• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.9-20
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of integrated science inquiry teaming method through literature materials on the learner's science concept formation, inquiry ability, and attitude related to science when it was applied to the unit 'The temperature of atmosphere and winds', 'The journey of water' in the 5th grade, and to find out the effect on science learning according to teaming styles. To study these subjects, 4 classes of 5th grade in J elementary school in Busan were selected. The result of this study were as follows: First, Integrated science inquiry learning method through literature materials was more effective for concept formation than conventional teaching method. In science inquiry ability, there was not significant difference at all between the comparison group and the experimental group. In attitude related to science, the experimental group showed significant difference only in the interest in occupation related to science. The visual modality learners within the experimental group showed significantly higher statistics than the other modality learners in the post-investigation into the science concept and there was significant difference between the visual and the kinesthetic modality learners in the result of post-test on science inquiry ability.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.89-99
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• 2004

A comprehensive psychophysical scaling system, multiple-modality magnitude estimation system (MMES) has been designed to measure subjective multidimensional human perception. Unlike paper-based magnitude estimation systems, the MMES has an additional auditory peripheral cue that varies with corresponding visual magnitude. As the simplest, purely psychological case, bimodal divided-attention conditions were simulated to establish the superiority of the MMES. Subjects were given brief presentations of pairs of simultaneous stimuli consisting of visual line-lengths and auditory white-noise levels. In the visual or auditory focused-attention conditions, only the line-lengths or the noise levels perceived should be reported respectively. On the other hand, in the divided-attention conditions, both the line-lengths and the noise levels should be reported. There were no significant differences among the different attention conditions. Human performance was better when the proportion of magnitude in stimulus pairs were identically presented. The additional auditory cues in the MMES improved the correlations between the magnitude of stimuli and MMES values in the divided-attention conditions.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.33-40
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of cervical mobilization on the tension type headache recovery. : The subjects were consisted of 70 patients with tension type headache. All subjects randomly assigned to cervical mobilization group and massage group. The mobilization group received cervical mobilization with modality treatment and massage group received cervical massage with modality treatment. Visual analogue scala(VAS) was used to daily headache hours and patient's pain level. Results: The results of this study were summarized as follows: 1. The Visual Analogue Scale(VAS) was mobilization group showed significant1y decreased more than massage group(p<.01). 2. The daily headache was mobilization group showed significantly decreased more than massage group(p<.01). Conclusion: mobilization is beneficial treatment for tension type headache.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.46 no.8
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• pp.461-469
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• 2023

The tail of the striatum (TS) is located at the caudal end in the striatum. Recent studies have advanced our knowledge of the anatomy and function of the TS but also raised questions about the differences between rodent and primate TS. In this review, we compare the anatomy and function of the TS in rodent and primate brains. The primate TS is expanded more caudally during brain development in comparison with the rodent TS. Additionally, five sensory inputs from the cortex and thalamus converge in the rodent TS, but this convergence is not observed in the primate TS. The primate TS, including the caudate tail and putamen tail, primarily receives inputs from the visual areas, implying a specialized function in processing visual inputs for action generation. This anatomical difference leads to further discussion of cellular circuit models to comprehend how the primate brain processes a wider range of complex visual stimuli to produce habitual behavior as compared with the rodent brain. Examining these differences and considering possible neural models may provide better understanding of the anatomy and function of the primate TS.

• International Journal of Contents
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.50-56
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• 2015

The area of discourse analysis has long neglected the value of images as a semiotic resource in communication. This paper suggests that like language, images are rich in meaning potential and are governed by visual grammar structures which can be utilized to decode the meanings of images. Employing a theoretical framework in visual communication, two digital images are examined for their representational and interactive dimensions and the dimensions' relation to the magazine advertisement genre. The results show that the framework identified narrative and conceptual processes, relations between participants and viewers, and symbolic attributes of the images, which all contribute to the sociological interpretations of the images. The identities and relationships between viewers and participants suggested in the images signify desirable qualities that may be associated to the product of the advertiser. The findings support the theory of visual grammar and highlight the potential of images to convey multi-layered meanings.

• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.33-36
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• 2003

Two experiments were conducted to support the suggestion that the same information processing was used in both input modalities, visual and auditory modality in Wonil Choi & Kichun Nam(2003)'s paper. The primed lexical decision task was performed and pseudoword prime stimuli were used. The result was that priming effect did not occur in any experimental condition. This result might be interpreted visual facilitative information and phonological inhibitory information cancelled each other.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.130-138
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• 2011

Purpose : To compare fMRIs of visual and auditory word generation tasks, and to evaluate the difference of its activated areas and lateralization according to the mode of stimuli. Materials and Methods : Eight male normal volunteers were included and all were right handed. Functional maps were obtained during auditory and visual word generation tasks in all. Normalized group analysis were performed in each task and the threshold for significance was set at p<0.05. Activated areas in each task were compared visually and statistically. Results : In both tasks, left dominant activations were demonstrated and were more lateralized in visual task. Both frontal lobes (Broca's area, premotor area, and SMA) and left posterior middle temporal gyrus were activated in both tasks. Extensive bilateral temporal activations were noted in auditory task. Both occipital and parietal activations were demonstrated in visual task. Conclusion : Modality independent areas could be interpreted as a core area of language function. Modality specific areas may be associated with processing of stimuli. Visual task induced more lateralized activation and could be a more useful in language study than auditory task.

• Journal of the HCI Society of Korea
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.31-39
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• 2019

This research examined the changes that fast-growing voice-based devices would bring in the media multitasking environment. Based on the theoretical background that information processing efficiency improves when performing multiple tasks requiring different resource structures at the same time, we conducted an experiment where participants searched for information with voice-based or screen-based devices while performing an additional visual task. Results showed that both task performance environment and interface modality had significant main effects on cognitive load. The overall cognitive load level was higher in the voice interface group, but the difference in cognitive load between the two groups decreased in a multitasking environment where the additional visual resources was required. The visual task performance was significantly higher when using the voice interface than the screen interface. Our findings suggest that voice interfaces offered advantages in the cognitive load and task performance by distributing two tasks to the auditory and visual channels. The results of this study imply that voice-based devices have the potential to facilitate efficient information processing in the screen-centric environment where visual resources collide. We provided theoretical evidence of resource distribution using multiple resource theory and tried to identify the advantages of the voice interface more specifically based on the threaded cognition model.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.51-70
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• 2023

This study employed driving simulation to examine how takeover request (TOR) information modalities (visual, auditory, and visual + auditory) in Level-3 automated vehicles, and road types (straight and curved) influence the driver's control takeover time (TOT) and mental workload, assessed through subjective workload and heart rate variations. The findings reveal several key points. First, visual TOR resulted in the quickest TOT, while auditory TOR led to the longest. Second, TOT was considerably slower on curved roads compared to straight roads, with the greatest difference observed under the auditory TOR condition. Third, the auditory TOR condition generally induced lower subjective workload and heart rate variability than the visual or visual + auditory conditions. Finally, significant heart rate changes were predominantly observed in curved road conditions. These outcomes indicate that TOT and mental workload levels in drivers are influenced by both the TOR modality and road geometry. Notably, a faster TOT is associated with increased mental workload.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.28 no.3E
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• pp.109-117
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• 2009

Identity recognition in real environment with a reliable mode is a key issue in human computer interaction (HCI). In this paper, we present a robust person identification system considering score-based optimal reliability measure of audio-visual modalities. We propose an extension of the modified reliability function by introducing optimizing parameters for both of audio and visual modalities. For degradation of visual signals, we have applied JPEG compression to test images. In addition, for creating mismatch in between enrollment and test session, acoustic Babble noises and artificial illumination have been added to test audio and visual signals, respectively. Local PCA has been used on both modalities to reduce the dimension of feature vector. We have applied a swarm intelligence algorithm, i.e., particle swarm optimization for optimizing the modified convection function's optimizing parameters. The overall person identification experiments are performed using VidTimit DB. Experimental results show that our proposed optimal reliability measures have effectively enhanced the identification accuracy of 7.73% and 8.18% at different illumination direction to visual signal and consequent Babble noises to audio signal, respectively, in comparison with the best classifier system in the fusion system and maintained the modality reliability statistics in terms of its performance; it thus verified the consistency of the proposed extension.