• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.517-534
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• 1997

It has been held that excessive mechanical forces to the osseous and soft tissues of the TMJ result in joint dysfunction. Understanding the stress pattern on TMJ is very important in TMJ research. But, it is very difficult to measure directly the biomechanical stress distribution in the TMJ when the mandible is loaded. Therefore, stress distribution in the TMJ during functional movement was studied through animal experiment or mathematical model. It was observed and compared the stress distribution occuring in the working and balancing condyle when lower right canine, lower right first molar and lower right second molar were clenched by the three dimensional finite element analysis. Also, stress distribution in the working and balancing condyles were observed and compared when $20^{\circ}$ forward and buccal bite forces were applied to the first molar. The results were as follows : 1. Stress distribution in the condyles during unilateral clenching of the first molar, second molar, canine showed no difference. In the working condyle, tensile force was concentrated on the lateral aspect of the condylar articular surface and condylar neck. And compressive force was concentrated on the anteromedial and lateral aspect of condyle. In the balancing condyle, tensile and compressive forces were concentrated on the lateral aspect of the condylar articular surface and stress transmission to the temporal bone was not observed. 2. When lateral forces were applied to the first molar, tensile forces were concentrated on the medial aspect of the condylar neck and condylar posterior surface in working and balancing condyle. Compressive force was concentrated on the anteromedial and lateral surface of the condyle and stress transmission to the temporal bone was not observed. 3. During unilateral clenching, stress in the working condyle decreased as the occlusal load moved posteriorly while the stress in the balancing condyle increased. when lateral force was applied to first molar, the incremental amount of stress was greater than vertical load. 4. During unilateral clenching, the average balancing/working condyle stress ratio was 2.52. There was a greater concentration of stress in the balancing condyle. The ratio increased as the occlusal load moved posteriorly and decreased considerably when lateral forces were applied to the first molar.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.17-32
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• 1983

The aboveground production, nutrient distribution and nutrient cyclings were compared between two Phragmites communis communities growing in the different salt contents of soil in a coastal salt marsh. Inorganic nutrient contents of soil for plant growth were greater at the low salt stand than at the high salt stand except for sodium(Na). Maximum aboveground biomass of the plant at the low and the high salt stands were 2,533 and 1,719 g dw/$m^2$, respectively, in August. Seasonal changes of nutrient content of biomass in dry weight decreased with growth except for Na. Nutrient contents in biomass per unit land area increased continuously as biomass increases, although the amount of potassium(K) reached the maximum content in July and thereafter decreased. Vertical distributions of total nitrogen(T-N) and phosphorus(P) increased with plant height, but Na showed the reverse trend. That of K was similar to the patterns for T-N and P in the leaves, and to the pattern of Na in the stems. The Na was greatly accumulated in underground biomass but transported scarcely to aboveground. At the low and the high salt stands, the ratios of the inorganic nutrients contained in the plant were 100 : 66 for T-N, 100 : 61 for P, 100 : 62 for K and 100 : 97 for Na. the ratios of the amounts of nutrients retrieved to soil were 100 : 242 for T-N, 100 : 408 for P, 100 : 127 for K and 100 : 269 for Na, respectively. Turnover times of the T-N, P, K and Na in the communities were 56, 1, 15 and 174 years at the low salt stand, and 75, 2, 24 and 323 years at the high salt stand, respectively. In nutrient cyclings, all of the nutrients retrieving to soil were less than uptake by plant. Among the nutrient, especially P is expected to be exhausted from soil, sooner or later, because of the harvest by men.

• 한국해양학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.57-66
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• 1977

무기물에서 유기물을 생산하는 곳으로서 뿐만 아니라 인류의 마지막 식량공급처로서의 해양에 대한 기초생산의 중요성이 날로 높아져 국제인도양조사때나 Kuroshio해역조사때 생산력이 측정되었고 북서태평양(Sorokin and Koblentz-Miskke; 1958, Ichimura and Saijo; 1959, Saijo and Ichimura; 1960, Aruga and Monsi; 1962, 천촌;1963), 인도네시아 주변해역(Doty et al;1963)등에서도 기초생산이 측정된 바 있다. 일본의 주요 9개만에서는 월별측정(송평 등;1964)이 되었다. 우리 나라 연안에서는 최와 정(1966)이 $C^{14}$를 이용하여 광합성량을 측청하였고 Kang(1967) 은 수영만에서 계절별로 산소소모에 의한 광합성량을 측정했다.다.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제38권5호
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• pp.271-275
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• 2012

