• Title/Summary/Keyword: Visual Depth

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Bit-plane based Lossless Depth Map Coding Method (비트평면 기반 무손실 깊이정보 맵 부호화 방법)

  • Kim, Kyung-Yong;Park, Gwang-Hoon;Suh, Doug-Young
    • Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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    • v.14 no.5
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    • pp.551-560
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    • 2009
  • This paper proposes a method for efficient lossless depth map coding for MPEG 3D-Video coding. In general, the conventional video coding method such as H.264 has been used for depth map coding. However, the conventional video coding methods do not consider the image characteristics of the depth map. Therefore, as a lossless depth map coding method, this paper proposes a bit-plane based lossless depth mar coding method by using the MPEG-4 Part 2 shape coding scheme. Simulation results show that the proposed method achieves the compression ratios of 28.91:1. In intra-only coding, proposed method reduces the bitrate by 24.84% in comparison with the JPEG-LS scheme, by 39.35% in comparison with the JPEG-2000 scheme, by 30.30% in comparison with the H.264(CAVLC mode) scheme, and by 16.65% in comparison with the H.264(CABAC mode) scheme. In addition, in intra and inter coding the proposed method reduces the bitrate by 36.22% in comparison with the H.264(CAVLC mode) scheme, and by 23.71% in comparison with the 0.264(CABAC mode) scheme.

3D Displays: Development and Validation of Prediction Function of Object Size Perception as a Function of Depth (3D 디스플레이: 깊이에 따른 대상의 크기지각 예측함수 개발 및 타당화)

  • Shin, Yoon-Ho;Li, Hyung-Chul O.;Kim, Shin-Woo
    • Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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    • v.17 no.2
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    • pp.400-410
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    • 2012
  • In recent years, 3D displays are used in many media including 3D movies, TV, mobile phones, and PC games. Although 3D displays provide realistic viewing experience as compared with 2D displays, they also carry issues such as visual fatigue or size distortion. Focusing on the latter, we developed prediction function of object size perception as a function of object depth in 3D display. In Experiment 1, subjects observed 3D square of a fixed size of varying depth, and manipulated 2D square to make it as large as the 3D square. Conversely, in Experiment 2, subjects observed 2D square of a fixed size, and manipulated 3D square of varying depth to make it as large as the 2D square. In both Experiments 1 and 2, we found that size perception of 3D square linearly changed depending on depth of the square, and the linear relationship between depth and size was identical in both experiments. The predictive regression function, which predicts object size perception based on object depth, obtained in this research will be very useful in the creation of 3D media contents.

System Implementation for Generating High Quality Digital Holographic Video using Vertical Rig based on Depth+RGB Camera (Depth+RGB 카메라 기반의 수직 리그를 이용한 고화질 디지털 홀로그래픽 비디오 생성 시스템의 구)

  • Koo, Ja-Myung;Lee, Yoon-Hyuk;Seo, Young-Ho;Kim, Dong-Wook
    • Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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    • v.17 no.6
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    • pp.964-975
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    • 2012
  • Recently the attention on digital hologram that is regarded as to be the final goal of the 3-dimensional video technology has been increased. A digital hologram can be generated with a depth and a RGB image. We proposed a new system to capture RGB and depth images and to convert them to digital holograms. First a new cold mirror was designed and produced. It has the different transmittance ratio against various wave length and can provide the same view and focal point to the cameras. After correcting various distortions with the camera system, the different resolution between depth and RGB images was adjusted. The interested object was extracted by using the depth information. Finally a digital hologram was generated with the computer generated hologram (CGH) algorithm. All algorithms were implemented with C/C++/CUDA and integrated in LabView environment. A hologram was calculated in the general-purpose computing on graphics processing unit (GPGPU) for high-speed operation. We identified that the visual quality of the hologram produced by the proposed system is better than the previous one.

Single Image Dehazing Based on Depth Map Estimation via Generative Adversarial Networks (생성적 대립쌍 신경망을 이용한 깊이지도 기반 연무제거)

  • Wang, Yao;Jeong, Woojin;Moon, Young Shik
    • Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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    • v.19 no.5
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    • pp.43-54
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    • 2018
  • Images taken in haze weather are characteristic of low contrast and poor visibility. The process of reconstructing clear-weather image from a hazy image is called dehazing. The main challenge of image dehazing is to estimate the transmission map or depth map for an input hazy image. In this paper, we propose a single image dehazing method by utilizing the Generative Adversarial Network(GAN) for accurate depth map estimation. The proposed GAN model is trained to learn a nonlinear mapping between the input hazy image and corresponding depth map. With the trained model, first the depth map of the input hazy image is estimated and used to compute the transmission map. Then a guided filter is utilized to preserve the important edge information of the hazy image, thus obtaining a refined transmission map. Finally, the haze-free image is recovered via atmospheric scattering model. Although the proposed GAN model is trained on synthetic indoor images, it can be applied to real hazy images. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves superior dehazing results against the state-of-the-art algorithms on both the real hazy images and the synthetic hazy images, in terms of quantitative performance and visual performance.

