• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.38 no.8
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• pp.67-74
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• 2022

The setting of the target area for ground stability evaluation during ground excavation is categorized into theoretical and empirical estimation methods and numerical analysis methods. Generally, the applied theoretical and empirical estimation methods include those by Peck (1969), Caspe (1966), and Clough et al. (1990). The numerical analysis method comprehensively considered the current status of the task section (maximum excavation depth section, ground condition vulnerable section, etc.). It reflected the results of performing two and three-dimensional numerical analyses on the weakest section. Therefore, this study shows an example of setting the scope of influence when excavating the vertical and tunnel sections of a 000-line double-track private investment project through the above theoretical, empirical, and numerical analysis methods.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.879-896
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• 2016

A new earth pressure equation considering the arching effect in $c-{\phi}$ soils was proposed for the accurate calculation of earth pressure on circular vertical shafts. The arching effect and the subsequent load recovery phenomenon occurring due to multi-step excavation were quantitatively investigated through laboratory tests. The new earth pressure equation was verified by comparing the test results with the earth pressures predicted by new equation in various soil conditions. Resulting from testing by using multi-step excavation, the arching effect and load recovery were clearly observed. The test results in $c-{\phi}$ soil showed that even a small amount of cohesion can cause the earth pressure to decrease significantly. Therefore, predicting earth pressure without considering such cohesion can lead to overestimation of earth pressure. The test results in various ground conditions demonstrated that the newly proposed equation, which enables consideration of cohesion as appropriate, is the most reliable equation for predicting earth pressure in both ${\phi}$ soil and $c-{\phi}$ soil. The comparison of the theoretical equations with the field data measured on a real construction site also highlighted the best-fitness of the theoretical equation in predicting earth pressure.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.395-406
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• 2008

An excavation with the depth of 32.7m will be constructed as a ventilation shaft in Shanghai metro Line 9. The excavation induced effect on a nearby undercrossing road in operation must be properly evaluated. A centrifuge model test was conducted to study the impact of deep excavation on this existing undercrossing. Detail simulation works are described in this paper. The excavation steps could be simulated in the no-stop state of centrifuge machine. And induced settlements of the undercrossing road in both parallel and vertical directions were analyzed. Protective partition cement soil piles were also simulated in the tests. Simulation test shows deep excavation has a great influence on undercrossing road and the partition pile can obviously deduce the influence.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2010.09a
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• pp.1073-1080
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• 2010

In this paper, the centrifuge model tests were conducted for the sake of measuring three dimensional arching earth pressure while two step excavation of the vertical shaft. The results of the centrifuge model tests were compared to newly suggested arching earth pressure equation proposed by Kim et al(2009) and two dimension earth pressure(Rankine). As the results, Measured arching earth pressure revealed about 35 percentages of two dimension earth pressure(Rankine) and almost same as that of newly suggested arching earth pressure equation.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.603-615
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• 2023

Population growth and urbanization prompted engineers to propose more sophisticated and efficient transportation methods, such as underground transit systems. However, due to limited urban space, it is necessary to construct these tunnels in close proximity to existing infrastructure like high-rise buildings and bridges. Battered piles have been widely used for their higher stiffness and bearing capacity compared to vertical piles, making them effective in resisting lateral loads from winds, soil pressures, and impacts. Considerable prior research has been concerned with understanding the vertical pile response to tunnel excavation. However, the three-dimensional effects of tunnelling on adjacent battered piled foundations are still not investigated. This study investigates the response of a single battered pile to tunnelling at three critical depths along the pile: near the pile shaft (S), next to the pile (T), and below the pile toe (B). An advanced hypoplastic model capable of capturing small strain stiffness is used to simulate clay behaviour. The computed results reveal that settlement and load transfer mechanisms along the battered pile, resulting from tunnelling, depend significantly on the tunnel's location relative the length of the pile. The largest settlement of the battered pile occurs in the case of T. Conversely, the greatest pile head deflection is caused by tunnelling near the pile shaft. The battered pile experiences "dragload" due to negative skin friction mobilization resulting from tunnel excavation in the case of S. The battered pile is susceptible to induced bending moments when tunnelling occurs near the pile shaft S whereas the magnitude of induced bending moment is minimal in the case of B.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.231-245
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• 2022

