• 의료법학
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.209-236
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• 2013

The concept of expectation rights considers 'the expectation' that the patient should be given proper medical treatment as the benefit and protection of the law, so it would be the benefit and protection of the law due to personal rights different from 'the legal principle that has the possibility to a considerable extent' being in an extension of life and body. However, the problem how the patient's expectation of medical service sets up in order to make it the benefit and protection of the law would be still left in the vague concept of the patient's 'expectation', thus, in the first place, the medical practice following formed medical standard in every particular medical institutes should be the standard because these medical services are normally within a range of the patients' expectations. In addition, it should be naturally constituted as mental profit to get the subjective circumstances such as 'the patient's expectation' to be an object, and also, different from the profit and protection of the law such as life and body that should be absolutely protected, the origin of violation behavior should be regarded simultaneously to define the denotation of expectation rights. Therefore, the expectation rights violations would be problematic in case it fails to reach the medical standard that is expected for common doctors to practice properly. This is the concept of expectation rights that gets subjective matters such as the patient's expectation to be objectivity as medical practices that can be expected by generalized abstract doctors. This standard should be defined as the minimum standard that is naturally expected for doctors to practice, different from medical standard that decides the level of doctors.

• 시큐리티연구
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• 제14호
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• pp.337-365
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• 2007

21C 사회는 모든 기능과 모든 부문에서 변화와 순응을 요구하고 있다. 시큐리티분야 역시 예외는 아니다. 최근 불법, 사생활침해등의 문제가 되고있는 민간조사분야에서, 불법, 음성화된 업무를 양성화하여 제도권내로 끌어들임으로서 국가에서 공인자격을 부여받은 전문가에 의해 불법행위를 규제하고 적법절차를 준수케하면서 민간조사업무를 행하게 하자는 제안이 몇 년전부터 제기되어왔다. 현재 국회의원 이상배 안과 최재 천안이 국회에 계류중인바 이는 국가의 수사권이 국민에게 골고루 미치지 못한다는 현실과 형사사법의 민영화추세를 고려하여 일정자격을 갖춘자만이 관계기관에 등록한 후 법에 의한 업무를 행하게 하자는 취지로 볼 수 있다. 이 제도는 경찰이 국민들에게 제공해줄 수 없는 문제들을 해결해 줄 수 있다는 긍정적인 기능도 있지만, 실제적인 활동 과정에서 는 시민의 기본권 침해의 가능성을 지닌 것도 간과할 수 없기 때문에 조심스런 접근법이 필요하다고 볼 수 있다. 본 연구는 외국의 민간조사제도와 한국의 민간조사업법에 의한 시험제도와 교육훈련을 중심으로 문제점을 분석하여 발전방안을 모색하는데 목적이 있다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제33권6호통권134호
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• pp.17-24
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• 2005

두께 30 mm 잣나무 판재를 증기와 4가지 건조방법으로 처리하였다. 처리된 판재의 변재에서 시편을 떼어내어 Darcy 법칙을 이용한 간단한 방법으로 섬유방향 비투과율을 비교하였다. 잣나무 변재의 섬유방향 수분이동기작을 조사하기 위해 시편을 알코올과 아세톤 추출한 후에 비투과율을 또 측정하였다. 측정된 비투과율은 측정시간에 따라 급격히 감소하는 것이 관찰되었다. 이는 Darcy 법칙에 어긋나는 것으로 음압에 의해 공기방울이 발생하여 이동통로를 막기 때문으로 설명할 수 있다. 처리방법에 따라 미추출 시편의 평균 비투과율은 다르게 나타났으며 용매추출에 의한 비투과율 변화도 처리방법에 따라 달리 나타났다. 처리방법에 따라 수지구내 잔류수지의 성질이 달라지기 때문으로 생각된다. 수지구내 잔류수지 형상을 SEM 사진으로 관찰하였다.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.112-124
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was carried out to investigate the relationships among suicidal risk, self-esteem, and spiritual well-being of high school students, and to provide basic data for developing suicide prevention programs. Method: The subjects of this study were 1.176 high school students from six academic high schools and two technical high schools in Daegu City. Data were collected from the 13th to the 25th of September 2004. The research tools were the Suicide Probability Scale developed by Go. Kim and Lee (2000), the Self-Esteem Inventory modified by Choi and Jeon (1993), and the tool of Spiritual Well-Being modified by Yoo (2002). Data were analyzed with SPSS Windows 11.0. Result: Variables that showed statistically significant difference in suicidal risk were school type, whether to have the best friends, the number of close friends, current relationship with close friends, experience of school violation, respect for the teacher, grades, financial condition, parents marital status, father's education level, mother's education level, home atmosphere, conversation with father, conversation with mother, smoking, drinking, experience of counseling for problems, whether to have physical illnesses, experience of thinking about suicide, experience of attempting suicide. Suicidal risk was in a significantly negative correlation with self-esteem and spiritual well-being. Conclusion: The researcher identified many different variables that affect the suicidal risk of high school students. Self-esteem and spiritual well-being were found to be in a significant correlation with suicidal risk. Therefore, the results of this study can be used as basic data and information for suicidal prevention programs.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.187-213
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• 2012

