• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.577-589
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• 2021

Drone mapping systems can be applied to many fields such as disaster damage investigation, environmental monitoring, and construction process monitoring. To integrate individual sensors attached to a drone, it was essential to undergo complicated procedures including time synchronization. Recently, a variety of composite sensors are released which consist of visual sensors and GPS/INS. Composite sensors integrate multi-sensory data internally, and they provide geotagged image files to users. Therefore, to use composite sensors in drone mapping systems, mapping accuracies from composite sensors should be examined. In this study, we analyzed the mapping accuracies of a composite sensor, focusing on the data acquisition area and pre-calibration effect. In the first experiment, we analyzed how mapping accuracy varies with the number of ground control points. When 2 GCPs were used for mapping, the total RMSE has been reduced by 40 cm from more than 1 m to about 60 cm. In the second experiment, we assessed mapping accuracies based on whether pre-calibration is conducted or not. Using a few ground control points showed the pre-calibration does not affect mapping accuracies. The formation of weak geometry of the image sequences has resulted that pre-calibration can be essential to decrease possible mapping errors. In the absence of ground control points, pre-calibration also can improve mapping errors. Based on this study, we expect future drone mapping systems using composite sensors will contribute to streamlining a survey and calibration process depending on the data acquisition circumstances.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.79-90
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• 2022

IThe perception of sub-second duration through the visual sensory system is affected by non-temporal characteristics (factors other than the duration of the stimulus). However, studies have shown that if distance information is abundant and size constancy maintained, the duration of the target is constantly perceived. The current study examined the relationship between size and time perception constancy in a three-dimensional environment with limited distance information. A device was constructed to limit the participants' bilateral and monocular cues. This prevented participants from maintaining size constancy, resulting in size illusions that could not accurately perceive physical size. In Experiment 1, the size of the physical stimulus of reference and test stimuli were the same at all viewing distances. The results suggest that, despite the same physical size, stimuli with close observations were perceived to be greater and lasted longer. In Experiment 2, the retinal size of the reference stimuli and test stimuli was controlled equally at all viewing distances. As a result, although the physical size of the stimuli increased as the observation increased, the perceived size of all the stimuli was the same. Therefore, the duration of the target was constantly perceived at all viewing distances. The results of this study demonstrate that even when distance information is limited, time perception is affected by the perceived size of the object. It also suggests that when rich distance information exists, the duration of the object can be constantly perceived even if the observation distance varies.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.328-334
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• 2022

The process that one may consciously focuses on necessary stimulation among tremendous amount of stimulation through human sensory systems is called attention in psychology. It is known that the attention can be affected by many factors such as room temperatures, humidity level, etc. In the field of sports science, ice packs are widely used for recovery from exercise fatigue providing fast heat transfer by conduction. However, the effect on attention by so-called iced-pack-cooling has not been tested. This research focuses on the attention levels when one is provided with a special cooling pad on their dorsal and lateral cervices. 40 subjects were divided into four groups and their attention level was evaluated based on the exposure conditions of combinations in reading and light walking with and without the cooling pad. The Frankfruter Aufmerksamkeits-Inventar, FAIR was used to evaluate the attention levels; the performance index, quality index, and continuity index consist of the FAIR test indicating the selectiveness of the attention, correctness of the attention, and maintaining term of the attention, respectively. Analysis of variance was carried out for those variables and post-hoc if applicable. When visual attention is constantly used for reading and studying, application of conductive heat transfer by the cooling pads is significantly helpful for improvement in selectiveness of the attention and maintaining terms of the attention levels. Also, light walking yielded improvement in selectiveness of the attention and maintaining terms of the attention levels; however one should presupposedly consider the loss of reading time.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.272-278
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• 2023

Attention, an important element of human cognitive function, is an important cognitive function that focuses only on necessary stimuli from various stimuli through sensory systems. Although various studies have shown that environmental conditions may affect the level of attention, the effect on attention by applying cooling directly to the skin has not been studied much. Differences in attention depending on when and whether cryotherapy was applied during learning and relaxation activities were examined among 36 subjects. The FAIR attention test, a visual attention evaluation tool, was used, and statistical analysis was conducted on the results of the sub-index of FAIR: Performance index, Quality index, and Continuity index. Among participants who performed rest activities, the application of cryotherapy appeared to have no effect on any subindex. Among the participants who performed learning activities, the group that applied pre-cryotherapy (P=469.0, C=435.4)) and the group that applied post-cryotherapy (P=457.4, C=425.4) showed higher Performance index and Continuity index than the group that did not apply cryotherapy (P=335.8, C=301.7). From these results, it can be concluded that cryotherapy maintains the level of alertness and awakens attention, albeit to a limited extent.