When vertical shafts are constructed in soft clay with low strength, there is a risk of basal heave, which causes the excavation surface to heave due to the low bearing capacity of the ground against the imbalance of earth pressure at the excavation surface. Methods of deriving a safety factor have been proposed to evaluate the stability against the basal heave. However, there are limitations in that it is difficult to accurately evaluate the heave stability because many assumptions are included in the theoretical derivation. In this study, assuming that a circular vertical shaft is constructed in soft clay, the existing safety factor equation proposed through a theoretical approach was supplemented. Bearing capacity according to the shaft geometry, inhomogeneity of the soil, and the effect of soil plug were considered theoretically and applied in a previous safety factor equation. A three-dimensional numerical analysis was conducted to simulate the occurrence of basal heave and review the supplemented equation through various case studies. Several series of case studies were conducted targeting various factors affecting heave stability. It was verified that the additionally considered characteristics were properly reflected in the supplemented equation. Furthermore, the effects of each factor constituting the safety factor equation were examined using the results of the numerical analysis performed by simulating various cases. It was confirmed that considering the undrained shear strength increment according to depth had the most significant effect on the calculation of the safety factor.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.431-450
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• 2011

When a circular vertical shaft is constructed below the groundwater level, additional forces caused by groundwater flow besides horizontal effective stresses will act on the wall. The inward direction of the groundwater flow will be inclined to the vertical wall and its direction will change depending on the wall depth. In this paper, to figure out the effect of seepage forces acting on the circular vertical shaft, the slope of the inclined flow varying with the depth is divided into vertical and horizontal components to derive the coefficient of earth pressure considering the seepage pressure and to obtain the vertical stress by taking the seepage pressure into account. The control volume in this study is assumed to be the same with that of the dry ground condition within which the earth pressure is acting on the wall by the creation of the plastic zone during shaft excavation. An example study shows that the vertical stress increases by about 1.4 times and the horizontal earth pressure increases up to 2.5 times compared to the dry ground condition. The estimated values from the proposed equation considering seepage forces and the calculated values from numerical analysis with "effective stress plus seepage force" show similar values, which verifies appropriateness of the proposed equation to estimate the earth pressure under the seepage condition.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.185-194
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• 2017

This technical paper is a study on the unique displacements of Shotcrete Lining at the mined tunnel during excavation period through deep consideration with real time data from monitoring instrumentations correlation with the numerical analysis to identify the rock stresses and the rock spring points at the working face of the Conventional tunnelling by the Drill and Blast, based on the geological face mapping results of the project NS2, Transmission cable tunnel project in Singapore. The created geometry of numerical model was prepared to the real mined tunnel construction site including, vertical shaft, construction adit, tunnel junction area, and 2 enlargement caverns. The convergence measurements by the monitoring instrumentation were performed during the tunnel excavation and shaft sinking construction stages to guarantee the safety of complicated underground structures.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.23-31
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to analyze earth pressure acting on a circular shaft-tunnel considering arching effect by centrifuge modeling test on sands. The centrifuge testing method provides a way to model an in-situ stress state condition with a stress gradient within a laboratory specimen. A small-scale model of circular shaft-tunnel, which has a real diameter of 6.0 m and height of 15.0 m, was designed and tested twice under 75g-level. Additionally, an effect of excavation was presented by separating two segments of circular shaft wall to find behavioral properties and strength of earth pressure along with excavating ground. The test results were compared with those of the proposed earth pressure equation. The test results showed that earth pressure decreased by about 70% in comparison with existing two-dimensional earth pressure. This fact might be attributed to three-dimensional arching effects.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.363-375
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• 2019

Since the double-deck tunnel is deeply constructed in the city, it is necessary to secure the installation space of air supply and exhaust, escape passage stairs, elevator, distribution facilities and connection tunnels in the vertical shaft for the double-deck tunnel. Also, in order to minimize the effect of construction on adjacent area, it is necessary to construct the concrete structures at high speed in vertical shaft after tunnel excavation. Therefore, the slabs and the stairs in vertical shaft are needed to be constructed using precast concrete, and the rapid construction techniques of bracket for supporting the inner precast structure are needed. The bracket installation methods include cast-in-place concrete, precast concrete and steel. In this study, the improvement of the steel brackets with good economical efficiency and good workability was carried out in consideration of the improvement of the construction speed. We have developed a new bracket that is optimized through bracket shape improvement, anchor bolt position adjustment and quantity optimization. As a result of the structural performance test, it was confirmed that the required load supporting capacity was secured. As a result of structural performance test for bar type anchor bolt and bent anchor anchor bolt, it was confirmed that the required load carrying capacity was secured and that the load bearing capacity of bent anchor bolt was large.