The purpose of this article is to examine Fair and Equitable Treatment in International Investment Agreements. Most BITs and other investment treaties provide for FET of foreign investments. Today, this concept is the most frequently invoked standard in investment disputes. It is also the standard with the highest practical relevance: a majority of successful claims pursued in international arbitration are based on a violation of the FET standard. The concept of FET is not new but has appeared in international documents for some time. Some of these documents were nonbinding others entered into force as multilateral or bilateral treaties. Considerable debate has surrounded the question of whether the FET standard merely reflects the internationalminimum standard, as contained in customary international law, or offers an autonomous standard that is additional to general international law. As a matter of textual interpretation, it seems implausible that a treaty would refer to a well-known concept like the "minimum standard of treatment in customary international law" by using the expression "fair and equitable treatment." Broad definitions or descriptions are not the only way to gauge the meaning of an elusive concept such as FET. Another method is to identify typical factual situations to which this principle has been applied. An examination of the practice of tribunals demonstrates that several principles can be identified that are embraced by the standard of fair and equitable treatment. Some of the cases discussed clearly speak to the central roles of transparency, stability, and the investor's legitimate expectations in the current understanding of the FET standard. Other contexts in which the standard has been applied concern compliance with contractual obligations, procedural propriety and due process, action in good faith, and freedom from coercion and harassment. In short, meeting the investor's central legitimate concern of legal consistency, stability, and predictability remains a major, but not the only, ingredient of an investment-friendly climate in which the host state in turn can reasonably expect to attract foreign investment.

• 한국언론정보학보
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• 제54권
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• pp.32-57
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• 2011

본 연구는 초 중 고교 교원의 정치적 표현의 자유 수단으로서의 시국선언 행위가 국가공무원법, 집회및시위에관한법률 등을 통해 달성하고자 하는 헌법적 가치와 충돌하는 경우의 쟁점이 무엇인지 살펴보고, 초 중 고교 교원의 시국선언에 대한 우리 법원의 인식을 교원 승 패소 여부를 통해 탐색적으로 살펴보고자 했다. 연구결과 분석대상이 된 31건의 판례 중 24건의 판례에서 교원이 패소하였고, 7건의 판례에서 교원이 승소하였음을 확인하였는데 우리 법원은 정치적 표현 행위의 공익성 여부, 영향력 여부, 표현의 내용 등을 비교형량의 핵심근거로 활용하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 이상의 연구결과를 바탕으로 초 중 고교 교원의 정치적 표현 수단인 시국선언과 타 가치가 충돌할 경우 적절한 비교형량을 위한 몇 가지 제언을 하고자 하였다.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.346-371
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• 2012