• Industry Promotion Research
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.185-192
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• 2024

This study investigates the F&B brand choice attributes preferred by Generation Z and the brand experience of the London Bagel Museum, resulting in the following findings. First, in-depth interviews with Generation Z revealed that they consider 'appearance' and 'sociability' to be the most important factors when choosing an F&B brand. The success of the London Bagel Museum can also be attributed to fulfilling these Generation Z F&B brand choice attributes of 'appearance' and 'sociability.' Additionally, 'taste' was found to have the greatest impact on word-of-mouth and revisit intentions. The brand experience of the London Bagel Museum received the highest score in sensory experience, which can be seen as satisfying the visual stimulation that Generation Z, who value 'appearance,' consider important. This was followed by cognitive experience, emotional experience, and behavioral experience, in that order. The significance of this study lies in providing insights for the development of successful F&B brands by elucidating the F&B brand choice attributes of Generation Z and the brand experience of the London Bagel Museum.

• Smart Media Journal
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.79-86
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• 2024

In design studies, there has been extensive prior research on accident and disaster prevention, but it mainly focuses on visualization methods to improve visibility. Most accidents and disasters are caused by human factors. However, there is little design research that considers human characteristics that manifest in dangerous situations. This study aims to identify the concepts and characteristics of safety information design that reflects human traits. It examines the concepts of risk and safety from a social science perspective and looks into human visual information processing from a cognitive neuroscience perspective. Additionally, it explores the relationship between human information processing and accident rates in dangerous situations from a psychological perspective. Based on these analyses, the study distinguishes between conventional information design and safety information design, ultimately identifying the features of safety information design that incorporates human traits. The key findings are as follows: First, information should be presented considering the human tendency to suspend rational judgment in dangerous situations. Second, appropriately dispersing or concentrating attention according to the level of risk can serve as an opportunity to minimize harm. Third, it was found that sensory and perceptual characteristics should be given top priority in the field of risk and safety information design. Through these findings, the study concludes that a design approach that reflects human traits in safety information design can ultimately be a key indicator for improving safety levels.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.19-45
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• 2008

