• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.141-147
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• 2017

Objective: We obtained force-displacement curves for countermovement jumps of multiple heights and examined the effect of an arm swing on changes in vertical jumping strategy. Countermovement jumps with hands on hips (Condition 1) and with an arm swing (Condition 2) were evaluated to investigate the mechanical effect of the arm movement on standing vertical jumps. We hypothesized that the ground reaction force (GRF) and/or center of mass (CoM) motion resulting from the countermovement action would significantly change depending on the use of an arm swing. Method: Eight healthy young subjects jumped straight up to five different levels ranging from approximately 10% (~25 cm) to 35% (~55 cm) of their body heights. Each subject performed five sets of jumps to five randomly ordered vertical elevations in each condition. For comparison of the two jumping strategies, the characteristics of the boundary point on the force-displacement curve, corresponding to the vertical GRF and the CoM displacement at the end of the countermovement action, were investigated to understand the role of arm movement. Results: Based on the comparison between the two conditions (with and without an arm swing), the subjects were grouped into type A and type B depending on the change observed in the boundary point across the five different jump heights. For both types (type A and type B) of vertical jumps, the initial vertical force at the start of push-off significantly changed when the subjects employed arm movement. Conclusion: The findings may imply that the jumping strategy does change with the inclusion of an arm swing, predominantly to modulate the vertical force advantage (i.e., the difference between the vertical force at the start of push-off and the body weight).

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.189-195
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• 2017

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of foot landing type (forefoot vs. rearfoot landing) on kinematics, kinetics, and energy absorption of hip, knee, and ankle joints. Method: Twenty-five healthy men performed single-leg landings with two different foot landing types: forefoot and rearfoot landing. A motion-capture system equipped with eight infrared cameras and a synchronized force plate embedded in the floor was used. Three-dimensional kinematic and kinetic parameters were compared using paired two-tailed Student's t-tests at a significance level of .05. Results: On initial contact, a greater knee flexion angle was shown during rearfoot landing (p < .001), but the lower knee flexion angle was found at peak vertical ground reaction force (GRF) (p < .001). On initial contact, ankles showed plantarflexion, inversion, and external rotation during forefoot landing, while dorsiflexion, eversion, and internal rotation were shown during rearfoot landing (p < .001, all). At peak vertical GRF, the knee extension moment and ankle plantarflexion moment were lower in rearfoot landing than in forefoot landing (p = .003 and p < .001, respectively). From initial contact to peak vertical GRF, the negative work of the hip, knee, and ankle joint was significantly reduced during rearfoot landing (p < .001, all). The contribution to the total work of the ankle joint was the greatest during forefoot landing, whereas the contribution to the total work of the hip joint was the greatest during rearfoot landing. Conclusion: These results suggest that the energy absorption strategy was changed during rearfoot landing compared with forefoot landing according to lower-extremity joint kinematics and kinetics.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.449-455
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• 2009

이 연구는 경력 7년 이상 6개월 동안 부상이 없는 오른손잡이 세미웨스턴 그립을 사용하는 남자 고등학교 테니스 선수 8명을 대상으로 수평 수직스윙 유형과 스퀘어 세미오픈 오픈 스탠스 유형에 따른 테니스 포핸드 스트로크의 하지에 대한 분석방법으로 포워드 스윙에서 임팩트까지 하지의 지면반력 양상을 밝히고자 지면반력 데이터와 운동학적 데이터를 이용한 역동역학적 프로그램을 이용한 분석 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 전후 지면반력은 스퀘어 세미오픈 스탠스에서 스윙유형에 관계없이 임팩트로 갈수록 왼다리에서 감소되었으며, 오픈 스탠스는 체중이 발끝으로 이동하여 지면반력이 증가한 것으로 나타났으며, 수직지면반력은 스퀘어 세미오픈 스탠스에서 스윙유형에 관계없이 임팩트로 갈수록 왼다리에서 증가되었으며, 오픈 스탠스는 체중이 수직 이동되어 지면반력이 감소되는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.29-35
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• 2018

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the asymmetry of vertical ground reaction force (GRF) components between dominant and non-dominant legs in rested and fatigued states in prolonged running. Method: Twenty healthy men, heel strikers, were included (age: $24.00{\pm}5.0years$; height: $176.1{\pm}6.0cm$; body mass: $69.0{\pm}6.0kg$) in this study. Subjects ran on an instrumented treadmill for 130 minutes. During treadmill running, GRF data (1,000 Hz) were collected for 20 strides at five minutes (rested) and 125 minutes (fatigued) running while they were unaware of collecting data. Asymmetry indexes (ASI) were calculated to quantify the asymmetry magnitude in rested and fatigued states. Paired t-test was used to verify the differences between dominant and non-dominant legs in rested and fatigued states. In addition, one-way repeated measure analysis of variance was applied for comparison of ASI of both states. The level of significance was set at p < .05. Results: Passive force peak magnitude, loading rate, and impulse affecting the development of running injury were found significantly greater in dominant leg than in non-dominant leg at rested state (p < .05). However, passive force peak time and active force peak magnitude were found significantly different between legs in fatigued state (p < .05). To determine changes in percentage of asymmetry between legs in both states, ASI was used. ASI for all variables increased in fatigued state; however, no significant differences were found between both states. Conclusion: This study found that fatigue did not affect differences in vertical GRF between dominant and non-dominant legs and asymmetry changes.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.17-24
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• 2012

