• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.9
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• pp.1212-1218
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• 2008

The synergistic effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and $\gamma$-oryzanol (OZ) on the reduction of visceral and body fats was investigated in mice. Female ICR mice, 10 weeks of age, were acclimated for one week and then randomly divided into 5 treatment groups by body weights: Control (70 ${\mu}l$ olive oil + 30 ${\mu}l$ CLA), CLA-OZ 1 (70 ${\mu}l$ olive oil + 30 ${\mu}l$ CLA + OZ 0.5 mg), CLA-OZ 2 (70 ${\mu}l$ olive oil + 30 ${\mu}l$ CLA + OZ 1.0 mg), OZ (100 ${\mu}l$ olive oil + OZ 1.0 mg), and Olive oil (100 ${\mu}l$ olive oil). Samples were daily intubated, p.o., for 4 weeks. Food and water were ad libitum. Four weeks later, mice were sacrificed by neck dislocation, followed by measuring whole body weight, empty carcass weight (ECW), which is weight without organs and visceral fats, visceral fats, body fats and protein content. Mice treated with CLA (control) sample maintained significantly, p<0.05, lower whole body weight, ECW, visceral and body fats, relative to mice treated with olive oil sample, indicating that CLA reduces the visceral and body fats. The CLA-OZ 1 treatment significantly reduced, p<0.05, visceral and body fats as compared to OZ treatment, but not significantly different from control treatment.Meanwhile, CLA-OZ 2-treated mice maintained significantly, p<0.05, lower visceral and body fats than control and OZ-treated mice. Protein contents in mice were not affected by any other treatments. These results suggest that OZ enhanced the reduction of visceral and body fats in mice by CLA.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.213-218
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• 2018

Background: Body fats, especially both of abdominal fat pad mass and skeletal muscle fat content, are inversely related to insulin action. Therefore, methods for decreasing visceral fat mass and muscle triglyceride content may be helpful for the prevention of insulin resistance. Methods: Thalidomide, used for its anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory properties, was administered to rats for 4 weeks. A 10% solution of thalidomide in dimethyl sulfoxide was injected daily into the peritoneal cavity as much as 100 mg/kg of body weight. Results: The total visceral fat pad mass in the thalidomide-treated group was 11% lower than in the control group. The size of adipocytes of the epididymal fat pad mass in the thalidomide-treated group was smaller than in the control group. The intraperitoneal thalidomide treatment increased triglyceride concentrations by 16% in the red muscle, but not in the white muscle. Conclusion: The results suggested that intraperitoneal thalidomide treatment inhibited abdominal fat accumulation, and that the free fatty acids in the blood were preferentially accumulated in the red muscle rather than in the white muscle.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.205-211
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• 2005

This study examined the time course effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on the body weight, adipose depots and lipid profiles of ICR male mice using two different sources of fats in the diet Ninety eight mice weighing 25 to 30 g were divided into four groups: beef tallow (BT) and fish oil (FO), beef tallow with CLA supplementation (BTC), and fish oil with CLA supplementation (FOC) group. Eight to nine mice in each group were fed with the experimental diets for 1, 2 or 4 weeks, respectively. All mice were fed experimental diets containing $12\%$ of total dietary fat (w/w) with or without $0.5\%$ CLA (w/w). CLA supplementation did not affect the body weight The weight of epididymal and visceral fats were significantly lower in BTC compared to those in BT groups during the periods examined (p<0.05), whereas they were significantly lower in FOC than those in FO only at 4 weeks (p<0.05). The levels of triglycerides in the plasma were significantly decreased in the BTC group than in BT group throughout the experimental periods (p<0.05). But, FOC was only effective at 4 weeks as compared to FO. The levels of total cholesterol and HDL-C were significantly increased in the BTC than in BT during the entire period (p<0.05), whereas there were no difference between FO and FOC on the levelsof total cholesterol and HDL-C. The levels of free fatty acids (FFA) were significantly decreased in BTC than in BT at 1 and 4weeks and in FOC only at 4 weeks as compared to FO (p<0.05). Taken these results together, CLA was more effective in the beef tallow diet in lowering the epididymal and visceral fat weights and triglyceride level rather than fish oil diet with CLA. Furthermore, the effect became clearer at 4 weeks than at one week of the experiment.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.196-200
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• 1998