This study is to empirically examine the primary dimensions of visual merchandising (VMD) of internet shopping mall, namely store design, merchandise, and merchandising cues, to be a attractive virtual store to the shoppers. The authors reviewed the literature related to the major components of VMD from the perspective of the AIDA model, which has been mainly applied to the offline store settings. The major purposes of the study are as follows; first, tries to derive the variables related with the components of visual merchandising through reviewing the existing literatures, establish the hypotheses, and test it empirically. Second, examines the relationships between the components of VMD and the attitude toward the VMD, however, putting more emphasis on finding out the component structure of the VMD. VMD needs to be examined with the perspective that an online shopping mall is a virtual self-service or clerkless store, which could reduce the number of employees, help the shoppers search, evaluate and purchase for themselves, and to be explored in terms of the in-store persuasion processes of customers. This study reviewed the literatures related to store design, merchandise, and merchandising cues which might be relevant to the store, product, and promotion respectively. VMD is a total communication tool, and AIDA model could explain the in-store consumer behavior of online shopping. Store design has to do with triggering a consumer attention to the online mall, merchandise with a product related interest, and merchandising cues with promotions such as recommendation and links that induce the desire to pruchase. These three steps might be seen as the processes for purchase actions. The theoretical rationale for the relationship between VMD and AIDA could be found in Tyagi(2005) that the three steps of consumer-oriented merchandising are a store, a product assortment, and placement, in Omar(1999) that three types of interior display are a architectural design display, commodity display, and point-of-sales(POS) display, and in Davies and Ward(2005) that the retail store interior image is related to an atmosphere, merchandise, and in-store promotion. Lee et al(2000) suggested as the web merchandising components a merchandising cues, a shopping metaphor which is an assistant tool for search, a store design, a layout(web design), and a product assortment. The store design which includes differentiation, simplicity and navigation is supposed to be related to the attention to the virtual store. Second, the merchandise dimensions comprising product assortments, visual information and product reputation have to do with the interest in the product offerings. Finally, the merchandising cues that refer to merchandiser(MD)'s recommendation of products and providing the hyperlinks to relevant goods for the shopper is concerned with attempt to induce the desire to purchase. The questionnaire survey was carried out to collect the data about the consumers who would shop at internet shopping malls frequently. To select the subject malls, the mall ranking data announced by a mall rating agency was used to differentiate the most popular and least popular five mall each. The subjects was instructed to answer the questions after navigating the designated mall for five minutes. The 300 questionnaire was distributed to the consumers, 166 samples were used in the final analysis. The empirical testing focused on identifying and confirming the dimensionality of VMD and its subdimensions using a structural equation modeling method. The confirmatory factor analysis for the endogeneous and exogeneous variables was carried out in four parts. The second-order factor analysis was done for a store design, a merchandise, and a merchandising cues, and first-order confirmatory factor analysis for the attitude toward the VMD. The model test results shows that the chi-square value of structural equation is 144.39(d.f 49), significant at 0.01 level which means the proposed model was rejected. But, judging from the ratio of chi-square value vs. degree of freedom, the ratio was 2.94 which smaller than an acceptable level of 3.0, RMR is 0.087 which is higher than a generally acceptable level of 0.08. GFI and AGFI is turned out to be 0.90 and 0.84 respectively. Both NFI and NNFI is 0.94, and CFI 0.95. The major test results are as follows; first, the second-order factor analysis and structural equational modeling reveals that the differentiation, simplicity and ease of identifying current status of the transaction are confirmed to be subdimensions of store design and to be a significant predictors of the dependent variable. This result implies that when designing an online shopping mall, it is necessary to differentiate visually from other malls to improve the effectiveness of the communications of store design. That is, the differentiated store design raise the contrast stimulus to sensory organs to promote the memory of the store and to have a favorable attitude toward the VMD of a store. The results that navigation which means the easiness of identifying current status of shopping affects the attitude to VMD could be interpreted that the navigating processes via the hyperlinks which is characteristics of an internet shopping is a complex and cognitive process and shoppers are likely to lack the sense of overall structure of the store. Consequently, shoppers are likely to be alost amid shopping not knowing where to go. The orientation tool enhance the accessibility of information to raise the perceptive power about the store environment.(Titus & Everett 1995) Second, the primary dimension of merchandise and its subdimensions was confirmed to be unidimensional respectively, have a construct validity, and nomological validity which the VMD dimensions supposed to have a positive correlation with the dependent variable. The subdimensions of product assortment, brand fame and information provision proved to have a positive effect on the attitude toward the VMD. It could be interpreted that the more plentiful the product and brand assortment of the mall is, the more likely the shoppers to favor it. Brand fame and information provision as well affect the VMD attitude, which means that the more famous the brand, the more likely the shoppers would trust and feel familiar with the mall, and the plentifully and visually presented information could have the shopper have a favorable attitude toward the store VMD. Third, it turned out to be that merchandising cue of product recommendation and hyperlinks affect the VMD attitude. This could be interpreted that recommended products could reduce the uncertainty related with the purchase decision, and the hyperlinks to relevant products would help the shopper save the cognitive effort exerted into the information search and gathering, which could lead to a favorable attitude to the VMD. This study tried to sheds some new light on the VMD of online store by reviewing the variables mentioned to be relevant with offline VMD in the existing literatures, and tried to link the VMD components from the perspective of AIDA model. The effect size of the VMD dimensions on the attitude was in the order of the merchandise, the store design and the merchandising cues.It is said that an internet has an unlimited place for display, however, the virtual store is not unlimited since the consumer has a limited amount of cognitive ability to process the external information and internal memory. Particularly, the shoppers are likely to face some difficulties in decision making on account of too many alternative and information overloads. Therefore, the internet shopping mall manager should take into consideration the cost of information search on the part of the consumer, to establish the optimal product placements and search routes. An efficient store composition would be possible by reducing the psychological burdens and cognitive efforts exerted to information search and alternatives evaluation. The store image is in most part determined by the product category and its brand it deals in. The results of this study support this proposition that the merchandise is most important to the VMD attitude than other components, the manager is required to take a strategic approach to VMD. The internet users are getting more accustomed and more knowledgeable about the internet media and more likely to accept the internet as a shopping channel as the period of time during which they use the internet to shop become longer. The web merchandiser should be aware that the product introduction using a moving pictures and a bulletin board become more important in order to present the interactive product information visually and communicate with customers more actively, therefore leading to making the quantity and quality of product information more rich.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.31
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• pp.153-176
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• 2013