This study is for providing fundamental data of sport biomechanics in GRF & plantar pressure of stepping foot of skilled & unskilled players' at the soccer instep shooting moments. Wearing Pedar-x of Novel, the study has drawn the following conclusion after measuring and analyzing the impact on the GRF and plantar pressure of stepping foot at the instep shooting moments. First, maximum vertical GRF showed higher in the skilled group than in the unskilled group. The results showed significantly different. This study reached the conclusion that the players in the skilled group performed faster and stronger stepping foot motions that the ones in the unskilled(p<.01). Second, since the plantar pressure of the skilled group appeared significantly higher than that of the unskilled, it has brought us to the conclusion that the skilled group performed faster and stronger stepping foot motions than the unskilled group (p<.05). Third, at the moment of instep kicking, the skilled group's average maximum plantar foot pressure of stepping foot was higher than the unskilled. Though the difference was not statistically significant, it can be concluded that the skilled group performed faster and stronger stepping foot motions than the unskilled group(p>.05). Fourth, for the COP moving route of stepping foot while instep kicking, the skilled people performed accurate and strong shooting motions directly toward the target direction with stable postures, no matter how it's left, right, front or back.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.57-65
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• 2010

Korean traditional martial arts Taekkyon has a unique stepping method, Poombalbki. The purpose of this study was to investigate kinematic factors and ground reaction forces on two types of Poombalbki, one of which use knee bending and the other use chiefly hip bending. Six male taekkyoners who are the students of Y University participated in this study. Positions and velocities of CoM, the elapsed times of each phase, angles and angular velocities of low limb joints, and GRFs were analyzed for this study. The results were as follows; CoMs of whole body, trunk, and head were more posteriorly positioned in performing hip bending Poombalbki than knee bending one. Horizontal velocities of those were slower in performing hip bending Poombalbki. A player stayed more shortly within range of his opponent in performing hip bending Poombalbki. The vertical and horizontal components of GRF of forward-stepping foot were smaller in performing hip bending Poombalbki(p<.05). In conclusion hip bending is useful strategy, because A player is farther from his opponent, he stayed more shortly within range of his opponent, and the smaller weight is loaded on his front foot in performing hip bending Poombalbki than knee bending one.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.237-242
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was (a) to develop carbon nanotube-based shock absorbers for reducing potentially harmful impact forces and excessive foot pronation, and (b) to briefly determine how the effects of carbon nanotube-based shock absorbers on biomechanical variance during drop landing. A university student(age: 24.0 yrs, height: 176.2 cm, weight: 679.5 N) who has no musculoskeletal disorder was recruited as the subject. Hardness, specific gravity, tensile strength, elongation, 100% modulus, tear strength, split tear strength, compression set, resilience, vertical GRF, and loading rate were determined for each material. For each dependent variable, a descriptive statistics was used for different conditions. The property test results showed that tensile strength, tear strength, split tear strength, compression set, and resilience in carbon nanotube-based shock absorbers were greater than general Ethylene Vinyl Acetate(EVA). These indicated that resistance against variable strength in developed carbon nanotube-based shock absorbers were greater than general EVA. In vertical GRF of CNTC was less than those of EVA during drop landing and loading rate of CNTC was greater than EVA. It seems that the use of CNT can be a effective way of reducing and controlling shock from impact.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.277-285
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• 2014

Nakcyguri is one of the offensive weapons most often used in Taekkyon games, The purpose of this study was to investigate kinetic factors on two types of Nakcyguri, one of which uses hip bending and the other uses little it. 12 taekkyoners (males) who are the students of Y University participated in this study. They have been practicing on Taekkyon for five years or more. Positions of CoM, the elapsed time of each phase, ROM of joint and segment angles, ground reaction forces, joint moments of supporting leg were analyzed for this study. The results were as follows; in Nakcyguri with hip bending than without hip bending, anterior/posterior ROM of pelvis, head and swing foot were larger by flexing-extending more, and both vertical and posterior components of GRF were larger during phase 4. It was considered that hip bending produced posterior momentum as well as vertical momentum of trunk during Nakcyguri. In conclusion hip bending was essential and so useful to the successful attack.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.129-137
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of a 12-week aquatic exercise on obstacle gait in older women. Originally, 20 healthy female elderly participated this study but 12 of them completed the program. All participants were trained in the aquatic exercise program by an authorized trainer. They had come to the authors' lab three times during training period(0, 6, 12 weeks) and performed obstacle gait with three different height(0, 30, and 50% of leg length). After performed 3-Dimensional motion analysis following results were found. (1) For the CV, MVHC, TC, HC, statistically significances were shown in obstacle height. Although significant training effects were not shown, all variables showed typical patterns and it was considered as efficient motion to overcome the height obstacles. (2) The anterior-posterior and vertical GRF of support leg during support phase were revealed in height effect but in training one. However, differences between Peak 1 and Peak 2 in vertical GRF increased as training period increased. (3) Knee and hip resultant joint moments were affected by training but ankle resultant moments remained unchanged.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.407-414
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of taping-tape with or without using spiral taping on vertical jump. The subjects for this study were about 20 years old healthy male college students without muscloskeletal diseases. Data for EMG activity and Ground Reaction Force(GRF) were estimated at three knee angles(i.e., 45, 90 & full degree). As a result, there was no statistical significance in max GRF at 90 and full degree regardless of spiral taping-tape. On the other hand, statistical significance was found when vertically jumping at 45 degree knee angle(p<.05). All the data for EMG activity at the three knee angles were not statistically significant, but there was a trend for a decrease in average EMG activity in elector spinae & Medial gastrocnemius at 90 degree knee angle. Based on these data, initial flexor action of knee was stabilized with spiral taping-tape when vertically jumping, resulting in improved muscular activity in Medial gastrocnemius. In conclusion, taping technique for jumping ability associated muscles like quadriceps is also required to develop.