• The Journal of Art Theory & Practice
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• no.6
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• pp.77-99
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to show that the reason behind the ambivalent characteristic displayed in Niki de Saint Phalle's works is in her trauma and how such characteristic can be extracted from her works. During her creative years, Saint Phalle worked on various materials from different genres such as assemblages, shooting paintings, a series on Bride and Monster, 'Nana', 'Tarot Garden'and public sculptures. One commonality found among her various works is the ambivalent characteristic that contains contrasting elements simultaneously. Saint Phalle suffered a terrible psychological damage inflicted by her parents during her childhood. Specifically, she was sexually assaulted by her father and emotionally neglected by her mother, the trauma that affected her for the rest of her life. As a result, she came to develop extreme love- hate relationships with her parents and this became the main reason for the ambivalent characteristic displayed in her works. The love-hate relationship Saint Phalle developed can be identified through various researches done on the subject of the affect of sexual assault. It is common for incest victims to develop ambivalent feelings towards the perpetrator and Saint Phalle was no exception. Dissociation disorder and a snake well explain the trauma from her father. It is a generally accepted belief in the field of psychology that dissociation disorder commonly occurs to children who experience incest. And dissociation disorder is similar to the characteristic of ambivalence in the sense that a single entity contains more than two contrasting elements at the same time. In addition, the amputated doll objects used in her assemblages coincide with the expression of body detachment of people with dissociation disorder. These facts clearly indicate that the trauma from her father is showing through in her works. A snake is a subject matter that reflects the ambivalent tendency of Saint Phalle that resulted from her trauma. She remembers her father's rape as an image of a snake which is related to a phallic symbol in mythology or art reflecting her trauma. Moreover, she displays a similar pattern of ambivalent emotion like love and hate or fear towards a snake and her father. This is also confirmed by her portrayal of a snake as a monster or reversely as a creature with fundamental vitality in her works. The lack of affection from her mother can be explained by her mother's maternal deprivation. It appears that Saint Phalle's mother possessed all the causes for maternal deprivation such as maternal separation, personality disorder and inappropriate attitude towards child rearing. Especially, a study that shows mother's negative attitude towards child breeding tends to increase dissociation experience of children is another important evidence that supports Saint Phalle's dissociation tendency. These traces of Saint Phalle's trauma are clearly revealed in her assemblages and shooting paintings. The violent objects in her assemblages such as a hammer, razor, nail represent the rage and defensiveness towards her father. The objects such as fragments of broken plates of feminine patterns, pots and mirrors that her mother used symbolize the affection towards her mother. On the other hand, the destructed objects can be interpreted as her hate and resentment towards her mother. Shooting paintings contain her extreme fury and hate. Things such as acts of shooting and the image associated with blood after shooting are blunt expressions of her bursts of emotions. I have tried to define and classify the ambivalent characteristics shown in her assemblages and shooting paintings as hate, rage, violence, calm, love and pleasure according to the frame of Thanatos and Eros. Out of the six, hate, rage, violence and clam are associated with Thanatos while love and pleasure are associated with Eros and they correspondingly form an ambivalent structure. These ambivalent characteristics can be found in her assemblages and shooting paintings. The objects in her assemblages such as a razor, saw, hammer imply hate, rage, violence and the silence felt throughout her works represent calmness. And, as mentioned, the feminine objects can be seen as symbolizing love. In shooting paintings, hate, rage, violence can be found in the use of force and in the traces of watercolor after shooting, and a sense of pleasure in her feelings of catharsis after her shooting. Moreover, a shielded calmness can be found on the plywood all covered with plaster before the shooting. This study looked into the ambivalent characteristic of Saint Phalle's works by examining her trauma to find its correlation, and a meaning of this study can be found from the fact that it refocused the origin of Saint Phalle who is generally known as a feminist artist. Additionally, a meaning of the study can be found also from the fact that it examined the ambivalent characteristics of her works through a frame of Thanatos and Eros.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.77-85
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• 2002