In the early 20th century, the some of futurist painter was attempted to represents the 'fast-paced' and 'dynamism' on a two-dimensional picture. The expression of fast-paced and dynamic for look like move image in the painting have evolved as a variety of visual symbol. Visual symbols that represent these movements were settled as the line of the most movement expression in the comic. The of Toriyama Akira gained worldwide popularity is emphasized speed and dynamism as the action genre in cartoon, is nice a data to research the line of the movement expression of cartoon. There is three terms as the action line, The speed line, the effect line on the movement expression in The glossary of in the dictionary of , but it not easy to Separate them by means similar. This study is willing to says the semantically problem of previous lines on the movement expression and to present a new alternative in order to study the line on the movement expression of . This study Separate the line on movement expression from symbolic the perspective and try to newly define by using, was classified lines of four kinds by add the afterimage line on existing the speed line, the motion line, the effect line. First, the speed line was defined as 'The line expressing the movement expression of a moving target as the concept of speed'. It on the way of expression was subdivided the direct as speed line when it alter the shape of the target and the indirect speed line when it alter the background of the target. Second, the motion line was defined as 'The line simplified the moving form or the moving path of moving target'. Third, the effect line was defined as 'the line emphasizing the movement expression of a moving target by Sensory expression or emotional expression. Fourth, the afterimage lines was defined as 'The line expressing slowly moving or swaying the movement expression of target to the afterimage effect. The terminology presented in this study will be able to help the understanding of the line on the movement expression .

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.143-150
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• 2017

Effects of packaging methods for maintaining the shelf-life and postharvest quality of Korean chive (Allium tuberosum Rotter) usually called buchu in Korea was studied during fall season. Buchu, which has high moisture content and active metabolism after harvest, is characterized by the greater changes in quality during storage and distribution. It is usually packaged in paper box during distribution in domestic channel in Korea where the marketability ends within few days of harvest. In order to maintain the commercial quality of buchu, we tried to use inner film with or without absorbent paper in commercial paper box packaging. The 'Greenbelt' cultivar of buchu was harvested in october and packaged in corrugated paper box (A), in corrugated paper box with micro-perforated high density polyethylene (HDPE) film as inner material (B), a layer of absorbent paper both at the bottom and top of buchu in corrugated paper box (C) and a combination of HDPE film as inner material along with a layer of absorbent paper both at the bottom and top of buchu in corrugated paper box (D), and stored at $5^{\circ}C$ for up to 21 days. Several quality parameters such as fresh weight loss, respiration rate, color, chlorophyll content and sensory qualities were monitored during storage. When buchu was packaged only in paper box, the appearance and quality deteriorated rapidly through decay development thereby sample became unmarketable within 12 days. On the other hand, buchu packaged with inner HDPE film maintained its quality, good visual appearance and exhibited a longer period of marketable life compared to the samples stored in other treatments. However, the use of absorbent paper did not have any significant effect in maintaining quality of buchu. The uses of inner HDPE film was effective in reducing weight loss that resulted better visual appearance of buchu. Results suggest that the use of inner HDPE film in bulk type corrugated paper box packaging and storing at $5^{\circ}C$ could be the optimum condition for commercial storage of buchu. Further investigation on other quality parameters and packaging methods would be useful in maintaining the quality aspects of buchu at postharvest stages.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.63-73
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• 2014

