• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.1-10
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• 2013

This paper aims to make an aesthetic inquiry into representing modes of wilderness in western films. The western film was the first genre in earnest about natural landscape, covering vast areas of America from the East to the West. It adopted representative modes suited to physical characteristics of landscapes which produced aesthetic characteristics. In western films, wilderness was represented at a distance from the camera lens as a setting and an object of contemplation. In eastern forest landscapes, western films adopted the visual model of Hudson River School's landscape painting which expressed the transcendental sublime. The western semiarid region reproduced the warrior's gaze shot from a high angle, and, in this visual mode, wilderness was expressed as a demonic landscape derived from Burke's definition of the sublime. On one hand, the western desert was represented as a place of hardship shot at a low angle which expressed the vastness, unevenness and limitlessness of the desert owing to the absence of horizon. On the other hand, the mesas of Monument Valley have sublime characteristics of size and time. In western films, they play the role of an emblem by rising from the limitless desert on the horizon. The prospect-refuge relationship, the desire to see without being seen, is discovered in the representative mode of wilderness in western films. In this context, this study hopes to discover the archetype of landscape representation.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 2011

Purpose: We examined the clinical and radiological outcomes for displaced proximal humerus fractures that were treated with a PHILOS angular stable plate. Materials and Method: Forty four patients who underwent surgery between March 2007 and February 2010 were included in this study. All the cases were followed up for an average of 12 months. All the patients were examined and interviewed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score, the Constant score and standardized X-rays to check the neck-shaft angle (NSA) and the presence of medial support. Results: The average Visual Analog Scale score was 2.8 points and the average Constant score was 70.5 points. The average neck shaft angle was $122.5^{\circ}$ and this was statistically significant between the good result group and the poor result group. There were 36 cases of the presence of medial support and 8 cases of the absence of medial support and the difference was statistically significant. Complications such as fixation failure happened in 12 cases. Conclusion: PHILOS angular stable plate fixation as an operative treatment for displaced proximal humerus fractures is a good and reliable treatment option.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.62-67
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• 2014

Purpose: Reconstructive surgeries for equinocavovarus foot deformities are quite variable, including hind-midfoot osteotomy or arthrodesis, soft tissue procedure, tendon transfers, etc. Comprehensive evaluation of the deformity and its etiology is mandatory for achievement of successful deformity correction. Few studies in this field have been reported. We report on the clinical and radiographic outcome of reconstruction for cavovarus foot deformities. Materials and Methods: The study is based on 16 feet with cavovarus foot deformities that underwent bony and soft tissue reconstructive surgery from 2004 to 2008. We evaluated the etiologies, varieties of surgical procedures performed, pain score, functional scores, and patient satisfaction and measured the radiographic parameters. Results: The average age at the time of surgery was 39.4 years old, with a male/female ratio of 9/4 and an average follow-up period of 23.9 months (range, 12~49 months). The etiologies of the cavovarus deformity were idiopathic 7 feet, residual poliomyelitis 5 feet, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease 2 feet, and Guillain-Barre syndrome and hemiplegia due to cerebrovascular accident sequela 1 foot each. Lateral sliding calcaneal osteotomies were performed in 12 feet (75%), followed by Achilles tendon lengthening and plantar fascia release in 11 feet (69%), and first metatarsal dorsiflexion osteotomy/arthrodesis and tendon transfer in 10 feet (63%). Visual analogue scale pain score showed improvement, from an average of 4.2 to 0.5 points. American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle-hindfoot score showed significant improvement, from 47.8 to 90.0 points (p<0.05). All patients were satisfied. Ankle range of motion improved from $27.5^{\circ}$ to $46.7^{\circ}$. In radiographic measurements, calcaneal pitch angle improved from $19.1^{\circ}$ to $15.8^{\circ}$, Meary angle from $13.0^{\circ}$ to $9.3^{\circ}$, Hibb's angle from $44.3^{\circ}$ to $37.0^{\circ}$, and tibio-calcaneal axis angle from varus $17.5^{\circ}$ to varus $1.5^{\circ}$ Conclusion: We achieved successful correction of cavovarus foot deformities by performing appropriate comprehensive reconstructive procedures with improved functional, radiographic measures and high patient satisfaction.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.33 no.5_1
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• pp.599-605
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• 2017