Objectives: This study evaluated a range of fixation methods to determine which is best for the postoperative stabilization of a mandibular osteotomy using three-dimensional finite element analysis of the stress distribution on the plate, screw and surrounding bone and displacement of the lower incisors. Materials and Methods: The model was generated using the synthetic skull scan data, and the surface model was changed to a solid model using software. Bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy was performed using the program, and 8 different types of fixation methods were evaluated. A vertical load of 10 N was applied to the occlusal surface of the first molar. Results: In the case of bicortical screws, von-Mises stress on the screws and screw hole and deflection of the lower central incisor were minimal in type 2 (inverted L pattern with 3 bicortical repositioning screws). In the case of plates, von-Mises stress was minimal in type 8 (fixation 5 mm above the inferior border of the mandible with 1 metal plate and 4 monocortical screws), and deflection of the lower central incisor was minimal in types 6 (fixation 5 mm below the superior border of the mandible with 1 metal plate and 4 monocortical screws) and 7 (fixation 12 mm below the superior border of the mandible with 1 metal plate and 4 monocortical screws). Conclusion: Types 2 and 6 fixation methods provide better stability than the others.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제19권10호
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• pp.1451-1455
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• 2009

Porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV) is a betaherpesvirus which causes reproductive failure in breeding sows and generalized infection in newborn piglets. It has worldwide distribution including Korea. Serological survey on this virus has been reported in 76.3% of pigs, but virological survey and epidemiological analysis on PCMV distribution have been reported in only a few papers in Korea. In this study, we investigated the virological prevalence and infection status of PCMV on a farm level in selected swine farms with respiratory diseases. A total of 1,938 blood samples taken from groups of pigs of different ages were collected from 31 farms distributed nationwide in 2006 and 2007 and tested by PCR to detect the presence of PCMV. Virological prevalence at farm level and pig level were 96.8% and 17.5%, respectively, suggesting that PCMV has endemically infected Korean pig herds. The prevalence at farm level in gilts, sows and suckling piglet groups were 16.7%, 36.7% and 56.7%, indicating that vertical infections frequently occurred in conception or newborn stage. Thereafter, detection rates of PCMV were slightly increased in pig groups aged 40 and 70 days (70.0% and 73.3%), and then gradually decreased as they aged - 33.3% in 100, 26.7% in 130 and 16.7% in 160 day old pig groups. The prevalence at pig level has similar patterns to that at farm level. With the passage of time, the variation of infection patterns of PCMV was investigated in four PCMV-positive farms. Three blood samples were collected at intervals of 6 months in each farm, and examined for presence of PCMV using PCR. The results revealed that once PCMV was introduced to the pig farms, it continuously circulated between and within groups of sows and piglets in those farms. Taken together, it can be concluded that PCMV has endemically infected Korean pig farms and has the potential risk for emerging pathogen in combination with the known endemic pathogens including porcine reproductive, respiratory syndrome virus and porcine circovirus type 2. Therefore, more research is needed on diagnosis, epidemiology and control strategy for PCMV on the field.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.20-28
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• 2015

Objective: The purpose of this study was to observe stress distribution and displacement patterns of the entire maxillary arch with regard to distalizing force vectors applied from interdental miniscrews. Methods: A standard three-dimensional finite element model was constructed to simulate the maxillary teeth, periodontal ligament, and alveolar process. The displacement of each tooth was calculated on x, y, and z axes, and the von Mises stress distribution was visualized using color-coded scales. Results: A single distalizing force at the archwire level induced lingual inclination of the anterior segment, and slight intrusive distal tipping of the posterior segment. In contrast, force at the high level of the retraction hook resulted in lingual root movement of the anterior segment, and extrusive distal translation of the posterior segment. As the force application point was located posteriorly along the archwire, the likelihood of extrusive lingual inclination of the anterior segment increased, and the vertical component of the force led to intrusion and buccal tipping of the posterior segment. Rotation of the occlusal plane was dependent on the relationship between the line of force and the possible center of resistance of the entire arch. Conclusions: Displacement of the entire arch may be dictated by a direct relationship between the center of resistance of the whole arch and the line of action generated between the miniscrews and force application points at the archwire, which makes the total arch movement highly predictable.

• Korea-Australia Rheology Journal
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.55-67
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• 2000

In this paper, an experimental study of the rheological behavior of granular flow in a new type of storage silo is presented. The main characteristic of the new design is a hexagonal shape chosen with the objective of minimizing the stresses applied to the stored grains, and to reduce grain damage during the filling and emptying processes. Measurements of stress distribution and flow patterns are shown for a variety of granular materials. Because of the design of the silo, the granular material adopts its natural rest angle at all times eliminating collisional stresses and impacts between grains. A homogeneous, low friction flow is naturally achieved which provides a controlled stress distribution throughout the silo during filling and emptying. Secondary dynamic stresses, which are responsible for wall failure in conventional silos of the vertical type, are completely eliminated. A comparison between the two geometries is presented with data obtained for these silos and a number of granular materials. The discharge pattern inhibits powder formation in the silo and the filling system virtually eliminates unwanted material packing. Finally, notwithstanding the rheological advantages of this new design, the hexagonal cells that constitute the silo have many other advantages, such as the possible use of solar energy to control the humidity inside them. The cell type design allows for versatile storage capabilities and the elevation above the ground provides unlimited transportation facilities during emptying.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.181-192
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• 2003

