• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.96-98
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• 1991

Alcoholic extract of the seeds of Vitex negundo Linn. was obtained by cold maceration. A dose of 250 mg/kg $(1/6\;of\;LD_{50})$ of the extract was selected to study the hepatoprotective action against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage. The extract was found to be effective in preventing liver damage which was evident by morphological, biochemical and functional parameters.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.104-106
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• 1999

The chloroform fraction of the aqueous extract of the fresh leaves of Vitex negundo by bioactivity guided isolation yielded a pure compound, rotundial (1) which has shown potent mosquito repellent activity. Using spectral data (UV, IR, $^1H\;&\;^{13}C$ NMR and MS) its structure has been elucidated.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.4.1-4.18
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• 2023

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an inflammatory and infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus with a complex pathophysiology. While COVID-19 vaccines and boosters are available, treatment of the disease is primarily supportive and symptomatic. Several research have suggested the potential of herbal medicines as an adjunctive treatment for the disease. A popular herbal medicine approved in the Philippines for the treatment of acute respiratory disease is Vitex negundo L. In fact, the Department of Science and Technology of the Philippines has funded a clinical trial to establish its potential as an adjunctive treatment for COVID-19. Here, we utilized network pharmacology and molecular docking in determining pivotal targets of Vitex negundo compounds against COVID-19. The results showed that significant targets of Vitex negundo compounds in COVID-19 are CSB, SERPINE1, and PLG which code for cathepsin B, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and plasminogen, respectively. Molecular docking revealed that α-terpinyl acetate and geranyl acetate have good binding affinity in cathepsin B; 6,7,4-trimethoxyflavanone, 5,6,7,8,3',4',5'-heptamethoxyflavone, artemetin, demethylnobiletin, gardenin A, geranyl acetate in plasminogen; and 7,8,4-trimethoxyflavanone in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. While the results are promising, these are bound to the limitations of computational methods and further experimentation are needed to completely establish the molecular mechanisms of Vitex negundo against COVID-19.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.101-108
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• 2010

Vitex negundo is an aromatic plant which releases a unique scent due to the presence of essential oil stored presumably within glandular trichomes. The focus of this research was to study developmental patterns of glandular trichomes in Vitex negundo leaves using electron microscopy. There are two types of glandular trichomes which develop on the leaf epidermis of Vitex negundo, peltate glandular type (PT) and capitate glandular type (CT). Structural features differ significantly depending on size and density, formation of secretory cavity, plastid, etc during developmental stages. In young leaves, undifferentiated PTs are densely distributed in the upper epidermis, but are not externally exposed in the lower epidermis because they are covered by non-glandular simple trichomes. Upon leaf development, PTs and CTs show clear structural differentiation in the upper and lower epidermis. PTs are composed of up to eight head cells (ca. 35~40 ${\mu}m$) and one stalk cell (ca. 5 ${\mu}m$), while CTs are composed of four head cells (ca. 10~15 ${\mu}m$) and 1~2 stalk cells (ca. 10 ${\mu}m$). Although secretory cavities develop on the secretory head cells, their size, structure, and formation proceed very differently depending on trichome type. In early development of PT, a large cavity with numerous secretory vesicles form rapidly from the head cells. In CT, however, only a small secretory cavity is formed, slowly relative to PT, without secretory vesicles. The PTs are considered to play an important role in releasing the aromatic components of Vitex negundo.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.151-155
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• 2000

Shoot proliferation was obtained from shoot tips and nodal explants of Vitex negundo L. on MS medium supplemented with either BAP or KIN (0.1-2.0 mg/L) alone or in combination with NAA (0.1 mg/L). The concentrations of cytokinins combined with NAA produced multiple shoots from shoot tips and nodal explants. The highest mean percentage (84.3$\pm$8.0) of shoot multiplication's were observed on nodal explants in the presence of BAP (1.5 mg/L) and NAA (0.1 mg/L) followed by shoot tips (65.0$\pm$5.0). The regenerated shootlets were rooted on MS basal medium IAA, IBA, NAA (0.1-1.5 mg/L). The maximum number of roots (51.0$\pm$2.6) was achieved on the medium containing IBA (1.0 mg/L) followed by other auxins (NAA, IAA). The regenerated plants were successfully transferred to a mixture of vermiculate and soil. About 95% of the plantlets survived when transferred to the field.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.130-137
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• 2022

This study was conducted to characterise phytochemicals and to explore the biological activities of Vitex negundo leaves. The washed, course powder of V. negundo leaves were extracted with different solvents of increasing polarity. All the extracts were characterized and biological activities were compared. The results revealed that the ethanolic and cold water extracts showed the presence of all phytochemicals studied except protein compared to other extracts. Further, the quantitative estimation of phytochemicals showed that the ethanolic extract had highest yield and maximum amount of total polyphenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids with the least amount of tannins compared to other extracts studied. Furthermore, the highest total polyphenol content corresponds with the potent biological activities. Indeed, in vitro antioxidant and antisteroidogenic activities were highest in the ethanolic extract than others. To conclude, the present study is the first to report the characterization and antiandrogenic property of V. negundo leaf extracts. The ethanolic extract of V. negundo leaves can be used as an antioxidant and antiandrogenic agent. Hence, it can be considered for the treatment of hyperandrogenic conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome, etc.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.35-45
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• 2006

