• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.441-448
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of mentoring senior core fundamental nursing skills education on clinical competence and critical thinking disposition in nursing students. The research design was a one group pre-posttest design and the participants were 57 nursing students. The contents consisted of 3 core fundamental nursing skills of vital sign, nelaton catheterization and subcutaneous injection and total duration of 6 hours. Mentoring seniors conducted to rapport forming & education and evaluated them after exercise and evaluation under the guidance of professor. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires in pre-test and post-test, the collected data were analyzed using paired t-tests. The result shows the scores of clinical competence and critical thinking disposition were increased significantly after mentoring senior core fundamental nursing skills education in nursing students. The results indicate that this study was effective in improving nursing students clinical competence and critical thinking disposition in core fundamental nursing skills and is expected to be utilized in nusing practice education. Additional studies including those on control groups are recommended to compare difference between the experimental group and control group.

• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.25-46
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• 2000

Pain can be evaluated by experimental methods and clinical methods, but due to subjective characteristics of pain, clinical methods are generally used. The clinical pain measurement tools are divided into unidimensional and multidimensional assessment tools. The former include Visual Analogue Scale, Verbal Rating Scale, Numerical Rating Scale, Pain Faces Scale, and Poker Chip Tool and the latter include McGill Pain Questionnaire, MMPI, Pain Behavior Scale, Pain disability index, and Pain Rating Scale. Unidimensional pain scales mainly measure the intensity of pain on the basis of the patient's self report and their simple construction and ease of use enable the invesgator to assess acute pain. Multidimensional pain scales are used to evaluate subjective, psychological and behavioral aspects of pain and because of its comprehensive and confidential properties they are applied to chronic pain. Patient's linguistic and cognitive abilities are major factors to restrain accurate assessment of pain. Although behavioral patterns and vital sign are inferior to self-report in the measurement of pain, they can be useful indexes in those situations. When deciding on a pain-assessment tool, the investigator must determine which aspect of pain he or she wishes to evaluate on the characteristics of the group of patients, their backgrounds, and their communication skills. Making the proper choice will facilitate the acquisition of meaningful data and the formulation of valid conclusions.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.571-576
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• 2018

Background: Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) has been used in Asia for its various biological effects, but no studies have investigated the safety of its long-term intake. Therefore, the present study evaluated the safety of KRG intake for 24 weeks. Methods: We randomized 1,000 participants in a 1:1 ratio into two groups, which were treated daily with 2 g of KRG or a placebo for 24 weeks. The primary endpoint was all adverse events and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) that occurred after KRG or placebo administration, which were reported at week 4, 12, and 24 after the baseline visit. Results: In total, 192 and 211 participants experienced adverse events in the KRG and placebo groups (39.2% and 42.0%, respectively; p = 0.361), and 59 and 57 KRG- and placebo-treated individuals reported ADRs (12.0% and 11.4%, respectively; p = 0.737). The frequently occurring ADRs were pruritus (2.0%), headache (1.6%), diarrhea (1.4%), and dizziness (1.2%) in the KRG group and pruritus (2.0%), headache (1.8%), dizziness (1.6%), rash (1.4%), and diarrhea (1.2%) in the placebo group. Discontinuation of drug administration due to ADRs was reported in 13 participants, six (1.2%) and seven (1.4%) in the KRG and placebo groups, respectively (p = 0.814). No significant abnormal changes were revealed by anthropometric, laboratory, and vital sign measurements in the KRG group compared with those in the placebo group. Conclusion: The present study confirms the safety and tolerability of daily intake of 2 g of KRG for 24 weeks by healthy adults.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.52-56
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• 2006