Recently in Korea, the adolescents' sexual problems including sexual violence have increased, and those phenomena have escalated to be one of the major social issues. This study was conducted to identify the variables related to the sexual harassments of the Korean adolescents. The variables to which the subjects belong were gender, school grade, religion, extracurricular activity, amount of pocket money, school performance traffic mean to school, ownership of PC, internet contact frequency and place, contact to pornography, heterosexual friend, drinking, and smoking. The period of survey was from July 2000 to Dec. 2000. The subjects were 475 middle and high-schoolers in Busan and Kyung-Nam. The instrument to measure sexual harassments of the subjects was questionnaire. That was gained by modifying the three patterns(physical, verbal and visual) in the manual provide by the Ministry of Labor(1999). The degree of sexual harassments was measured by 4-point Likert scale. The collected data was analyzed with t-test and ANOVA by SPSS win(10.0). The findings were as follows ;1. The variables related to the physical harassment were gender, age, pocket money, perceived school performance, traffic means, contact to pornography, having heterosexual friend, experience of drinking and smoking.2. The variables related to the visual harassments were gender, age, perceived school performance, traffic mean, internet contact, contact to pornography, having heterosexual friend, experience of drinking & smoking.3. The variables related to the verbal harassments were gender, age, pocket money, perceived school performance, traffic mean, internet contact, contact to pornography, having heterosexual friend, and experience of drinking & smoking.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.96-104
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of runaway experience on sexual victimization in adolescents. Methods: The data of the Korean Survey on the Rights of Youth and Children (2016) were used. A total of 7,114 middle and high school students were included in the analysis. Descriptive statistics, a $x^2$ test, and multiple logistic regression analysis were conducted using SAS 9.3. Results: About 3.8% of the total students had run away from home before and 4.1% of the students experienced sexual victimization. The results from the multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that adolescents who had run away from home before showed a higher risk of being sexually victimized (AOR: 1.76, 95% CI: 1.13~2.72). Lower economic status (AOR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.03~1.97), suicidal ideation (AOR: 1.80, 95% CI: 1.37~2.38), depressive feelings (AOR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.04~1.78), victims of violence by teachers (AOR: 1.56, 95% CI: 1.20~2.03), victims of off-line school bullying (AOR: 5.00, 95% CI: 3.56~7.01), victims of on-line bullying (AOR: 2.61, 95% CI: 1.79~2.80), and victims of both on- and off-line bullying (AOR: 6.62, 95% CI: 4.76~9.22) showed a highest risk of being sexually victimized. Conclusion: Therefore, in order to lower the rate of experiencing sexual victimization in youths, measures should be taken to keep them from running away from home. In addition, if necessary, measures should be taken to prevent secondary mental traumas that may arise from the experience of sexual victimization.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.121-155
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• 2011

The purpose of this study as a research of experience of sexual offenders who are in confinement in prisons and forensic facilities is to theoretically investigate fundamental structures of their experiences and to practically construct basic data to present intervention programs of sexual offenders. This study was conducted by hermeneutical and phenomenological methods invoked of the analytic framework of Van-Manen (1990) about seven sexual offenders. The data were collected through in-depth interviews, and the results of the interpretation are shown as perception that they were victims of public opinion, the mark of Cain, loss of opportunity of examination caused by show window, collective differentiation through distinction, expression of metaphysical being that wants to slip out of the skin, counterplot of scientific management techniques, undifferentiation from the Imaginary, sexual acts shown as inverted communication, discovering dominant domain as forming reaction to being controlled, not being free from capitalistic attributes in which even children's sex is commercialized, distortion in socialization of sexual identity, paternity stamped as embodiment of suppressed desire, recovery of lost virginity of mother through children, and family as a name broken to pieces.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.67-77
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to identify significant differences in dietary guidelines, emotional intelligence, resilience and violence according to the frequency of family meals for middle school students in Daegu. To achieve the purpose of this study, 241 data collected through self-administered questionnaires were analyzed. The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS (v25.0) program for frequency, percentage, standard deviation, reliability, one-way ANOVA and Duncan comparison. The results of this study were as follows. There was a significant difference in the level of the dietary guidelines practice, emotional intelligence and resilience according to the frequency of family meals of middle school students. Implications and suggestions based on the results of this study were as follows. First, family meal frequency is significantly related to middle school students' dietary guidelines practice, emotional intelligence, and resilience (p<0.05). Accordingly, personal efforts and social and institutional arrangements are required to increase the family meal frequency. Second, some of the core competences required in the 2015 revised curriculum were consistent with sub-areas of emotional intelligence and resilience, which can be predicted by the results that family meal experience of middle school students is also related to the development of core competences. In conclusion, increasing family meal frequency is important considering the trend of education, and is required for personality education.

