• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제16권7호
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• pp.950-958
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• 2002

The combustion characteristics of a low NOx burner using reburning technology have been experimentally studied. The return burner usually has three distinct reaction zones which include the primary combustion zone, the reburn zone and the burnout zone by provided secondary air. NOx is mainly produced in a primary combustion zone and a certain portion of NOx can be converted to nitrogen in the rebury zone. In the burnout zone, the unburned mixtures are completely oxidated by supplying secondary air. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) was used as main and reburn fuels. The experimental parameters investigated involve the main/reburn fuel ratio, the primary/secondary air ratio, and the injection location of rebury fuel and secondary air. When the amount of return fuel reaches to the 20-30% of the total fuel used, the overall NO reduction of 50% is achieved. The secondary air is injected by two different ways including vertical and parallel injection. The injector of secondary air is located at the downstream region of furnace for a vertical-injection mode, which is also placed at the inlet primary-air injection region for a parallel-injection mode. In case of the vertical injection of the secondary air flow, the NOx formation of stoichiometric condition at a primary combustion zone is nearly independent of the rebury conditions (locations, fuel/air ratios) while the NOx emission of the fuel-lean condition is considerably influenced by the reburn conditions. In case of the parallel injection of the secondary air, the NOx emission is sensitive to the air ratio rather than the fuel ratio and the reburning process often coupled with the multiple air-staging and fuel-staging combustion processes.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제20권7호
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• pp.2134-2140
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• 1996

This study was carried out to anlayze the heat-resistant characteristics of functionally gradient material(FGM) composed with ceramic and metal. The thermal fracture behavior of plasma-sprayed FGM and conventional coating material(NFGM) was exaimined by acoustic emession technique under heating and cooling. Furnace cooling and rapid cooling tests were used to examine the effect of temperature change under various conditions, respectively. At the high temperature above $800^{\circ}C$, it was shown that FGM gives higher thermal resistance compared to NFGM by AE signal and fracture surface analysis.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.56-63
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• 2003

Flame retardancy and mechanical properties of recycled polyolefinic plastics/inorganic filler composite systems were investigated by using several inorganic flame retardants such as magnesium hydroxide and slag powder generated electro arc furnace Compatibilizer user each maleic anhydride functionalized polyethylene (PE-g-MAH) and polypropylene(PP-g-MAH) or used mixture of these. The effect of polymeric compatibilizers on the properties of composites was studied by tensile and impact test, differential scanning calorimetry, in the changed fracture mechanism. The improved adhesion was particularly reflected in the mechanical properties. The flame retardancy of composites was examined by measuring limiting oxygen index(LOI, ASTM D2863), smoke density(ASTM D2843) and vertical burning test(UL94). Regarding the flame retardant effect, the EAF slag powder is behaving as synergists as they are only active in the presence of magnesium hydroxide.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.320-328
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• 2003

A specimen of Cu-35%Sn alloy has been subjected to the unidirectional heat treatment in an attempt to examine the evolution of microstructures under varying thermal conditions. The specimen was cast in the form of a cylinder 10 mm in diameter and 200 mm in length, which was then installed in the temperature gradient field established inside a vertical tube furnace. The furnace temperature was adjusted to make the upper part at $750^{\circ}C$ and bottom end part at $300^{\circ}C$ of the specimen. The experiment was terminated by dropping it into water after the 30 minutes holding at given temperature. By the rapid cooling, the high temperature phases, ${\gamma}$ and ${\zeta}$, were retained at ambient temperature with some of ${\gamma}$ phase transformed to ${\varepsilon}$ phase, especially at the grain boundaries of ${\gamma}$ phase. The presence of ${\varepsilon}$ phase was found to determine the nature of phase transformations of the ${\zeta}$ phase undergoes upon cooling. In the close area of the ${\varepsilon}$ phase, ${\varepsilon}$ phase grew separately out of ${\zeta}$, and adds to the preexisting ${\varepsilon}$ whereas in areas away from ${\varepsilon}$, both ${\delta}$ and ${\varepsilon}$ grew simultaneously out of ${\zeta}$, and formed a lamella eutectoid structure. The transformation to ${\delta}$ was found to occur only in slow cooling. The hardness on each phase showed that the retained phases, ${\gamma}$ and ${\zeta}$, could be plastically deformed without brittle fracture while the phases, ${\varepsilon}$ and ${\delta}$, were too brittle to be deformed.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.3-15
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• 2000

전기로 더스트 중에 함유된 Zn, Pb, Cl, Fe, Cu 및 Cd의 건식 환원반응기구를 규몽하고자 탄소뿔 첨가한 더스트 Briquette를 제조하여 Ar 가스 분위기 하의 $800^{\circ}C$ ~ $1100^{\circ}C$반응온도에서 실험을 행하였다. 탄소에 의한 Zn 화합물으 환원반응은 온도상승에 따라 민감하게 나타났으며 반응초기에는 화학반응에 의한 음속단계로 활성화에너지 값은 약 120.6 kl/mole이었다. 한편, Pb와 Cl은 $PbCl_2$의 형태로 휘발되었으며 이들의 휘발제거율은 거의 일치하였다. 또한, 환원제를 첨가하지 않는 경우가 환원제 첨가시 보다 휘발제거율이 빨라 Pb의 대부분은 염화휘발에 의해 제거됨을 알 수 있었다. Cu는 염화휘발에 의해 최대 약 30% 제거되고 나머지 대부분은 Fe와 함께 더스트 중에 잔존하여 Cd은 $1000^{\circ}C$에서 15분만에 거의 100%의 휘발제거율을 나타내었다.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.58-63
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• 2014