Accurate cloud discrimination in satellite images strongly affects accuracy of remotely sensed parameter produced using it. Especially, cloud contaminated pixel over ocean is one of the major error factors such as Sea Surface Temperature (SST), ocean color, and chlorophyll-a retrievals,so accurate cloud detection is essential process and it can lead to understand ocean circulation. However, static threshold method using real-time algorithm such as Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) can't fully explained reflectance variability over ocean as a function of relative positions between the sun - sea surface - satellite. In this paper, we assembled a reflectance spectral library as a function of Solar Zenith Angle (SZA) and Viewing Zenith Angle (VZA) from ocean surface reflectance with clear sky condition of Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) identified by NOAA's cloud products and spectral library is used for applying the Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) to detect cloud pixels. We compared qualitatively between AHI cloud property and our results and it showed that AHI cloud property had general tendency toward overestimation and wrongly detected clear as unknown at high SZA. We validated by visual inspection with coincident imagery and it is generally appropriate.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.253-257
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• 2016

Purpose: To determine whether the distance between objects and the size of object are factors to be able to affect dynamic stereoacuity. Methods: Subjects were 37 adults (26 males and 11 females) with an average age of $23.89{\pm}1.76$. Refractive error was fully corrected for all subjects and each visual acuity of them was over 0.9. Three rods test was performed for measurement of stereoacuity. The viewing angles from left rod to right rod were set $5^{\circ}$, $10^{\circ}$, and $15^{\circ}$ and the rod thickness used 7 mm, 14 mm, and 21 mm, respectively. Stereoacuity was repeatedly measured three times in each test condition at 2.5 m distance, and reported the average value of them. Results: When rod thickness was 7 mm or 14 mm, dynamic stereoacuity decreased as the viewing angle increased, and they were significantly decreased (p<0.01) at viewing angles of $10^{\circ}$ and $15^{\circ}$ as compared with that of at $5^{\circ}$, respectively. When rod thickness was 21 mm, dynamic stereoacuity decreased as the viewing angle increased, especially, that of at $15^{\circ}$ decreased significantly (p<0.01) as compared with that of at $5^{\circ}$. The dynamic stereoacuity depending on the rod thickness have an increasing tendency as the rod thickness increased. Conclusions: The viewing angle between objects and the size of viewing object were factors that affect to dynamic stereoacuity.

• Journal of the Korean School Mathematics Society
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.139-166
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• 2014

The purpose of the study is to enhance the teaching competence for pre-service elementary teacher by using DGE in order to enhance SMK and PCK for them. To do this, we investigated the initial SMK and PCK for 23 pre-service elementary teachers, the reality of implementation activity of DGE and the change of SMK and PCK after quest activity by DGE. As results, 3 pre-service elementary teachers made errors which are misunderstanding a general angle as special angle, an excessive jump of logic and a circulation logic in the aspect of an initial SMK. In the aspect of contents of PCK, most of pre-service elementary teachers proposed teaching focused on the character using in the problem solving. And most of pre-service elementary teachers proposed teaching methods which are based on explanation, measurement and material manipulation. The reality of implementation activity of DGE was classified 4 cases which are a difficulty in understanding the concept of dynamics and embodying in DGE, an obsession about construction of $75^{\circ}$ and generalization, a difficulty in interpreting 'folding activity' mathematically and a good implementation activity. After quest activity by DGE, the case which is misunderstanding a general angle as special angle could be improved, but the others are not. And after quest activity by DGE, most of pre-service elementary teachers still proposed teaching focused on the character using in the problem solving in the aspect of contents of PCK, and some of pre-service elementary teachers added only teaching methods which are involving visual confirmation by GSP. From these results, we could extract some pedagogical implications helping pre-service teachers to reinforce SMK and PCK by DGE.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.483-489
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• 2014

