Applied Microscopy

Korean Society of Microscopy (한국현미경학회)
권호 표지

Developmental Patterns of Glandular Trichomes in Leaves of Vitex negundo

좀목형 엽육 표피조직의 분비모 발달 양상

  • Park, Jae-Yong (Biology Department, College of Natural Sciences, Keimyung University) ;
  • Kim, In-Sun (Biology Department, College of Natural Sciences, Keimyung University)
  • 박재용 (계명대학교 자연과학대학 생물학과) ;
  • 김인선 (계명대학교 자연과학대학 생물학과)
  • Received : 2010.06.04
  • Accepted : 2010.06.21
  • Published : 2010.06.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Vitex negundo is an aromatic plant which releases a unique scent due to the presence of essential oil stored presumably within glandular trichomes. The focus of this research was to study developmental patterns of glandular trichomes in Vitex negundo leaves using electron microscopy. There are two types of glandular trichomes which develop on the leaf epidermis of Vitex negundo, peltate glandular type (PT) and capitate glandular type (CT). Structural features differ significantly depending on size and density, formation of secretory cavity, plastid, etc during developmental stages. In young leaves, undifferentiated PTs are densely distributed in the upper epidermis, but are not externally exposed in the lower epidermis because they are covered by non-glandular simple trichomes. Upon leaf development, PTs and CTs show clear structural differentiation in the upper and lower epidermis. PTs are composed of up to eight head cells (ca. 35~40 ${\mu}m$) and one stalk cell (ca. 5 ${\mu}m$), while CTs are composed of four head cells (ca. 10~15 ${\mu}m$) and 1~2 stalk cells (ca. 10 ${\mu}m$). Although secretory cavities develop on the secretory head cells, their size, structure, and formation proceed very differently depending on trichome type. In early development of PT, a large cavity with numerous secretory vesicles form rapidly from the head cells. In CT, however, only a small secretory cavity is formed, slowly relative to PT, without secretory vesicles. The PTs are considered to play an important role in releasing the aromatic components of Vitex negundo.

특정 성분 방출에 중요한 기능을 수행하는 것으로 추정되는 좀목형(Vitex negundo) 엽육 표피조직의 분비모 유형에 대한 구조적 발달양상을 전자현미경적으로 연구하였다. 엽육 표피에 발달하는 두 유형의 분비모는 peltate형(peltate glandular type, PT)과 capitate형(capitate glandular type, CT)으로 크기 및 밀도, 분비강 형성 등의 구조적 특성이 생장단계에 따라 상이하게 나타났다. 어린잎 상피에는 이미 분화된 PT형 분비모가 밀생하여 생장 초기에서부터 뚜렷한 형태구조적 차이를 나타내었다. 이 시기의 하피는 비분비성 단순모에 피복되어 전혀 외부로 노출되지 않는다. 엽신의 발달로 표피조직이 신장되면 PT 및 CT 분비모들은 성숙한 상피 및 하피조직에서 비교적 낮은 밀도로 발달하는 특성을 보이며 분화하였다. PT형 분비모는 6~8개의 분비세포(ca. 35~40 ${\mu}m$)와 하나의 병세포(ca. 5 ${\mu}m$)로 구성되어 있으나, CT형 분비모는 4개의 분비세포(ca. 10~15 ${\mu}m$)와 1~2개의 병세포(ca. 10 ${\mu}m$)로 이루어져 있다. 분비세포 내에는 분비강이 형성되나 크기, 구조 및 형성과정은 유형에 따라 매우 다르게 진행되었다. 분화초기 PT형 분비세포 외부 세포벽으로부터 분리된 층이 빠르게 팽창하면서 분비강이 형성되고, 분비강 내에는 수많은 분비소낭들이 분비물질을 축적하며 저장되었다. 이들 구획은 팽창된 분비강을 가득 채우며 생성되는 물질을 축적한 후 누출형 분비를 통해 방향성분 및 물질을 외부로 방출하였다. 반면, CT형 분비세포 내에는 분비소낭 생성 없이 비교적 작은 분비강만 형성되었다. 이와 같이 좀목형의 특정성분 방출 기작에서는 PT형 분비모가 CT형 분비모에 비해 더 중요한 기능을 수행하는 것으로 추정되었다.