A Study Using an Eye-tracker and Cafe Images to Ascertain the Association between the Perception of Spatial Depth and the Customer's Intention to Visit (깊이감과 머물고 싶은 공간의 관계: 시선추적기를 이용한 카페를 중심으로 한 연구)

  • Cho, Ji Young;Kwak, Eun-Ju
    • Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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    • v.22 no.4
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    • pp.3-14
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    • 2019
  • The café has become an important representative "third place" where people study and rest. Hence, it is worthwhile for researchers to understand the needs of individual users as well as the requirements of people who visit such venues in groups. The identification of strategies that can help achieve larger, wider, higher, or deeper interior spaces in small and compact locations can generate benefits for both users and designers. In this study, where 56 interior design students participated, we used an eye-tracker and images of cafes to explore the relationships between spatial depth and the intention to visit a cafe space. The researchers digitally developed fifteen different conditions of space and measured the eye movements of the participants using an eye-tracker when they examined images that appeared to convey the most depth. Participants were also asked to imagine the proposed space images as cafes and to select one of the 15 images as the location that they would be most likely to visit individually and one that they would frequent in the company of other people. The research results revealed that certain ways of using interior design elements altered the participants' perceptions of spatial depth without any change being effected to the actual volume or the size of the space. The participants tended to perceive a space with a small decorative artwork on a dark toned wall with unconnected furniture as deeper than a space with no or large artwork on a light toned wall with contiguous furniture. Spatial depth was a more important consideration for an individual visit than for a group visit. The results of this exploratory study will help scholarly understanding of the role played by spatial depth in customer intentions to visit a cafe.

Water Depth Change Caused by Artificial Structures in Geum River Estuary: Spatio-Temporal Evaluation Based on GIS (금강하구에서 인공 구조물에 의한 수심 변화 : GIS 기반의 시.공간 평가)

  • Lee, Hyun-Hee;Um, Jung-Sup
    • Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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    • v.42 no.1 s.118
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    • pp.121-132
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    • 2007
  • This paper examines the spatial and temporal variability in the water depth caused by artificial structures in Geum Estuary of South Korea. Water depth data set extracted from marine maps of 1979, 1990, 1996 and 2004 were used in a GIS to derive volumetric estimates of gains and losses of sedimentary material. Artificial structures caused above 2m in water depth to be shallow between 1979 and 2002 in the estuary system, particularly through disturbance of a natural transport in suspended sediment concentrations. The mutt significant change in suspended sediment transport were observed in area affected by embankment for fresh water, inducing the water depth shallower than before in almost 80% of the area. This was probably because of an continuous abundant mud supply from coastal river oven after blocking the fresh water. The spatial analysis made it possible to identify area wide patterns of water depth change subject to many different type of artificial structures, which tanner be acquired by traditional field sampling. It is anticipated thai this research could be used as a valuable reference to confirm the outputs from past field researches for sedimental process in more visual and quantitative manner.

A Study on Tire Surface Defect Detection Method Using Depth Image (깊이 이미지를 이용한 타이어 표면 결함 검출 방법에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Hyun Suk;Ko, Dong Beom;Lee, Won Gok;Bae, You Suk
    • KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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    • v.11 no.5
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    • pp.211-220
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    • 2022
  • Recently, research on smart factories triggered by the 4th industrial revolution is being actively conducted. Accordingly, the manufacturing industry is conducting various studies to improve productivity and quality based on deep learning technology with robust performance. This paper is a study on the method of detecting tire surface defects in the visual inspection stage of the tire manufacturing process, and introduces a tire surface defect detection method using a depth image acquired through a 3D camera. The tire surface depth image dealt with in this study has the problem of low contrast caused by the shallow depth of the tire surface and the difference in the reference depth value due to the data acquisition environment. And due to the nature of the manufacturing industry, algorithms with performance that can be processed in real time along with detection performance is required. Therefore, in this paper, we studied a method to normalize the depth image through relatively simple methods so that the tire surface defect detection algorithm does not consist of a complex algorithm pipeline. and conducted a comparative experiment between the general normalization method and the normalization method suggested in this paper using YOLO V3, which could satisfy both detection performance and speed. As a result of the experiment, it is confirmed that the normalization method proposed in this paper improved performance by about 7% based on mAP 0.5, and the method proposed in this paper is effective.

