crash pulse of a real vehicle. All motions and impulses were captured and measured by motion capture systems and pressure sensors on the seat. Dynamic responses of head and T1 were analyzed in two cases(5 km/h, 8 km/h) to compare with the results in the previous studies. After the experiments, human subjects were examined to check up any change in the post medical analysis. As a result, there was no change in MRI and no injury reported. Six subjects experienced a minor stiffness on their back for no more than 2 days and got back to normal without any medical treatment.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.314-321
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• 2005

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to compare the shade changes in wet and dry conditions of natural teeth using two different intra-oral colorimeters. Materials and methods. Twenty volunteer subjects have no restorations and fillings in the maxillary central incisors were involved in this clinical study. The color of tooth was measured by two different instruments that were a Shade $Scan^{TM}$ System and a VITA $Easyshade^{(R)}$, Five times consecutive measurements were done for each subject with both instruments. Groups of measurement are an initial wet condition as control, dry in 5 minutes, 15 seconds after re-wetting with saliva, re-wetting after 5minutes and re-wetting after 30 minutes. Using ShadeScan $System^{TM}$, tooth image was captured and converted to the mapping image of Vitapan 3D master. Three main shades were chosen from each subject and calculated the area in Global Lab Image software. Data were analyzed using paired T-Test and Wilcoxon Signed Ranked Test. Using VITA $Easyshade^{(R)}$, color differences($\Delta$E) between measurements were analyzed with one sample T-test. Results. Using ShadeScan $System^{TM}$, there were significant differences between control group and dry(P=.023), dry and re-wetting 15 seconds, 5 minutes, 30 minutes as well(P=.021, P=.017, P=.030) in comparison of primary shade. However, comparing three main shades, there was no significant difference between control and dry(P=.105). Using VITA $Easyshade^{(R)}$, color differences($\Delta$E) between control and dry, dry and re-wetting 30 minutes were statistically different(P=.002, P=.022). Conclusion. Primary shade could be changed in dry and wetting procedure in time, however there was no significant shade changes in overall.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.667-675
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• 2003

Purpose: This study was purposed to provide basic data for developing future health promotion programs by comparing health-promoting behavior, life satisfaction and self-esteem between the Korean elderly and the American-Korean elderly. Methods: The subjects were volunteer participants of 120 elders in the Gyeongsan City in Korea and 120 elders in the state of Washington in the U.S. Tools used in this study were Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile (47 items), Life Satisfaction Scale (20 items) and Self-Esteem Scale (10 items). To analyze data, this study used frequency, percentage, chi-square test, t-test, Kendal tau test, Pearson's correlation coefficient with SPSS program. Results: 1) The average score of health-promoting behaviors was 3.21 in Koreans and 3.50 in American-Koreans, showing a significant difference between the two groups. 2) The sub-scales that got the highest score of health-promoting behaviors were self-actualization and nutrition(M=3.41) in Koreans and nutrition(M=3.61) in American-Koreans, and that with the lowest score was exercise in both groups(2.89 in Koreans and 3.02 in American-Koreans). 3) The average score for life satisfaction was 2.76 in Koreans and 3.06 in American-Koreans, showing a significant difference between the two groups. 4) The average score for self-esteem was 3.39 in Koreans and 3.09 in American-Koreans, showing a insignificant difference between the two groups. 5) Health-promoting behaviors were positively related to life satisfaction and self-esteem. Life satisfaction was positively related to self-esteem in both groups. Conclusions: According to the results of this study, the health-promoting behaviors of Korean and American-Korean elders strongly correlated with life satisfaction and self-esteem. Therefore, health promoting programs that enhance life satisfaction and self-esteem should be developed in order to promote the elderly's healthy lifestyle.