A 69-year old man presented with severe epigastric pain for 1 day. He had early gastric cancer at the antrum and underwent a distal subtotal gastrectomy and Billorth II gastrojejunostomy one month later without any post-operative complications. Radiologic examination revealed a large amount of retroperitoneal free air formation. Because of unremitting pain and unstable vital sign, exploratory laparotomy was followed. During the operation, a perforated duodenal diverticulum at the posterior wall of the 2nd portion of the duodenum was identified. He underwent diverticulectomy and primary closure. He was discharged on the 18th post operative day and has been followed up without any evidence of comlpication for several months.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.567-571
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose was to assess the usefulness of midazolam in patients undergoing minor oral surgery under conscious sedation. Materials and methods: Bispectral index was examined in 20 patients receiving oral minor surgery with conscious sedation supplemented with local anesthesia. All patients included were ASA I and had no contraindications to the study medications. The patients were escorted to the day surgery operation room where, before the commencement of the sedation and surgical procedures, routine monitoring was applied, including the noninvasive monitoring of arterial blood pressure, arterial oxygen saturation, and 3-lead electrocardiogram (Electrocardiogram). Bispectral index electrodes were applied on the frontotemporal region after cleansing the skin with alcohol. Bispectral index was calculated with the Electrocardiogram monitor (A-2000; Aspect Co.). Midazolam was then titrated (initially 3mg wait 2min and 2mg). Vital sign and Bispectral index checked every 5 minute until the end of the procedure. The results were then compared. Results: The Bispectral index index values throughout the sedation study period alter many level. The index was dropped at 5 minutes after administration, but raised at injection and odontomy procedure. During the operation, mean Bispectral index index was higher than conscious sedation index range($60{\sim}80$). The amnesic effect was shown 17 cases out of 20 cases(85%). Conclusion: Conscious sedation technique using midazolma is a safe and effective method of controlling behavior in oral and maxillofacial surgery.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.24-58
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• 2019

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to confirm the Efficacy and Safety of "Functional cosmetics containing Humulus japonicus Extract" on dry skin due to mild atopic dermatitis. Methods : A total of 48 patients who visited Semyung Oriental Medical Center from March 20th, 2018 to July 5th, 2018 were included in the study. In this study, the patients were treated with Functional cosmetics containing Humulus japonicus Extract and positive control group. For 6 weeks of gross examination, instrumental assessment were made before and after the study to evaluate how well the products for treatment group with positive control products for control group in recovering the dry skin barriers by mild atopic dermatitis. Results : 1. In the primary endpoint, Skin Hydration showed a statistically significant increase and Transepidermal Water Loss(TEWL) showed a statistically significant decrease in treatment group between Baseline and 6 weeks. 2. In the secondary endpoint, Skin Hydration showed a statistically significant increase in treatment group between Baseline and 3 weeks, but TEWL showed no statistical significance. 3. In the secondary endpoint, Skin Hydration showed a statistically significant increase in treatment group between 3 weeks and 6 weeks, but TEWL showed no statistical significance. 4. In the secondary endpoint, Change of Skin Hydration and TEWL between treatment and control group showed a statistical significance in 6 weeks. 5. In the secondary endpoint, Change of Skin Hydration of 1cm below the medial aspect of the elbow between treatment and control group showed a statistical significance in 3 weeks. 6. In the secondary endpoint, Change of Skin Hydration between treatment and control group showed a statistical significance in 3 weeks and 6 weeks except Center between the medial aspect of the elbow and the wrist in 3 weeks, and Change of TEWL between treatment and control group showed a statistical significance in 6 weeks. 7. To evaluate the safety of the products for the human body, Adverse events, EASI Score, Itching Symptoms Assessment, vital sign check were conducted; There were no severe adverse events during this study. And both experimental group and control group showed no abnormal level. Therefore, it is suggested that products, if used for certain period, should be safe for the human body. Conclusions : According to the above experiments, it is suggested that "Functional cosmetics containing Humulus japonicus Extract" should be effective for dry skin due to mild atopic dermatitis.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.392-400
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• 2021