Keywords

References

  1. Amancharla PK, Muthuraj PS, Rao GV, Singh OV: Isolation of a potent mosquito repellent from Vitex negundo L.: an alternative source of rotundial. Nat Product Sci 5 : 104-106, 1999.
  2. Ascensao L, Marques N, Pais MS: Glandular trichomes in vegetative and reproductive organs of Leonotis leonurus (Lamiaceae). Ann Bot 75 : 619-626, 1995. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1995.1067
  3. Cabral C, Goncalves MJ, Cavaleiro C, Salgueiro L, Antunes T, Sevinate- Pinto I, Sales F: Vitex ferruginea Schumech. Et. Thonn. subsp. amboniensis (Gurke) Verdc.: glandular trichomes micromorphology, composition and antifungal activity of the essential oils. J Essent Oil Res 20 : 86-90, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2008.9699430
  4. Chou CH, Yao C: Phytochemical adaptation of coastal vegetation in taiwan: I. Isolation, identification, and biological activities of compounds in Vitex negundo L. Bot Bull Academia Sinica 24 : 155-168, 1983.
  5. Combrinck S, Duplooy GW, Mccrindle RI, Botha BM: Morphology and histochemistry of the glandular trichomes of Lippia scaberrima (Verbenaceae). Ann Bot 99 : 1111-1119, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcm064
  6. DerMarderosian A, Beutler JA: The Review of Natural Products: The most complete source of natural product information. 5th ed. Wolters Kluwer Health, pp. 299-304, 2008.
  7. Duke SO, Paul RN: Development and fine structure of the glandular trichomes of Artemisia annua L. Intl J Plant Sci 154 : 107-118, 1993. https://doi.org/10.1086/297096
  8. Fahn A, Shimony C: Glandular trichomes of Fagonia L. (Zygophyllaceae) species: structure, development and secreted materials. Ann Bot 77 : 25-34, 1996. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1996.0004
  9. Gersbach PV: The essential oil secretory structures of Prostanthera ovalifolia (Lamiaceae). Ann Bot 89 : 255-260, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcf033
  10. Hallahan DL: Monoterpenoid biosynthesis in glandular trichomes of Labiate plants. In: Hallahan DL, Gray JC, Callow JA, eds, Advances in Botanical Research: Plant Trichome, pp. 77-120, Academic Press, San Diego, 2000.
  11. Huang SS, Kirchoff BK, Liao JP: The capitate and peltate glandular trichomes of Lavandula pinnata L. (Lamiaceae): histochemistry, ultrastructure, and secretion. J Torrey Bot Soc 135 : 155-167, 2008. https://doi.org/10.3159/07-RA-045.1
  12. Jirovetz L, Buchbauer G, Puschmann C, Shafi MP, Nambiar MKG: Analysis of the essential oils of the leaves of the medicinal plants Vitex negundo var. negundo and Vitex negundo var. purpurescens from India. Acta Pharm 48 : 179-186, 1998.
  13. Ko KN, Lee KW, Lee SE, Kim ES: Development and ultrastructure of glandular trichomes in Pelargonium${\times}$fragrans 'Mabel grey' (Geraniaceae). J Plant Biol 50 : 362-368, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03030668
  14. Kolb D, Muller M: Light, conventional and environmental scanning electron microscopy of the trichomes of Cucurbita pepo subsp. pepo var. styriaca and histochemistry of glandular secretory products. Ann Bot 94 : 515-526, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mch180
  15. Lee SH: Structural features of glandular trichomes in Vitex negundo var. incisa during development. MA Thesis, Keimyung University, pp. 1-44, 2005.
  16. Lee SH, Kim IS: Structural features of various trichomes in Vitex negundo during development. Korean J Electron Microscopy 36 : 35-45, 2006.
  17. Mallavarapu GR, Ramesh S, Kaul PN, Bhattacharya AK, Rao BR: Composition of the essential oil of the leaves of Vitex negundo. Planta Med 60 : 583-584, 1994. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-959580
  18. Mauseth JD: Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology. 4th ed. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, London, pp. 103, 127-129, 2008.
  19. Osbourn AE, Lanzotti V: Plant-derived Natural Products: Synthesis, Function, and Application, Springer, New york, pp. 3, 36-38, 2009.
  20. Popa F, Sipos M: Epidermal formation-trichomes. Biharean Biologist 3 : 27-32, 2009.
  21. Rana VS, Rameshwar D: Seasonal variation of the essential oil of Vitex negundo leaves. Indian Forester 129 : 607-610, 2003.
  22. Rudall P: Anatomy of Flowering Plants: An Introduction to Structure and Development. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 45-53, 1997.
  23. Santos TC, Schripsema J, Monache FD, Leiao SG: Iridoids from Vitex cymosa. J Braz Chem Soc 12 : 763-766, 2001.
  24. Sarikurkcu C, Arisoy K, Tepe B, Cakir A, Abali G, Mete E: Studies on the antioxidant activity of essential oil and different solvent extracts of Vitex agnus castus L. fruits from Turkey. Food Chem Toxicol 47 : 2479-2483, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2009.07.005
  25. Sathiamoorthy B, Gupta P, Kumar M, Chaturvedi AK, Shukla PK, Maurya R: New antifungal flavonoid glycoside from Vitex negundo. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 17 : 239-242, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.09.051
  26. Serrato-Valenti G, Bisio A, Cornara L, Ciarallo G: Structural and histochemical investigation of the glandular trichomes of Salvia aurea L. leaves, and chemical analysis of the essential oil. Ann Bot 79 : 329-336, 1997. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1996.0348
  27. Son JH: A study on effect of allelopathy of Vitex negundo var. incisa leaf extracts. Graduate School of Chonbuk National University, pp. 1-29, 1999.
  28. Telang RS, Chatterjee S, Varshneya C: Study on analgesic and antiinflammatory activities of Vitex negundo Linn. Indian J Pharmacol 31 : 363-366, 1999.
  29. Werker E: Trichome diversity and development. In: Hallahan DL, Gray JC, Callow JA, eds, Advances in Botanical Research: Plant Trichome, pp. 1-35, Academic Press, San Diego, 2000.