The proximate composition of viscera of six fish species viz., Catla catla, Labeo, rohita Cirrhina mrigala, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Ctenopharyngodon idella and Cyprinus carpio under the influence of artificial feed $(T_1)$, broiler manure $(T_2)$, buffalo manure $(T_3)$, N:P:K (25:25:0 $T_4$) and control pond $(T_5)$ has been studied on final harvest after the end of experimental period of one year. The overall comparison of six fish species under five different treatments showed that Cyprinus carpio remained the best for visceral total protein contents. The maximum visceral protein content was recorded in fishes under $T_2$ except Cirrhina mrigala, while the minimum under $T_5$. The comparison of five treatments showed that maximum (6.69) percentage of fat in viscera of fish was recorded under $T_2$, closely followed by $T_4$ while minimum (4.89) under the effect of $T_5$. Among the six fish species under five treatments Cyprinus carpio showed maximum accumulation/deposition of total fats in viscera.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.1014-1019
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• 2004

Effects of kimchi lactic acid powder (KL) on weight reduction and lipid-lowering activities were studied using rats fed high fat diet. Spraque Dawley (40 rats) were fed 20% (w/w) high fat diet far 8 weeks to induce obesity and divided equally into normal diet (ND), high fat diet (HFD), and 10 and 20% KL-added groups. Body weight of HFD was 150% (p<0.01) of ND, while those of HFK10 and HFK20 decreased by 13 and 15% compared to HFD, respectively (p<0.01). Amounts of visceral fats for HFK10 and HFK20 were decreased by 42 and 48% compared to that of HFD (198% of ND), respectively (p<0.01). B had greater effect on reducing visceral fats than body weight. Plasma triglyceride (155%), cholesterol (129%), and LDL (161%) concentrations of HFD, which had been significantly increased compared to ND, dropped by 26, 9, and 8% (p<0.01) in HFK10, and 35, 17, and 33% (p<0.05) in HFK20, respectively. Decreased HDL by high fat diet was re-increased by KL supplementation. KL showed lipid-lowering and liver-protecting effects in liver possibly by interrupting lipid absorption in the intestine either by absorbing lipids in their cell walls or degrading them rapidly. Increased excretion of TG and cholesterol in feces of HFK10 and HFK20 indicates KL might have similar role to dietary fiber.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 2005

The effects of pectin on obesity was studied using 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes and rats fed 20% high fat diets. The concentration of leptin released from 3T3-L1 adipocytes in the presence of pectin was significantly decreased by 85% compared to that of the control (p<0.05), however, glycerol concentration was not changed. These data indicate that pectin seems to inhibit lipids accumulation in the adipocytes rather than enhance the lipolytic activity. Forty Sprague Dawley rats were fed 20% high fat diet for 8 weeks to induce obesity and then divided equally into four groups. Experimental groups were normal diet group (ND), high fat diet group (HFD), HDF with 10% pectin group (HFP10), and HDF with 20% pectin group (HFP20). Diet for the each group was prepared to be iso-caloric following AIN-76 guideline. After obesity was induced, rats were placed on an restricted diet for 9 weeks. The body weight of HFD increased 50% (p<0.05) compared to the ND, while it was decreased by 12% and 16% for HFP10 and HFP20, respectively (p<0.05). The relative amount of visceral fats for HFDl0 and HFD20 were decreased by 45% and 59% compared to that of HDF (130%), respectively (p<0.05). Pectin seems to have a greater effect on reducing visceral fats accumulation than weight reduction. Significantly increased level of triglyceride, total cholesterol or LDL-cholesterol in the plasma of HFD was returned to the normal or even below the normal by pectin diet, while the level of HDL-cholesterol increased. Lipid lowering effect was also observed in the liver and heart. These effects of pectin were dosedependent. In conclusion, the beneficial effect of pectin on the obesity was observed from cell culture experiment and animal study in terms of inhibiting the accumulation of lipids in the adipocytes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.90-96
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• 2008

This study was performed to reveal nutritional excellency of popular Korean dishes, which were intended to distribute as a take-out type food suited for Americans. Four Korean dishes were selected due to their high preference from American sensory panels: Jeyuk-bokkeum (B), Kimchi-bokkeum (C), Dubu-jorim (D) and Namul (E). Nine weeks of the experimental periods were composed of two parts. In phase 1(5 weeks of the first half), high fat diets were fed to all treatments including the control group (A). In phase 2 (4 weeks of the last half), freeze-dried four Korean dishes were fed to the treatments except for the control. There was no significant difference in the final body weights among the groups as well as daily body weight gains and FER. Organ weights of the control group tended to be smaller than those of the treatment groups. For visceral fats, perirenal fat pad (RFP) and epidydimal fat pad (EFP) of the groups C and D were decreased by 20% compared with those of the group A. Total cholesterol level of the group C (94.13 mg/dL) was significantly lower than any other groups (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference in triglyceride(TG) level. HDL-cholesterol level of group B(20.38 mg/dL) was significantly higher than that of group D (17.25 mg/dL), but no significant differences were seen in groups C and E (p<0.05). In LDL-cholesterol level, the highest level was seen in group D, the lowest level in group E (p<0.05). From the findings, Kimchi-bokkeum, Dubu-jorim and Namul were superior to those of the control and jeyukbokkeum in terms of the blood lipid profiles. It might be a good Korean style take-out items suited for the Americans’ taste along with a good nutritional quality in the near future.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.108-123
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• 2016