• Stress
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.93-97
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• 2017

Backgound: The present study was designed to investigate the moderating role of binge drinking on the relationship between self-assertiveness and sexual victimization among college students (N=393, male: 161, female: 232). We hypothesized that the relationship between self-assertiveness and sexual victimization is meaningful only when binge drinking is low, not high. Methods: Using an online site, participants filled out a packet of questionnaires for demographic information, their amount of unwanted sexual contact experience, and their rate of alcohol consumption. Results: In the result, binge drinking moderated the relationship between self-assertiveness and sexual victimization. For the high binge drinker group, high self-assertiveness was not a statistically significant predictor of sexual victimization. Conclusions: Although self-assertiveness is known to be a protective factor against sexual victimization, our results imply that self-assertiveness alone is not enough to lower sexual victimization. Binge drinking and self-assertiveness are considered together in sexual violence prevention programs.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.451-473
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• 2017

This study explores the aftermath of state violence and the meaning of its healing by analyzing testimony therapy designed to deal with trauma of the victims of May 18 democratization movement("May 18"). In order to have a point of view that May 18 had catastrophic impacts on many individuals and communities and to observe the after-effects of such event to individuals' lives, this study analyzed the contents of testimony therapy sessions of four people who were tortured, arrested and detained after their participating in May 18 in 1980. The experiences of those participants with their testimony therapy and the interactions they had with the audience during the sessions made sure what are the key factors to healing the trauma from state violence. Nineteen topics were drawn from analyzing the statements made in the therapy process, and out of them, seven subjects below were chosen as the most significant; 'repetitive pain', 'social and economic damage', 'isolation and disconnection', 'transition of suffering to other generations', and 'Safety', 'healing through connections', 'obligation as a survivor'. Based on its findings, this study also examined the characteristics of trauma caused by state violence and made suggestions for healing such trauma.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.467-491
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to examine relationship between social strains such as status strains and relational strains and adolescent suicidality by gender. As method, a self-report survey was completed by students (n = 819) from 3 middle schools in Seodaemun area, Seoul, Korea. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with adolescent suicidality, t-test analyses were used to verify gender difference. Results show that male adolescents are more likely to experience abuse from their father, and school violence related to relational strains than female. Differences were found in strains for males and females contributing to suicidality; male are responsive to economic status, a dimension of status strain, whereas female are reactive to non-physical abuse from father, a type of relational strains. Non-physical school violence was appeared to be a significant factor influencing suicidality for both genders. Based on these findings, research draws implications for social work interventions. First, different approaches by gender are needed to prevent adolescent suicide in consideration of the tendency that men are status-oriented and women are relationship-oriented. Second, it is suggested to hire full-time school social worker to provide consistent social service for students. Third, intensive effort is necessary to reduce non-physical school violence.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.306-312
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• 2016

Objectives: We aimed to compare the smoking behaviors in adolescents from monocultural and multicultural families and to evaluate the associations between their smoking behavior and number of suicide attempts. Methods: The data used in this study was collected from The Tenth Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey. The differences in the sociodemographic characteristics between the adolescents in the multicultural and monocultural families were analyzed through the ${\chi}^2$-test, and a logistic regression was conducted to evaluate the relationships between the smoking behavior and number of suicide attempts of the adolescents in multicultural families. The process involved an analysis using a complex sample design. Results: There was significant difference in the weighted rates of the current smoking behavior (13.3% vs. 8.4%, p<0.001), experience of violence (6.8% vs. 2.3%, p<0.001), and number of suicide attempts (5.4% vs. 2.7%, p<0.001) between the adolescents from the multicultural and monocultural families. In both groups, the current smoking behavior was associated with the number of suicide attempts (multicultural families OR=6.5, p=0.005; monocultural families OR=1.5, p<0.001). Conclusion: Our results showed that the percentage of current smokers in the adolescents from multicultural families was higher than that in the monocultural families and that current smoking behavior is related to the number of suicide attempts in both groups, after adjustment for age, sex, socioeconomic status, academic achievement, current smoking behavior, depressive mood and experience of violence.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.109-125