전기로 제강분진(EAFD)으로부터 환원배소에 의해 회수한 조산화 아연 내에는 다양한 종류의 비등점이 낮은 물질이 존재한다. 따라서 일반적으로 산화배소를 통한 정제과정을 통해 염화물 형태로 존재하는 물질들을 기화시켜 고순도의 기능성 산화아연을 생산하게 된다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 조산화 아연의 산화배소 특성을 체계적으로 규명하여 대량생산공정에 적용할 때의 효율성을 극대화하고자 하였다. 조산화 아연을 적절한 방법을 통해 직경 1-3 mm, 10 mm의 펠렛을 제조하여, 각 시편을 분말시편과 함께 수직 관상로에서 로타리 킬른의 실조업을 묘사하여 산화분위기에서 $600{\sim}1200^{\circ}C$ 온도영역까지 $20^{\circ}C/hr$ 승온속도로 가열하면서 체재시간을 유지하였다. 실험결과 펠렛의 크기에 따른 기화속도의 변화가 $950^{\circ}C$ 이상의 온도에서는 현저히 증가함을 알 수 있었다. 회수된 시편은 ICP-OES, XRF장비를 통하여 성분분석을 실시한 결과 Zn의 농도는 비례적으로 증가함을 알 수 있었으며, Cl 등의 불순물의 농도도 현저히 감소하였다. XRD 분석결과 온도가 증가할수록 염화물 피크는 관찰되지 않았으며, 본 산화배소실험을 통하여 98%이상의 고순도 산화아연을 얻을 수 있었다.

• 한국결정성장학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.17-25
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• 1991

The construction details of VGF apparatus with a DM(direct monitoring) furnace for the growth of low defect crystal and characteristics of GaAs crystal grown by this apparatus are described. The average dislocation densities and EL2 concentration of as-grown undoped GaAs along the different solidified fractions exhibit $4{\times}10^{2}-7{\times}10^{3}cm^{-2}$ and $6{\times}10^{14}-4{\times}10^{15}cm^{-3}$, which are less than those observed for liquid encapsulated Czochralski(LEC) or high-pressure vertical gradient freeze(VGF) crystals. These remarkable reduction of the dislocation densities and EL2 concentrations were explained by the lower temperature gradient ($dT/dx-10^{\circ}/cm$) and slower rates of post - growth cooling ($20^{\circ}C/hr:1240-1000^{\circ}C,\;30^{\circ}C/hr:1000-700^{\circ}C$). Also, The Hall mobilities, carrier concentrations show uniform distribution throughtout 80% of the ingot length.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제23권11호
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• pp.1464-1472
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• 1999

Design and operation of $1MW_{th}$ pulverized coal combustion testing facility are described. Also the influence of air staging on NOx emission and burnout of coal flames was investigated in this facility. The test facility consisted of coal feeding system, firing system and flue gas treatment system. A top-fired externally air staging burner was adopted in order to avoid influence of gravity on the coal particles and for easy maintenance. Distribution of temperature and chemical species concentration of coal flames could be measured in vertical pass of furnace. Main fuel was pulverized (83.4% less than $80{\mu}m$) Australian high bituminous coal. From variety of test conditions, overall excess air ratio was selected at 1.2(20% excess air). Tho study showed that increasing the staged air resulted in lower NOx omission, and it was suggested to be more than 40% of the total combustion air for the substantial NOx reduction. Sufficient burnout was not achievable when NOx emission was less than 500ppm. Also, the amount of core air did not influence tho NOx reduction.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.52-59
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• 2009

Flash butt welding is applied in many industries. New technology was developed recently for joining billets which called "EBROS (Endless Bar Rolling System)". After reheating billets in furnace, two billets were joined using flash butt welding. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of alloying elements on mechanical properties of flash butt welded zone of hot rolled steel bar. The tensile properties on welded zone of Fe-Mn steel and Fe-Mn-V steel were dropped as compared with non-welded zone. Fe-Mn-Nb steel was opposed to the former. It was found that the white band at the welded zone had high ferrite volume fraction and large ferrite grain size. The vertical white band between flash butt welded billets was transformed into an arrowhead it of steel bar. According to this band, softening has been appeared. There was a interesting phenomenon with HAZ of Fe-Mn-Nb Steel, 40nm scale of particles were observed and hardness of HAZ was higher than non-welded zone.

• 한국광학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.175-180
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• 1998

고체 레이저매질로 가장 널리 쓰이는 Nd:YAG 단결정을 Czochralski 방법으로 육성하였다. 자체 제작한 Czochralski 결정 육성로 및 자동 결정 적경제어 장치를 써서 유효 직경 50mm, 길이 100mm의 Nd3+ 이온농도가 0.9at%이고 <111>방향의 단결정을 육성하였다. 단결정 육성시 융액의 수직방향에 대한 온도구배가 중용한 변수인 것이 확인되었으며, 결정 직경은 자동 제어가 가능하도록 컴퓨터 프로그램을 제작하였다. 육성된 단결정을 절단, 가공, 연마, 코팅 과정을 거쳐서 레이저 발진용 Nd:YAG막대를 제작하고 흡수 스펙트럼, 형과 스펙트럼 분석을 통하여 정확한 Nd:YAG의 레이저 발진특성을 확인하였다. 자체 가공된 레이저 막대로부터 발진된 CW 레이저의 최대 출력은 70W이었고, 발진문턱값과 효율은 각각 1.3kW, 1.64%이었다.