Objectives : This comparative study was to investigate on anti-obesity effects of Ephedrae Herba and Cyperi rhizoma in high fat diet(HFD) fed mice. Methods : Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a normal diet(normal group, N), high fat 45 cal% diet[HFD, control group, C), HFD with Ephedrae Herba(EH group) and Cyperi rhizoma(CR group) extracts fed for 5 weeks. We were observed as follows : changes of body weight, amount of diet intake, weight of total visceral fats, levels of obesity-related hormones and blood lipids. Results : The change of body weight after EH and CR oral administration significantly more decreased in EH group than that of control group. The FFR(Food Efficiency Ratio) was decreased in EH group, but more increased in CR group than that of control group. The weight of periepididymal and perirenal fats were significantly decreased in EH and CR groups compared to the control group. The levels of serum leptin and insulin were significantly decreased in EH group, and the level of serum adiponectin was increased in EH group compared to control group. The levels of serum triglyceride and total cholesterol were significantly decreased in EH and CR groups, and HDL-cholesterol levels was significantly increased in EH group compared to control group. Conversely in CR group, its values showed the opposite effect. The staining density of lipid droplets within the hepatocytes was widely distributed in CR and control groups, but in EH group, its density was weakly stained. Conclusions : These experimental results suggest that Ephedrae Herba shows conspicuous anti-obesity effect, and Cyperi rhizoma shows weak anti-obesity effect.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.104 no.1
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• pp.67-75
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• 2015

This research is to investigate the four years growth mountain-cultivated ginseng ripened twenty-two weeks into four years fermented persimmon vinegar (tentatively: Sansamcho) ingestion on obese-related factors during dietary control. The Sansamcho was ingested orally, two times a day, after every meal for six weeks to the male rats. Groups were divided into the control (CON), the restricted diet (RD), and the weight cycling (WC). And, each groups has its own sub-groups as the -control (-CON), 2.5 times diluted Sansamcho ingestion (-MPV2.5), and 5.0 times diluted Sansamcho ingestion (-MPV5.0) groups, respectively. The number of rat was consisted of seven in each group. After six weeks rearing periods was done, abdominal fats (retroperitoneal fat, mesentery fat, and epididymal fat) and energy metabolic-related protein (AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; PPAR-${\alpha}$: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-${\alpha}$; and CPT-1: carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1) were weighed and analyzed. Amount of stored fat was significantly or tended to decrease by Sansamcho ingestion. In addition, sum of fats increasing were suppressed by the material. On the contrary, energy metabolism-related protein expression was significantly increased or tended to increase by Sansamcho ingestion. This results suggested that increased energy metabolism using Sansamcho was restrained effectively visceral fat store by high-fat diet and/or dietary control. In other words, it has a good function to suppress weight cycling which is the most insoluble problem. Therefore, the fusion material, Sansamcho, may expect to utilize as the obese-suppression-food.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.168-177
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• 2015

Here we study the anti-obesity effects of by-product from soybean on mouse fed high fat diet. The body weight gain, visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue weight, liver and epididymal adipose tissue weight in freeze-dried soybean-soaking-water (SSW) powder fed group showed lower level than those in high fat diet (HFD) group by determining with weight measuring and histological methods. Also, histological analyses of the liver and fat tissues of SSW grouped mice revealed significantly less number of lipid droplets formation and smaller size of adipocytes compared to the HFD group. Moreover, the levels of total serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and the atherogenic index were decreased in the SSW groups. Especially, in SSW group, the levels of phosphorylation of two lipid oxidation enzymes, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylasse (ACC) were elevated hence that may activate fatty acid oxidation. But AST and ALT levels were not changed in blood. By micro-CT analysis of abdomen, SSW groups significantly showed a tendency to decrease visceral and subcutaneous fats as well as fat-deposited areas compared to HFD group. Taken together, we suggest that soybean soaking water has a function in ameliorating obesity through inhibiting lipid synthesis as well as stimulating fatty acid oxidation.