• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.71-80
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of display on time on tasks and virtual presence in the immersive virtual reality. Head mounted display (HMD) and monitor conditions were compared when the participants were asked to complete navigation tasks in a virtual classroom. Time on tasks and virtual presence were measured. Three factors of the virtual presence were applied as dependent variables such as 1) spatial presence, 2) involvement, and 3) realness. The results showed that HMD condition took longer time to finish tasks than monitor conditions. HMD condition showed significantly higher perception from all of the virtual presence factors. Interestingly, there was a significant interaction effect between the display conditions and presence factors. The relationship between display types and virtual presence factors were discussed for future study.

• International Journal of Contents
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.78-83
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• 2020

VR technology has become a game changer in the game industry. VR game market has increased exponentially worldwide. The current study is designed to examine effects of VR game players' gender (male vs. female), types of VR games (solo game vs. multiplayer game), and the level of perceived virtual presence (low virtual presence vs. high virtual presence) on enjoyment and intention to replay. Study findings suggest that male players, after playing VR games, showed higher enjoyment and intention to replay VR games. In terms of types of VR games, multiplayer VR games lead to higher enjoyment intention to replay than solo play games. Finally, this study found that the high level of perceived virtual presence incur higher enjoyment and intention to replay than the low level of perceived virtual presence in playing VR games. Practical implications were discussed in the last section of this paper.

• Educational Technology International
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-21
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• 2021

This study examined the effects of egocentric distance and screen size on learners' perceived virtual presence in a virtual reality environment with a large-screen display. Sixty-four undergraduate students participated in the study, which used a 3×2 randomized-block factorial design with repeated measures. Two independent variables were included: 1) egocentric distance, or the physical distance between the viewer's position and a screen display, and 2) screen size, or different screen heights with fixed width. Learners' perceived virtual presence, comprising involvement, spatial presence, and realness, was the dependent variable. Results showed that egocentric distance had significant effects on virtual presence, while screen size had none. A detailed discussion and implications are provided.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.295-310
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• 2023

The current virtual fashion influencers are a hyper-real prototype in that it has a higher presence than the virtual humans in the past. Also, they are leading fashion trend with more than tens of thousands of followers on social media. This study investigated the physical and social presence of virtual fashion influencer perceived by consumer and verified effects on evaluation attributes of influencers and the relationship maintenance behavior. A total of 321 Korean women in their 20s and 30s who have Instagram account participated in the online survey. The data was analyzed using AMOS 23.0. The results revealed that the physical presence had a significant impact on attractiveness of virtual fashion influencers. In case of social presence had a positive effect on friendliness and reliability of virtual fashion influencers. In addition, evaluation attributes of virtual fashion influencers' friendliness, attractiveness and reliability in the order of influence on relationship maintenance behavior. This study suggested that the development of social presence of virtual fashion influencers with friendliness and attractiveness is more important than the physical presence that has already reached a high level.

• The Journal of Information Systems
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.23-51
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• 2023

Purpose: Live commerce is a new type of electronic commerce in combination with live streaming services. It is expected to increase virtual presence in the context of online shopping by overcoming a lack of social interactions between sellers and buyers which have been raised as a limitation in electronic commerce. Drawing on the studies of communication media, this study examines how live commerce contributes to the increase of virtual presence which consists of telepresence and social presence. Telepresence refers to a buyer's perception that he or she is present at the physical shopping mall during live shopping streaming whereas social presence refers to a buyer's perception of social interaction with a seller which is human warm, social, sensitive, and personal. In this study, we verify key determinants of virtual presence and its consequences. More specifically, this study proposes virtual presence contributes to the increase of buyers' trust in products and further purchase intentions. Furthermore, we verify influential factors of virtual presence from the technical and influencer perspectives of live commerce. Design/methodology/approach: To test the proposed hypotheses, the partial least squares (PLS) analysis is conducted with a total of 250 data collected on users with experience in the TaoBao live streaming shopping platform. Findings: The results show that first, telepresence and social presence are increased by visibility, media richness and attractiveness in the context of live shopping streaming. Second, buyers' trust in product trust and purchase intentions are positively influenced by telepresence and social presence. Finally, buyers' trust in product has a direct, positve effect on their purchase intentions. Overall, the findings offer new insights into the studies of electronic commerce by introducting the concepts of virtual presence and media richness from the literature of communication media in the field of live commerce.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.58 no.11
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• pp.670-682
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• 2020