Efficacy Evaluation of Anti-wrinkle Products in Japan

  • Masaki Hitoshi
    • Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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    • v.29 no.2 s.43
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    • pp.67-77
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    • 2003
  • Two categories of cosmetic products, cosmetics and quasi-drugs, have been established by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (MHLW) in Japan. Japanese pharmaceutical law has defined that products categorized as cosmetics do not exhibit any effects on human skin. In fact, cosmetic products are not permitted to claim any efficacy. On the other hand, products in the quasi-drug category can claim several efficacies such as anti-inflammatory effects, whitening/lightning effects, hair growth effects and so on. Unfortunately, the Japanese MHLW has not yet approved the efficacy of anti-aging/anti-wrinkle effects as a claim point. However, the population is aging, and the demand for anti-aging/anti-wrinkle products is increasing year by year. Japanese cosmetic companies have proposed to the MHLW that anti-aging/anti-wrinkle agents be approved as a claim concept of a quasi-drug. However, unified evaluation methods for anti-aging/anti-wrinkle effects have not been established. Currently, each company evaluates the efficacy of products/materials using their own original methods. Thus, to request approval of the MHLW, the establishment of a unified evaluation method is needed. Consequently, the Japan Cosmetic Industry Association (JCIA) has established a task force to develop guidelines for evaluating anti-wrinkle effects in 1998. In conclusion, the JCIA would like to adopt visual and image analysis scales to evaluate the anti-wrinkle effects objectively. Generally, wrinkles are roughly classified into three groups as fine wrinkles, linear deep wrinkles and crow's feet. However, academic societies of dermatology or cosmetics have not yet established a definition of wrinkles in Japan. Thus, in advance of setting up an evaluation method, the definition of wrinkles f3r evaluation must be decided. Wrinkles are defined by the task force of the JCIA as follows; furrows that people can recognize visually and that appear on the forehead, the corners of the eyes and the backs of the neck with aging. In addition, furrows are emphasized by exposure to solar light and by dry conditions. Visual evaluation is the most sensitive method and can be applied to most types of wrinkles. However, visual evaluation is hard to express digitally as results. Besides, in the case of image analysis, comparisons of data obtained from distinct examinations can not be done, because data from image analysis are relative values. Thus, to enhance the reliability of the evaluations, the adoption of an objective scale was required. The principle of the evaluation method is to analyze images taken from silicone replicas of wrinkle areas using several parameters, such as the proportion of the wrinkle $area({\%})$, the mean depth of the wrinkles (mm), the mean depth of the deepest wrinkle (m) and the deepest point on the deepest wrinkle. Lights are shown on the skin replica from an orthogonal direction of the main orientation of the wrinkle, and the resulting shadow images are quantified by the image analysis method. To increase the precision of the data or to allow comparisons of independent examinations, a scale with furrows of several depths, 200, 400, 600, 800, and $1000{\mu}m$, is adapted in the evaluation system. I will explain the guidelines established by the JCIA in the presentation.

A Study on the Evolution of the Spatial Organization appeared in Local Government Buildings in Korea (국내 지자체 공공청사의 공간조직 변화과정에 관한 연구)

  • Choi, Yoon-Kyung;Hyun, Chang-Yong
    • Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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    • v.20 no.6
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    • pp.36-43
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    • 2011
  • The study presupposes that, ever since its modernization, the Korean local government buildings have undergone an evolutionary process of their spatial organizations and the process can be analyzed in terms of increased publicness of architectural space. For the purpose, fifteen examples of local government buildings in Korea are selected and analyzed in terms of their plans converted into spatial diagrams measuring accessibility depth. Within these analytical diagrams, some quantitative measures such as permeability and visual connection, and the number of decision making points that visitors face on the way to their targets. The study analyzes these analytic measures of selected samples which are categorized into three chronological groups in order to search any evolutionary tendency of spatial transformation. The analysis shows that the accessibility of public functions and presumably the publicness of the spatial organization of local government buildings has been increased. The results of the study implies that, to acquire architectural publicness in government buildings, not only the insertion of public programs but also the organization of open spatial structure is significant.

Design and Development of Micro Combustor (I) - Combustion Characteristics in Scale-Downed Combustor - (미세 연소기 개발(I) - 소형 연소기 환경에서의 연소 특성 -)

  • Lee, Dae-Hun;Choe, Gwon-Hyeong;Gwon, Se-Jin
    • Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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    • v.26 no.1
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    • pp.74-81
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    • 2002
  • Combustion phenomena in a sub-millimeter scale combustor have been investigated. To evaluate scale effect on flame propagation characteristics, a cylindrical combustion chamber with variable depth was built in-house. The combustor was charged with premixed gas of hydrogen and air and ignited electronically. A piezo electric pressure transducer recorded transient pressure after the ignition. Measurements were made at different test conditions specified with chamber depth and initial pressure as parameters. Visual observation was made through a quartz glass window on top side of the combustion chamber using high speed digital video camera. From the pressure data, available work was estimated and compared with energy input required for stable ignition. The preliminary results suggested that the net thermal energy release is sufficient to generate power and enables a combustor of the size in the present study to be used as the energy source of a micro power devices .