• Advances in Energy Research
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.289-304
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• 2017

Large glazed surfaces and windows become common features in modern buildings. The spread of these features was influenced by the dependence of designers on mechanical and artificial systems to provide occupants with thermal and visual comfort. Countries with hot summer and cold winter conditions, like Jordan, require maximum shading from solar radiation in summer, and maximum exposure in winter to reduce cooling and heating loads respectively. The current research aims at designing optimized double-positioned external shading device systems that help to reduce energy consumption in buildings and provide thermal and visual comfort during both hot and cold seasons. Using energy plus, a whole building energy simulation program, and radiance, Lighting Simulation Tool, with DesignBuilder interface, a series of computer simulations for energy consumption and daylighting performance were conducted for offices with south, east, or west windows. The research was based on comparison to determine the best fit characteristics for two positions of adjustable horizontal louvers on south facade or vertical fins on east and west facades for summer and winter conditions. The adjustable shading systems can be applied for new or retrofitted office or housing buildings. The optimized shading devices for summer and winter positions helped to reduce the net annual energy consumption compared to a base case space with no shading device or with curtains and compared to fix shading devices.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.84-92
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• 2013

Blinds are a common type of shading device and are increasingly operated automatically to overcome the limitations of manual operation. Automated blinds need to be controlled to maximize benefits of daylight in the point of occupant comfort and energy consumption. However, the previous control methods could cause occupant's distractions by the undesirable control time interval and amount of blind movement. A few researches suggested the control concept for minimizing occupant's distractions by automatic blind control, but they did not provide optimal control algorithm to be useful in practice. In this paper, we propose an optimal control algorithm for automated blinds that can maximize not only visual comfort but also sunlight penetration into buildings based on occupants' preferences on blind movement and sunlight. The proposed control algorithm can prevent solar glare on workplane and minimize occupant's distractions to maximize occupants' visual comfort.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.47-53
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• 2010

Purpose: This study was performed to achieve an acceptable piggyback fit utilizing each subject's own GP lenses, in subjects with regular low myopic astigmatism. Methods: A randomized, prospective study of 15 subjects with the diagnosis of low myopic astigmatism was conducted. Nine subjects were female and 6 were male, and mean age was: 23.73${\pm}$1.68 years. Subjects were evaluated before participate on this study and then also evaluated with period of at two hours and two weeks after obtaining their lenses. All subjects were submitted to the following tests: measurement of comfort level by means of the analogical visual scale, best corrected visual acuity and over-refraction at distance. contrast sensitivity and stereo acuity. After evaluating the fit of plano soft lens, we applied each subject's own GP lens on top. Results: Vision, visual performance and satisfaction of piggyback contact lens system were stable, if not improved, for the 15 subjects when the data was compared to the patients' wear of rigid gas permeable contact lenses. Fit with a piggyback system had the same or improved comfort, visual acuity and contrast sensitivity compared to previous GP lens wear alone. The visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and stereo acuity did not show differences in relation to the studied lens type. Conclusions: These results suggest that it is possible to achieve a successful piggyback lens fitting utilizing a patient's own GP lens. The piggyback lens system satisfied the visual performance and visual requirements of this subject with GP lens alone for the correction of low myopic astigmatism.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.07a
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• pp.817-820
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• 2005

Legibility of electronic paper was evaluated by using the method of letter-search task and subjective visual comfort scaling. The results show that legibility depends on the illumination level, and conventional paper has a higher visual comfort rating than electronic paper although they have the similar performance in the letter-search task.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.32 no.spc3
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• pp.199-206
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to understand the change of impression by comparing the uniformity lighting with the compound lighting. In previous study, we proposed a light controlling method to harmonize daylight from a window and artificial lights from a ceiling and obtained the results to support our method. We referred this method as the Adjusted Compound-Lighting Model (AC Model). The experiment is carried out with the scaled-models and mock-up spaces that were supposed to be an office space. One is lit by the uniform lighting and the other by the compound lighting in each experimental space. In order to present varying illuminance distributions, the two variables were used in this study. Subjects were asked to evaluate the point of difference by semantic differential rating on their overall impression after comparing with two rooms. The results showed that the impressions of compound lighting were more positive score than that of uniformity lighting on the items of 'dim-bright', 'dislike-like', 'artificial-natural' and 'closed-open', and that there was no significant difference in impressions between two spaces on other items.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.25-30
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• 2010

The daylited space can improve visual comfort and occupant's well-being. However discomfort glare from the daylight is a common problem in indoor environments and in general, the window is the main glare sources. Some formulas have been proposed for predicting glare from the daylight, however, they do not consider the effect on glare of the view through a window and some studies proved that they are inadequate in real daylight situation. This research aims to identify the relationship between view and discomfort glare considering the subjective impressions. As a preliminary experiment, this paper sets up the experimental protocol to reveal relationships between views from a window and visual perception in a controlled laboratory experiment. $1.2m{\times}1.2m$ artificial window was developed and $0.9m{\times}0.9m$ view image was placed on the window. Discomfort glare and impression evaluation was carried out under four different views and one blank view as a reference condition. The results showed that the subjects evaluated discomfort glare differently with the views even under the same luminance conditions and tended to feel less glare with distance views compared to near views.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.139-146
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• 2012