Basic nursing core skills are the essential skills required of nurses to effectively care for their patients. This study introduces an on-campus practicum using a mobile-based reflective journal, and attempts identify the challenges faced by students when performing core clinical nursing skills. The on-campus practicum was operated based on Kolb's experiential learning cycle. For each class, students used mobile devices to write an online reflective journal. Analyzing contents of the reflective log helped in identifying difficulties experienced in executing core skills, and classifying them in terms of knowledge, skill, and attitude. The level of difficulty, importance, and confidence in the core clinical nursing skills were also assessed. Students were found to be struggling with various aspects of performing core nursing skills, especially in the skill category. Students also showed a lack of confidence in items they perceived as "high" difficulty, such as IV injection and indwelling catheterization. Moreover, over 50% students considered IV injection and vital sign checking as the most important core clinical nursing skills. Our data suggests the necessity to develop various contents and apply instructional strategies to solve the core skills difficulties faced by nursing students, and to continuously generate evidence for the same.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.226-232
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• 2009

Background: Blunt chest trauma accounts for 90% of all chest traumas in Europe and the United States and this causes 20% of all trauma-related deaths. The major cause of morbidity and mortality after blunt chest trauma is undetected injuries. For this reason, chest computerized tomography has gained popularity for the evaluation of trauma, but it is expensive and it exposes patients to radiation. This study identified the clinical features associated with the diagnosic information obtained on a CT chest scan, as compared with a standard chest X-ray, for patients who sustained blunt trauma to the chest. This study also evaluated the role of a routine computed tomographic (CT) scan for these patients. The patients who had chest computed tomography done after the initial chest x-ray were analyzed separately for the presence of occult injuries. Material and Method: We studied 100 consecutive patients from November 2006 to July 2007: 74 patients after motor vehicle crashes and 26 patients after a fall from a height >2m. Simultaneous with the initial clinical evaluation, an anteroposterior chest radiograph and a helical chest CT scan were obtained for all the patients. The data extracted from the medical record included the vital signs, the interventions and the type and severity of injury (RTS). Result: Among the 100 cases, 79 patients showed at least more than one pathologic sign on their chest radiograph, and 21 patients had a normal chest radiograph. For 17 of the patients who had a normal chest X ray, the CT scan showed multiple injuries, which were pneumothorax, hemothorax, lung contusion, sternal fracture etc. This represents that a CT scan is statistically superior to a chest radiograph to diagnose the pathologic signs. But on the other hand, as for treatment, only 31 patients were diagnosed by CT scan and they were treated with chest tube insertion ect. 42 patients needed ony conservative management without invasive thoracosurgical treatment such as chest tube insertion or open thoracotomy. 27 patients were treated based on the diagnosis made by the chest radiograph and physical examination. Conclusion: Chest computerized tomography was significantly more effective than routine chest X-ray for detecting lung contusion, pneumothorax and mediastinal hematoma, as well as fractured ribs, scapula and, sternum. Although the occult findings increased, the number of patients who needed treatment was small. Therefore, we suggest making selective use of a CT scan to avoid its overuse in ERs.

• Journal of Korean Academic Society of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.6
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• pp.5-18
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• 1999