기상 자료와 토양 수리 특성을 입력하여 토양수분의 수직 이동 및 분포를 예측할 수 있는 수치모형을 개발하고, 이 모형을 검정하기 위해 중동사양토를 대상으로 추정한 결과와 중성자 산란법에 의해 측정한 수분단면을 비교하였다. 이 모형에서 토양수분 포텐셜을 기준으로 한 Richards 방정식의 해를 predictor-corrector 격자에 투영한 음함수 유한차분법에 의해 구하였다. 이 모형에서는 토양단면의 수리특성은 균질하고, 토양수분은 등온적으로 흐르고, 수분이력현상은 고려하지 않고, 수증기 및 열 이동은 일어나지 않고, 빗물은 토양 단면에 부분 치환원리에 의해 분배된다고 가정하였다. 이 모형의 입력 자료는 크게 강우량, 최고 및 최저 기온, 상대습도 및 일사량의 일일 기상자료와 불포화 수리전도도 및 수분보유 특성 함수를 추정하기 위한 토양 수리 자료로 구분하였다. Chebyshev 다항식과 최소 자승차를 이용하여 추정한 토양 수리 다항식은 입력 자료와 매우 잘 일치하였다. 다양한 지표 및 하부 경계조건에서 53일 동안 상대적으로 시간증가분을 크게 하여 추정한 Richards 방정식의 해인 토양수분 수직 단면은 지표 10 cm를 제외하고는 중성자 산란법에 의해 측정한 결과와 잘 일치하였다.

• 한국패류학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.41-52
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• 2002

2000년 6월부터 5월까지 제주남부연안 송악산주변 지역 조간대 3개 지역 9개 지점에 대한 조간대 저서무척추동물의 공간적인 수직분포와 군집유형에 관하여 연구하였으며 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 조사기간 중 조사구역 3개 지역 조간대에서 서식하는 저저무척추동물은 총 6문, 12강, 25목, 50과, 104종이었다. 분류군별 출현종을 보면 연체동물이 3강, 69종(66.3%), 절지동물 3강, 17종 (16.3%) 이었다. 조간대의 구역별 종다양성에서는 하부조간대구역으로 내려갈수록 높았으며, 조사지점별 다양성에서는 뚜렷한 차이가 없었다. 조간대 구역별 우점종의 수직분포는 상부조간대의 좁쌀무늬총알고둥 (N. exigua), 총알고둥 (L. brevicula), 거북손 (P. mitella mitella), 갈고 둥 (N. japonica), 중부조간대는 각시고둥 (M. neritoides), 눈알고둥 (L. coronata corensis), 갈고둥 (N. japonica) 그리고 하부 조간대구역은 배무래기 (N. schrenckii), 애기밤고둥 (O. nigerrimusa), 대수리 (P. clavigera), 밤고둥 (C. argyrostoma lischkei)의 순이었다. 9개 지점간 유사도는 높았으며 2개 그룹으로 나눌 수 있었는데 St. 1, St, 2, St. 4, St. 8, St. 9가 한 그룹, St. 3, St. 5, St. 6, St. 7이 같은 그룹이었으나 두 그룹간 차이는 크지 않았다.

• 한국해양학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.15-28
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• 1989

한국 동해 남부해역에서 봄철의 정량적 식물플랑크톤 시료, 수온, 염분, 용존산소 및 영양소의 자료를 분석하여 나타난 식물플랑크톤 군집과 수문학적 조건과의 밀접한 상관관계로 보아 연구해역이 3개의 식물 수분학적 해역, 즉 1) 한국동부 난수해역(대마해류의 지류), 2) 북한한류 해역, 3) 위 두 해역수의 영향을 받지 않는 외해역으로 구분될 수 있다. 식물플랑크톤의 수직분포는 수층의 안정성과 영양소 농도에 좌우된다. 영양소 농도는 수괴에 따라 특징적인 분포를 보인다. 표층에서 N/P ratio 는 약 3으로서 연구 해역에서의 주 한정 영양소가 질소임을 나타낸다. N/P removal ratio 는 12.54 ($r^2$ = 0.96) 이며 redfield ratio 와 근사하다. 질소약층 중 prirnary nitrite maximum은 식물플랑크톤의 분비로 형성되고 secondary nitrite maximum은 용존산소의 값이 5.2ml/l 이상인 연안 수역에서 나타냈다. 이 secondary maximum 형성의 기작은 용존산소의 값이 0.25 이하인 경우에 나타나는 다른 해역의 경우와는 달리 5.2ml/l 이상인 수역에서 관찰되어, 박테리아 활동에 의한 유기물질의 분해에 기인하는 것으로 보이나, 결론을 내리기에는 더 연구가 요망된다.