This study was designed to examine comfort levels of pitch and loudness with target matching and their effects on electroglottographic (EGG) and acoustic measures. Twelve speakers, six males and six females, were instructed to produce /a/ sustained vowel for three seconds at a comfortable pitch and loudness level without any instruction and with a target matching procedure of either a certain f0 or SPL separately with visual and auditory feedback. The range of pitch for females and males were presented by progressing up and down randomly at intervals of 5Hz from 150 Hz to 310 Hz (total 33 frequency targets) and from 85 Hz to 190 Hz (total 22 frequency targets), respectively. The loudness levels were 65, 75, 85, 95 dB (total of four intensity targets) for both males and females. Subjective estimations of comfortable levels were obtained using a 10-point equal-appearing interval rating scale following each phonation. The results showed that males and females demonstrated similar trends in loudness levels with greatest comfort at 75 dB, whereas pitch comfort ratings showed a greater variability with females having a wider range with target matching. In the comfort levels of individuals, most male and female speakers rated higher comfort at soft, rather than loud phonations. On the other hand, most male speakers perceived highest comfort levels below the comfort pitch levels they phonated under natural conditions. Higher frequency ranges, however, were perceived to be more comfortable than those of natural condition in most female speakers, although the comfortable pitch levels in spontaneous phonations were within the comfort level ranges determined by targeted phonations. When comparing acoustic (%jitter, %shimmer, SNR) and EGG measures (CQ%) between spontaneous comfortable phonations and targeted phonations produced by the same subject at similar f0 and intensity, no significant differences were observed (p>0.05). Thus, target matching procedures may be considered a compatible and alternative method to reduce the variability of comfortable pitch and loudness levels by eliciting consistent comfortable phonations.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.135-141
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• 2019

Background: The fear of needle insertion and pain during anesthesia is a source of patient dissatisfaction in dentistry. Inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) remains the most common type of block and is in itself painful. Computer-controlled local anesthetic delivery (CCLAD) has been proven to reduce the pain associated with injection of anesthetics in various blocks. However, the efficacy of CCLAD for IANB in adults remains unknown. Methods: Sixty-four adult patients requiring bilateral IANB were selected and divided into two groups: group A (50 patients receiving IANB via CCLAD) and group B (50 patients receiving IANB using a conventional cartridge syringe). Pain perception and patient comfort were assessed using the visual analog scale and the 5-point semantic scale, respectively. Results: The pain perception was compared between the two groups using the Mann-Whitney U-test, and the P value was 0.003. The patient comfort was also compared using the same test, and the P value was 0.484. Conclusion: A significant difference was observed in the pain perception of the patients during CCLAD. The patient comfort was grossly equal for both techniques.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.67-78
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• 2021

This study aims to analyze how students' design work functions affect consumer attitudes and purchase intentions toward clothes designed by students, while exploring the moderating effect of price sensitivity in such a relationship. Data was acquired from 351 responses of an online questionnaire (www.sojump.com). A two-step approach was employed to analyze our hypotheses using structural equation modeling (SEM) in SPSS 22.0 and AMOS 22.0 statistical packages. First, significant empirical evidence was secured regarding the effects of design functions (assurance, fashion, camouflage, individuality, and comfort) on consumer attitudes toward clothes, which can lead to purchasing intention. Fashion, individuality, and comfort functions can enhance consumer attitude significantly, but assurance and camouflage have no significant influence. Among the functions, comfort has the greatest effect on consumer attitudes, indicating that when students market works as commodities, comfort should be highlighted in their designs. In this way, such products can draw the interest of many consumers. Second, empirical evidence showed that price sensitivity negatively moderates the association between attitude and purchase intention. Thus, design courses should be careful when setting student works' prices given consumer sensitivity. The optimization of the student works' cost structure can help minimize price sensitivity. Overall, the findings and their implications can serve as a basis for the commercial application of design curriculum works and provide feasible support for developing student design curriculum in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.69-79
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• 1990

This study intends to define the concept of human scale and visual preference which is frequently being used by environmental designers, and to explore the dimension of buildings and courtyards which is perceived as "human scale" and "visually preferable" by users (college students). As the subjects of this experiment were college students, "human scale" and "visual preferenoe" that were professional terms must be changed to understandable and compatible concept. The compatible concept for human scale was defined as the degree of friendliness and comfort, and that for visual preference was declined as the degree of like or dislike. The subjects thought that buildings with the height of 2.73 ∼5. 83 storides, the length of 27.44∼44.00m and the height ratio of 1.81 ∼5.41 were in human scale, and that buildings with height 2.60 ∼ 6.00 stories, the length of 25.7∼55.00 and the height ratio of 1.32∼6.41 were visually preferred. The block game used in this study was Proved to he a reliable and valid experimental method.