본 연구는 과학사를 활용한 과학 윤리 수업의 가능성을 탐색하여 수업과 적절한 수업 모형을 개발하는데 목적이 있다. 본 연구를 위해 총 20권의 과학사 서적, 학술지, 논문, 신문자료 등에서 72개의 윤리 관련 사례를 추출했다. 과학사에서 윤리 관련 사례들은 연구 내용 위조, 연구 내용 조작, 실험 중 생명 윤리 침해, 표절과 도용, 부당한 공로 배분, 도를 넘어선 비방, 이데올로기와 결합, 사회적 책임 문제라는 총 8개의 소영역으로 범주화했다. 본 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 과학사에서 윤리와 관련된 사례는 과학 연구 과정에서 발생하는 윤리적 문제가 가장 많았다. 그 중에서도 연구 내용 위조 사례가 가장 많았다. 둘째, 8개 소영역별로 하나씩 총 8개의 수업을 개발했다. 셋째, 개발한 수업의 공통점을 찾아 과학사 활용 과학교육을 위한 수업 모형을 제안했다. 이 때, 과학 윤리수업 모형, 윤리 수업 모형, 역사 수업 모형 등 관련수업 모형들을 분석한 결과도 반영했다. '탐색-사례제시-문제 명료화-대안 탐색-정리'등 5단계의 흐름을 갖는 과학 윤리 사례 활용 과학사 수업 모형을 개발했다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘텐츠학회 2005년도 추계 종합학술대회 논문집
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• pp.500-505
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• 2005

최근 차량의 급증으로 인한 주차 관리가 많이 힘들어지고 있다. 특히 몇 년 사이 엄청난 차량증가로 인해 주차 시설 부족 및 관리원들의 단속을 피한 다양한 위법행위가 발생하게 되었다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 변화에 따라 효율적인 주차 관리를 하기 위한 무선 단말기를 이용한 효과적인 주차 관리 시스템을 설계하고 구현한다. 이 시스템은 서버와 관리자, 무선 인터넷 단말기(PDA) 세 부분으로 구성되어 있으며, 주차 관리원들은 주차단속 및 차량관리 등을 무선 인터넷 단말기를 통해 서버에 접속하여 신속하게 서비스를 받을 수 있다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제63권6호
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• pp.767-776
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• 2020

Objective : The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of posterior cervical foraminotomy (PCF) for adjacent segmental disease (ASD) after anterior cervical fusion (ACF). As ACF is accepted as the standard treatment for cervical spondylosis, many studies have been conducted to evaluate the efficacy of various surgical techniques to overcome symptomatic ASD after the previous surgery. Herein, PCF was performed for the treatment of symptomatic ASD and the feasibility of the surgery was evaluated. Methods : Forty nine patients who underwent PCF due to symptomatic ASD from August 2008 to November 2017 were identified. For demographic and perioperative data, the sex, age, types of previous surgery, ASD levels, operation times, and bleeding amount were recorded. The clinical outcome was assessed using the visual analogue scale for the neck and arm, the modified Odom's criteria as well as neck disability index. Radiologic evaluations were performed by measuring disc softness, disc height, the cervical 2-7 sagittal vertical axis, cervical cobb angle, and facet violation. Results : Thirty-seven patients were enrolled in this study. The patients were divided into two groups based on the location of the pathology; paracentral (group P) or foramina (group F). Both groups showed significant clinical improvement (p<0.05). The proportion of calcified disc and facet violations was significantly larger in group F (p<0.05). The minimal disc height decrease with mild improvement on sagittal alignment and cervical lordosis was radiologically measured without statistical significance in both groups (p>0.05). Conclusion : PCF showed satisfactory clinical and radiologic outcomes for both paracentral and foraminal pathologies of ASD after ACF. Complications related to anterior revision were also avoided. PCF can be considered a feasible and safe surgical option for ASD after ACF.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.510-524
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• 2007

There is something common between the Korean female Kukkuk and the Japanese Takarazuka Revue in that actors are all females and love is the main theme. Some of the females should play men's roles, so they are described as ideal men and are more manly than real men, and female audiences are attracted by them. It is hard for actresses to play men's roles-they have to stretch open their shoulders, walk with long steps and produce a deep voice. They put on a makeup a little exaggeratedly to perfectly disguise themselves as men and express strong images-some red tone makeup on their face, thick eyebrows with their ends upward, thick eye lines to make eyes seem bigger and stronger, and thick side whiskers. On the contrary, a makeup for female characters is softer to highlight femininity with thin penciled hair parted and braided on the sides of the face. The Takarazuka Revue's students are divided into male characters and female ones from the regular course of music schools, and they select their roles in consideration of their height and range of voice, mainly based on their wish. In case of male characters, they need a long career and verification of ability to be the best. Females playing men's roles and showing their manliness are violation of a social custom standardizing the character of males and females and are the reverse of roles expected by a society or a culture. A world experienced by these plays is a kind of revolt breaking the taboo of the patriarchal system.