This study describes a surgical technique and evaluates the clinical outcomes in small breed dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CCLR) treated with tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO). Seven skeletally mature dogs weighing less than 15 kg underwent unilateral TPLO to stabilize the stifle joint with CCLR. Clinical evaluation was performed via visual lameness score, range of motion (ROM), and thigh girth circumference (TC). Postoperative complications were recorded. All patients reached a grade 1 score at 1 week and grade 0 at 8 weeks postoperatively. The mean operated limb extension angle was 98.11%, 99.07%, and 98.73% of the mean extension angle of the contralateral limb at 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks postoperatively, respectively. The mean operated limb flexion angle was 98.07%, 95.88%, and 96.35% of the mean flexion angle of the contralateral limb at 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks postoperatively, respectively. The mean TC of the operated limb was 92.95%, 93.68%, and 95.44% of the mean TC of the normal limb at 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks postoperatively, respectively. Our outcomes for TPLO in small breed dogs are not worse than those previously reported for large breed dogs. Based on the result in the present study, CCLR in small dogs can be successfully managed with TPLO, as done in large breed dogs.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.17-27
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• 2009

Purpose: This review article was written to determine the effects of parameters characterizing a hard contact lens (RGP included), such as BCs, diameters, edge angles, on the time interval for tight fitted lens to return to the equilibrium when it was decentered from blinking. Methods: A mathematical formulation was established to relate or calculate the restoring forces and thickness of lacrimal layer beneath the cornea with the various lens parameters when the tight fitted lens was decentered from blinking. Based on this formulation the differential equations and their numerical solution program were set up to describe the time dependence of the lens on the position and to estimate the time for the lens's return to the equilibrium after blink. Results: It is found that the time interval for the tight fitted lens to return to the equilibrium decreases as either the BC decreases or the diameter increases because both the reduction in BC and increase in diameter result in the increase in the lacrimal layer thickness between the lens and cornea increase which yielded the lowering of the viscous friction in the lens motion. As the edge angle of tight fitted lens increases the time for recentering decreases due to the increase in restoring force without change in lacrimal thickness beneath the lens. In the case of flat fitted hard lens (RGP included), the lacrimal layer thickness under the lens increases as either BC or diameter increases which results in reduction in viscous friction so that the time for the lens's return to the equilibrium were to decrease. The edge angle of flat fitted lens does not affect the lens motion. Conclusions: The effect of BCs on the lens motion (time to approach the equilibrium) was concluded to be significant with both tight and flat fitted lens where its results are contrary with each other. The edge angle of lens only affects the motion in tight fitted lenses.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.141-148
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• 2020

Unilateral neglect is associated with stroke, a neurological disorder caused by cerebrovascular injury, and is a symptom of not recognizing or responding to the opposite stimulus of the cerebral hemisphere, mainly in the right cerebral hemisphere injury. In this paper, we implemented contents using Virtual Reality based on 10 items and contents of Korean Catherine Bergego Scale(K-CBS), which is used as a behavioral evaluation scale for unilateral neglect. Implemented contents can evaluate body disregard, motility disregard, visual and spatial disregard, auditory attention, etc., which are symptoms of unilateral neglected patients, and can confirmed progression of disease quantitatively by measuring time and rotation angle of head during visual recognition. This method is expected to be useful for rehabilitation training using convenient unilateral neglect diagnosis and its applied contents.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.43 no.2 s.308
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• pp.1-11
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• 2006

In this paper, we propose the novel video retrieval algorithm using non-parametric based motion classification in the shot-based video indexing structure. The proposed system firstly gets the key frame and motion information from each shot segmented by scene change detection method, and then extracts visual features and non-parametric based motion information from them. Finally, we construct real-time retrieval system supporting similarity comparison of these spatio-temporal features. After the normalized motion vector fields is created from MPEG compressed stream, the extraction of non-parametric based motion feature is effectively achieved by discretizing each normalized motion vectors into various angle bins, and considering a mean, a variance, and a direction of these bins. We use the edge-based spatial descriptor to extract the visual feature in key frames. Experimental evidence shows that our algorithm outperforms other video retrieval methods for image indexing and retrieval. To index the feature vectors, we use R*-tree structures.