This study was intended to analyze the correlation between the builder's intentions and the colors that are revealed through the analysis of the manifestation of symbolic colors as the signs and symbols that are shown in the traditional space of Soshaewon as one of the representative retreating villa gardens of Chosun Dynasty and the interpretation of the meanings. The research on the traditional colors and the intended background of Soshaewon and so on was conducted by examining the relative literature and the contents as the objects for the empirical analysis were the scenic beauties and spatial elemnts that are shown in the plan of Soshewon and the poems about Soshewon 48 scenes as well as the contents of the poems related to Five Primary Colors that are used based on "the Ideology of Five Elements of the Positive and Negative". Espectially, this study was conducted by dividing the spatial elements shown in Soswaewon broadly into the visual, synesthetic and symbolic & cognitive spaces in order to classify the locations and directions of the spaces and natural objects as the visual space, the seasons, the points of times and the five sensory organs as the synesthetic space and the "Four Moral Begginings" & the "Seven Emotions" of New Confucianism as the symbolic and cognitive space and by analyzing if there are any correlation between the decided intentions and the spatial meanings that are revealed by analyzing the system of five primary colors which are used in each spatial element.7) As a result from the analysis of the colors that are used based on the three spatial components of Soshaewon, it was found that one of Five Primary Colors were used 74 times in total. First, in the visual spatial component, one of the colors was used 18 times in total including 2 times of blue, 1 time of red, 6 times of yellow, 4 times of white and 5 times of black. The fact that yellow symbolizing the source of everything and white symoblizing cleanness and pureness are used relatively more often than blue and red symbolizing nature and life respectively can be interpreted that the builder, Mr. San-bo Yang's intention to build Soshaewon is related to the meaning symbolizing the pure will of the builder who wanted to seclude himself from society rather than to give priority to enjoying nature. Second, in the synesthetic spatial component which are selected from the 48 scenes of Soshaewon, one of Five Primary Colors was used 38 times in total including 11 times of blue, 8 times of red, 4 times of yellow, 5 times of white and 10 times of black. Since blue and red symbolizing nature and life respectively are used more often than yellow and black symbolizing the source of the world and pureness & knowledge respectively, it was interpreted that the builder means to be faithful to the unique basic functions of the retreating villa with which the builder wanted to enjoy his passion for enjoying nature and exploring knowledge even though the builder built the villa garden for the purpose of keeping himself pure while being unstained by the world. Finally, it was analyzed that one of Five Primary Colors was used 18 times in total including 4 times of blue, 5 times of red and 9 times of white in the symbolic and cognitive spatial components of the 48 scenes. Since it was found that white symbolizing the builder's political pureness is used at the same frequency as blue and red symbolizing nature and life respectively are used as a result from the analysis, it was interpreted that the intention of creating Soshaewon was emotionally revealed at the same percentage in the aspects of his political pureness and enjoyment of nature through his poems. Especially, as a result from such 3 kinds of analyses regarding to the frequency of using Five Primary Colors, it was found that the number of times using Five Primary Colors in the synesthetic spatial component was 38 as the highest percentage, around 51% followed by each 18 times as the24.5% respectively in the visual and cognitive & symbolic spatial spaces. Based on such results, it can be interpreted that the builder, Mr. San-bo Yang's intention of creating Soshaewon sympolizes that his intention for enjoying the basic nature and the vitality of nature within the retreating villa garden is hidden at the same proportion as his intention for keeping himself pure from the unrightful world. It was intended to reveal the traditional colors which are hidden in a traditional retreating villa by analyzing the correlation between the symbolic meanings and the spatial components of Soshaewon based on the Five Primary Colors which are originated from the "Ideology of the Five Natural Elements of the Positive and Negative", but it is thought that it is possible to explore whether such a theory can be generally applied to other kinds of retreating villa gardens or not through a study on other retreating villa gardens as other examples in which the builder's apparent pure intentions, such as enjoyment of nature and persuit of study, etc., unlike Soshaewon are hidden.