This study was attempt to encourage for developing on rehabilitation delivery system and programs as a substitute service instead of hospitalization for accident patients at work, such as hospital based home health care nursing service. It needs vary substitutes service of hospitalization to curtail the length of stay for inpatients who were hospitalized with workers compensation insurance. It focused on developing an estimation of early discharge day of accident inpatients based on a detail statement of treatment for 115 inpatients who were hospitalized at General Hospital in 1997. This study has four specific purpose as follows. First, to find out the status of health service utilization. Second, to estimate the early discharge days and income increasing effect based on the early discharge for those patients. Third, to identify the factors to affect total medical expenditure and the length of stay for those inpatients. Forth, to figure out the need of utilizing home health care nursing service for accident patients. In order to analyze of the length of stay and medical expenditure for inpatients who were hospitalized due to the accident, the authors conducted with micro-analysis and macroanalysis from medical records and medical expenditure records. Micro-analysis was done by nominal group discussion of 4 expertise with the critical criteria. such as a decrease in the amount of treatment after surgery, treatments, tests, drugs and changes in the tests consistency, drug methods, vital signs, start of ROM exercise, doctor's order, patient's outside visiting ability, stable conditions. In addition to identify affected variables for medical expenditure. the length of stay and income effect due to early discharge day, the data was analyzed with multiple regression analysis and linear regression analysis model by SPSS-PC for windows and Excell program. Results of this study as follows. First, the mean length of stay was 37.1 days, whereas the mean length of stay due to early discharge was 28.2 days at the hospital. The estimation of early discharge days were shown that depends on the length of stay. The longer length of stay, the longer length of early discharge days, such as under 7 days length of stay patients was to estimated the mean length of stay was 4.9 days and early discharge days was 4.6. whereas the mean length of stay was 122.6 days and early discharge days was 92.0 respectively. The mean medical expenditure per day were found to be 133.409 Won. whereas the mean medical expenditure per day was shown negative linear trends according to the length of stay at the hospital. The estimation results of the income effect due to 11 early discharge days per bed was around 2,150,000 won. However, it means not the real benefits from early discharge, but the income increasing amount without considering medical prime cost in general hospital. Therefore, it needs further analysis on the cost containments and benefits under the considering as well turn over rates per bed as the medical prime costs. The length of stay was most significant and the sign was positive to the total medical expenditure, as expected. Surgery and patient's residential area also an important variable in explaining medical expenditure. The level of complications was most significant variable in explaining the length of stay. The level of the needs on horne health care nursing service which can be used for early discharge accident patients were shown very high. The needs distribution varied from 65.5% of patients and 88.9% of caregivers, to 96.4% of doctors, and 99.1% of nurses. In addition horne health nurse responded that they can be managed the accident inpatients from early discharge. From these research findings. the following suggestions has been drawn it needs to develop strategies on rehabilitation delivery system in order to focused on consumer's side which is planned for 21 century health policy in Korea. Vary intermediate facilities and horne health care would have been developed in the community based for comprehensive rehabilitation services as a substitutes of hospitalization for shortening the length of stay of hospitalizations. In hospital based horne health care nursing service, it's available immediately to utilize for the patients who wanted rehabilitation services as a substitutes of hospitalization under the cooperations with workers compensation insurance company.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.34 no.9
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• pp.704-710
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• 2001

Background: Extracorporeal circulation using pump-oxygenator is an inevitable process to keep vital sign during cardiac arrest for open heart surgery. However, the diversion of blood through nonendothelialized channels appears to stimulate inflammatory response, and leukocyte activation may lead to cardiopulmonary edema. Our study evaluated the effect of leukocyte-induced cardiopulmonary edema using three different pump-oxygenator priming solutions; non-hemic crystalloid solution ; leukocyte-depleted homologous blood; non leukocyte-depleted homologous blood in priming solutions. Material and Method: Each different priming solution was used on five dogs, and the effect of leukocyte-induced cardiopulmonary edema during cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB) was evaluated. For each dog after 2 hours of exracorporeal circulation and another 4 hours of post-pump period, the dog was sacrificed and its heart and lung tissues were obtained for measuring Wet/Dry ratio. Arterial $O_2$partial pressure(PaO$_2$) and $CO_2$partial pressure(Pa$CO_2$) were checked. For the evaluation of ventilatory function, $CO_2$partial pressure difference between arterial blood (Pa$CO_2$) and exhaled air(Et$CO_2$) was measured. Result: 1. No significant difference was seen in arterial PaO$_2$and Pa$CO_2$among groups. 2. Ventilatory function evaluated by Pa$CO_2$and Et$CO_2$showed no significant difference between non-hemic and blood-mixed priming solution (P<0.05). 3. Cardiac and lung Wet/Dry ratios were remarkedly lower in the leukocyte-depleted group. There was no significant difference between the non-hemic and blood-mixed groups. Conclusion: Based upon this result, we concluded that the leukocyte depletion from homologous blood of CPB priming solution has a beneficial effect in reducing cardiopulmonary edema compared with non leukocyte-depleted or crystalloid priming solutions.