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to provide the basic data for establishing school education environment protection measures, on the basis of comparing and analyzing the realities and students' recognition degree of the environment and hygiene around the middle and high schools located in the rural areas. These study data were investigated by the self-administered questionnaires, taking as subject the 805 students in the middle and high schools located rural areas. And the results were as follows: First, as the result of having investigated the distribution degree of harmful environment within the purification zone around schools, it was found out that students responded: within the purification zone around the middle school, there were cartoon rooms (46.2％), electronic game rooms (45.9％), and singing rooms (45.0％). within the purification zone around the high school, there were electronic game rooms (46.3％), singing rooms (42.3％), billiard halls (41.4％), PC rooms (40.1 ％), and Soju-room (35.2％). Secondly, as having analyzed student's recognition degree of the harmful environment around the school, it was found out that middle school students responded that sexual utensils-treating shops (3.74 points) were most harmful, and next corrupted bathhouses (3.52 points), and Soju-room (3.47 points), and high school students also responded relating to harmfulness in a similar sequence. Thirdly, in case of students' recognition degree of the harmful environment around the school according to general characteristics, 1) girl students had a higher ratio of recognition that the environment around the school was harmful than boy students (p〈0.001). 2) groups of students whose living standard was high had a higher ratio of recognition that the environment around the school was harmful than groups of students whose living standard was low (p〈0.05). 3) groups of students whose school was located near the park or the residential street had a higher degree of recognition that the environment around the school was harmful than groups of students whose school was located near the factory or the shopping area (p〈0.01). 4) groups of students whose school was located near the park or the residential street had a higher degree of recognition that the environment around the school was harmful than groups of students whose school was located near the amusement area or the shopping area (p〈0.05). Fourthly, 1) relating to the harmful shops where they experienced most highly the behavior of drinking and smoking, middle school students responded that they did so in the electronic game room (22.5％) and high school students did so in the singing room (31.4％), and high school students had a very high experience ratio of drinking and smoking, compared with middle school students (p〈0.001). 2) relating to the harmful shops where they could get in contact with lewd articles, both of middle school students (5.3％) and high school students (8.3％) responded that they could do so in the video room. 3) relating to the harmful shops where they experienced unsound opposite sex acquaintance, both of middle school students (5.8％) and high school students (16.6％) responded that they did so most highly in hotels, and high school students had a remarkably high experience ratio of unsound opposite sex acquaintance, compared with middle school students (p〈0.05). 4) relating to the harmful shops where they experienced violence, middle school students responded that they did so in the electronic game room (14.0％) and then in the singing room (3.7％), and high school students responded that they did so in the electronic game room (9.3％), the nightclub (4.6％), Soju-room (4.1 ％), and high school students had a remarkably high experience ratio of violence, compared with middle school students (p〈0.05). 5) relating to the harmful places where they experienced drugs both of middle school students (0.8％) and high school students (2.4％) responded that they did so in the hotels. Fifthly, when going to the harmful shops, students had the experience of being guided and regulated roughly 1 time - 2 times, and middle school students (16.4％) and high school students (16.7％) had almost similar experience ratios of being guided and regulated. Conclusively, there was a limit in controlling the environment and purification zone only by legal regulations and institutional controls, the self-control purification effort for the school and the surrounding environment was required greatly, in order to protect students from harmful environment. In addition, the constant study to establish the educational environment purification measures must be carried out.