Plants of Vitex negundo are known to develop numerous trichomes throughout their body, where certain trichome types have been believed to be one of the plausible structures for the unique scents. In the current study. structural aspects of the trichomes have been examined in leaves and stems of Vitex negundo using TEM and SEM. Trichome types as well as structural changes that occurred in certain trichomes during secretion have been mainly focused. Three type of glandular trichomes and two types of non-glandular trichomes were developed in the epidermis of young and mature Vitex negundo plants. The glandular trichomes included the peltate type (Type 1), the capitate type (Type 2), and degraded capitate type (Type 3), whereas the non-glandular warty trichomes contained the multicellular (Types 4) and unicellular type (Type 5). Type 1 and 2 consisted of head and stalk cells, but their number and size were different. One secretory cavity was formed from the four head cells in the former, but only two head cells were involved in the latter. The cytoplasmic density in the head cell was quite high and in particular, sER and Golgi bodies were well developed. At initiation of their development, the cuticle layer of the head cells separated from the outer tangential wall to form a secretory cavity. Subsequently the cavity expanded acropetally and a large number of secretory vesicles continuously produced from the head cells until they filled the entire cavity. The cavity contained materials that would be soon discharged into intercellular spaces and/or into the air. The cavity began to decrease the volume by contracting at initial secretion but degrade rapidly within short time. It has been suggested that the mode of secretion in V. negundo is probably the eccrine secretion, since no break or rupture of the cavity has been observed during examination. Contrastingly Type 3 exhibited deterioration of the head cell at early stage. Type 4 was about $110{\sim}190{\mu}m$ long, consisting of $2{\sim}3$ cells, and distributed more in the adaxial epidermis compared to the abaxial surface. However, $20{\sim}30{\mu}m$ long Type 5 was extremely dense in both epidermis. Among several trichome types, Type 1 and 2 probably play an important role in discharging unique aromatic scents in plants of V. negundo.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.107-113
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• 2003

The effect of sodium sulphate on shoot induction and multiple shoot formation from nodal explants of Vitex negundo L. was tested on Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium fortified with different auxins, cytokinins and sucrose. Highest percentage $(97.78\%)$ of explants for shoot induction and multiple shoot (20.68/explant) production were observed in the combination treatment of $N^6-Benzyl$ adenine (BA) $(17.80\;{\mu}M/L)$, ${\alpha}-Naphthalene$ acetic acid (NAA) $(2.15\;{\mu}M/L)$ and $5\%$ sucrose supplemented with 100 mg/L sodium sulphate. In vitro raised shoots were rooted on the half-strength MS medium fortified with different concentrations of NAA, Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) alone and in combinations. Among the treatments, $4.90\;{\mu}M/L$ of IBA was found most effective $(95.56\%)$ in inducing roots. The rooted plantlets were shifted to glasshouse for acclimatization and later transferred to the field with cent percent survival. Furthermore, in vitro flowering was observed in the shoots cultured on MS medium supplemented with BA $(8.90\;{mu}M/L)$ and NAA $(1.61\;{\mu}M/L)$.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.53-58
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• 2011

To develop an efficient micropropagation technique for Vitex negundo var. insica, which is known as aromatic and medicinal tree, the effects of various plant growth regulators (PGRs) on in vitro shoot proliferation and rooting were evaluated using the newly-developed shoots of a 3-year-old tree. Multiple shoot induction was achieved effectively on WPM (woody plant medium) supplemented with 0.5-2.0 mg/L BA, and the highest shoot number (7.9/explant) was obtained at the concentration of 1.0 mg/L BA. Typically 1 or 2 superior shoots (about 3.4 cm) were induced on hormone-free WPM. Combined treatment of BA 2.0 + GA 0.5 mg/L appeared to effective on shoot proliferation and rooting. Plant growth regulators added in shoot proliferation medium had strong impact on subsequent rooting as well. Overall, shoots induced by BA treatment resulted in high rooting rates while the effect was reduced gradually by ascending BA levels. TDZ of low concentration also revealed a similar tendency as BA, but the rooting ability was strongly inhibited at the concentration of 0.5 mg/L, and rooting was never observed at the concentrations higher than 0.5 mg/L. Combined treatment of BA and IBA had positive influence in both shoot proliferation and rooting. These results suggest that Vitex negundo var. insica could be effectively micropropagated via axillary bud cultures.

• 한국전자현미경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.140-141
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• 2005