This research examined the difference in cognitive load and the virtual presence depending on auditory feedback and task difficulty in haptic-based dental simulation. In the field of dental education, practice-centered training using handpiece has been crucial because a practitioner's psychomotor experience has a significant impact on the mastery of treatment skills. For the novice, it is necessary to reduce errors in dental treatment to enhancing skill acquisition in the haptic practice. In the training process, the force-feedback is crucial to elaborate subtle movement to guide what to do and how it should be hard or soft. However, It is not easy to add force-feedback to generate kinetic experience training. As an alternative method, we examined that auditory feedback can help learners' skill training. In this study, we analyzed how the presence/absence of auditory feedback at the different levels of task difficulty impacts learners' psychological demand and virtual presence in the virtual reality simulation. For this study, 29 dental college students participated in a dental simulation. The participants were grouped into two conditions that are with and without auditory feedback. Additionally, two consecutive tooth preparation tasks with different levels of difficulty were used in the simulation. The auditory feedback condition gives alarms to a learner when he treats a non-targeted tooth with a virtual handpiece. The user's cognitive load and virtual presence were measured to examine the effects of auditory feedback. The results revealed that the main effect was found in cognitive loads. Also, a significant interaction effect was shown in the virtual presence. We discussed the effective design methods for the virtual reality-based dental simulation through the result of this study.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.67-71
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• 2019

With continued technology innovation in the fields of computer graphics (CG) and virtual reality (VR), digital animated avatars (or virtual humans) are evolving into ones that are more interactive at a suitable location such as museum, airport, and shopping mall. Specially, the form of the avatar (or the virtual human) realistically need to be expressed in a way that matches the users' physical space. In recent many researches, the form of virtual human has been expressed as mixed-reality human (MRH)-the virtual human combines with the physicality as the real part. In this paper, we propose to carry out a study comparing various MRH on co-presence and emotional response in two-typed virtual humans depending on how many actual parts are included: (1) (Level 1) small parts in the virtual human combined virtual components (e.g., the head only) and (2) (Level 2) large parts in the virtual human with the physicality as the real part such as head, arms, and upper body). We report on the implemented results of our virtual humans and experimental results on co-presence and emotional response.

• Educational Technology International
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.125-153
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• 2020

The advancement of virtual reality technology offers various locomotion options that support users' navigation behaviors in a virtual reality environment. This study was aimed at examining the effects of two navigation methods-joystick-controlling and walking-around-on users' perceived usability, behavioral engagement, and virtual presence. Fifty South Korean college students were recruited in the study, and they were assigned randomly to one of the two navigation conditions. Participants from each group were asked to observe a 3D object and complete the surveys. They were then asked to repeat the procedure with a 2D image. Using repeated-measures ANOVAs and MANOVA, we found that users using joystick-controlling reported higher usability and showed superior performance to the walking-around group on two tasks. Participants reported a higher behavioral engagement when observing the 2D image. Besides, they perceived a significantly higher virtual presence when observing the 2D image. Finally, we discussed the implications of the findings for the navigation method design.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.334-345
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• 2024

With the advent of Metaverse, a promising new era for business on virtual reality (VR) platforms has dawned. In this rapidly expanding Metaverse platform, the potential for virtual fashion marketing through avatars is vast, with leading fashion brands already making strides by creating virtual fashion stores or hosting virtual fashion shows. However, the research on fashion-related industries in this newly emerging virtual world platform is still in its infancy. This study sought to identify the relationship between the characteristics of the Metaverse and the factors that influence how the perceived value of virtual fashion products affects purchase intention. A survey was conducted with three hundred Korean respondents, and the hypothesis was verified through analysis using the SPSS statistical program. Our analysis revealed that the sense of presence significantly influences the value of fashion products on the Metaverse platform. As a result, the sense of presence significantly influenced the emotional, visual authority, and economic value of the avatar virtual fashion perceived by users. Second, enjoyment, visual authority, and economic value influence users' intention to purchase virtual fashion items. In addition, all of these perceived value factors were confirmed to have a significant partial mediating effect on the impact of the presence of the Metaverse platform on the purchase intention. Through this study, we empirically analyzed the causal relationship between the characteristics of the Metaverse platform and the virtual fashion experience using avatars - a topic that has yet to be covered. We formed new insights into virtual fashion consumption, providing primary data for related research streams. Our survey respondents consisted only of those with recent Metaverse experience, so the research results were highly effective.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.166-174
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• 2008

As the use of virtual environment for decision-making interior or architectural design has been increasingly broaden, the choice of media form-physical, objective properties of a display medium-became and important issue to take into consideration. This research deals with the effects and differences between two types of media for a virtual environment; wall projection screen(120") and PC monitor(17"). In addition, efficient adoption of the two media forms was also proposed in this research. A total of 90 subjects participated in pre-designed three experimental groups(A group: experiment with a wall projection screen, B group: experiment with PC monitor, C group: both) and answer the seating preferences, the presence inventory, and the decision confidence using a simulated virtual restaurant environment. The results are as follows: (1) seating preferences for the tables located in frequent traffic area and near other spaces such as restroom and th kitchen are significantly different by the media form. While there is no significant difference found in seating preferences for most tables except high traffic areas near entrances between the two media. This result demonstrates the effects of media type or screen size on user perception for the areas near structural or interior design elements. (2) The presence measure in this research consist of in this research consist of four factors: 'spatial presence,' 'object presence,' 'positive effects,' and 'the factor of negative effects. 'The mean values of the items involving engagement or interaction in the spatial presence factor and the object presence factor are significantly different by the media form. A higher sense of presence of presence was observed in the wall projection screen. (3) PC monitor condition was shown to provide a higher level of decision confidence. Based on the research finding, conclusions and implications are discussed.