• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.114-120
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• 1997

Frequencies and the types of abnormal vertebrae in the juvenile of five cyprinid fishes collected from the Kumho River during 1995 and 1996 were examined. Types of vertebral anomalies in investigated species were spinal curvature, fused vertebrae, helical sutures of cetera and abnormal vertebrae with one or two additional spines. The frequencies and the types of vertebral anomalies were different among the species. Of all the examined species, the type with one or two additional spines showed the highest frequencies, 11.72~12.11%. The frequencies of fused vertebrae was 4.45~7.68%. Thes two types of vertebral anomalies were observed in all species. Among the several types of fused vertebrae, the frequencies of double fused vertebrae were higher than those of other types. Also, the incidence of fused vertebrae located in the caudal region of vertebral column was much higher than that in other regions. The percentages of spinal curvature and helical sutures of vertebrae in the investigated species were 0.02~0.15% and 0.02%, respectively. Among the examined specimens, vertebral anomalies include fused vertebrae and one or two additional spines were shown in the three species, Korean slender gudgeon (Squalidus gracilis majimae), False dace (Pseudorasbora parva) and Crucian carp (Carassius auratus). In addition to the two vertebral anomalies, spinal curvature was shown in the Korean gudgeon (Squalidus chankaensis tsuchigae). Dark chub (Zacco temmincki) had fused vertebrae, one or two additional spines, spinal curvature, and helical sutures of vertebrae. This species has the most variable vertebral anomalies. Frequencies of fused vertebrae and one or two additional spines in the all tested fishes were not related with their standard lengths measured. However, spinal curvature and helical sutures of vertebrae were shown only in the specimens smaller than 20mm in standard length.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.127-133
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• 2021

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the correlation between body size traits, carcass traits, and primal cuts in Hanwoo steers. Methods: Sixty-one beef carcasses were classified for conformation and primal cut weight. Additionally, carcass weight, fat thickness, carcass dimensions, and longissimus muscle area were determined to complement the grading. Results: The average live weight and cold carcass weight were 759 and 469 kg, respectively. The mean carcass meat, fat, and bone proportions were 551, 298, and 151 g/kg, respectively. Primal cuts weights showed significant positive correlations (p<0.001) of 0.42 to 0.82 with live weight, carcass weight, and longissimus muscle area and a significant negative correlation with carcass fat (without shank, -0.38 to -0.10). Primal cut weights were positively correlated (p<0.01) with carcass length (0.41 to 0.77), forequarter length (0.33 to 0.57), 6th lumbar vertebrae-heel length (0.33 to 0.59), 7th cervical vertebrae carcass breadth (0.35 to 0.58), 5th to 6th thoracic vertebrae breadth (0.36 to 0.65), 7th to 8th thoracic vertebrae girth (0.38 to 0.63), and coxae girth (0.34 to 0.56) and non-significantly related to cervical vertebrae length and coxae thickness. Conclusion: There was a high correlation among live weight, carcass weight, longissimus muscle area, carcass length, 7th cervical vertebrae carcass breadth, 5th to 6th thoracic vertebrae breadth, and 7th to 8th thoracic vertebrae girth of the primal cuts yield. The correlation between fat and primal cut yields was highly significant and negative. Carcass length and 7th to 8th thoracic vertebrae girth, appear to be the most important traits affecting primal cut yields.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.259-263
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• 2000

Purpose: Upper cervical vertebrae are commonly imaged together with the jaw bones in panoramic radiography. There have been many studies investigating the possible role of mandible as an indicator of osteoporosis. But the result doesn't show unanimity. This study measured bone densities of mandible and second and third cervical vertebrae to find out any relationship between these two areas. These results may contribute in panorama being used as a screening method in detecting possible osteoporotic patient. Materials and Methods: Randomly selected 226 digitized panoramic images with cervical vertebrae shadows from 156 dental patients between 5 to 80 years of age were used. And the bone densities of second and third cervical vertebrae, apical areas of first and second mandibular molars and interdental areas were measured. The bone density measurements were restricted to the cancellous bone and the average and standard deviations and paired t-tests were done to each measurements. Results: All the measurements were statistically significantly related. The best relationship was found between the third cervical vertebrae and first and second mandibular apical areas. The average and standard deviations of the measured bone density ratios of these areas were 1.20±0.45 and 1.34±0.48 each. Conclusion: Patients whose panoramic bone density of the third cervical vertebrae are much below those of mandibular first or second molar apical areas may have osteoporosis.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.854-862
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• 2013

The number of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae is known to be an unfixed trait among mammals. This study focused on the relationship between numerical variations of cervical (CER), thoracic (THO), and lumbar (LUM) vertebrae and the total number of vertebrae (TNV) and carcass traits in Jejunative black pigs (JBPs), Landrace pigs, and their intercrossed $F_2$ population. There were no numerical variations in CER vertebrae. On the other hand, the numbers of THO and LUM vertebrae and the TNV varied in all three populations. Of the traits investigated in the three populations, only the means${\pm}$SE of the LUM vertebrae did not show statistical significance (p>0.05). The carcass weights (CW), meat color (MC), marbling score (MS), backfat thickness (BFT), carcass length (CLE), THO vertebrae, and TNV all showed statistical significance (p<0.05). The JBP had 14-16 THO vertebrae, 5-6 LUM vertebrae, and 27-29 TNV. The Landrace pigs had 15-16 THO vertebrae, 5-7 LUM vertebrae, and 28-29 TNV. The $F_2$ population had 14-17 THO vertebrae, 5-7 LUM vertebrae, and 27-30 TNV. In the F2 population, increased numbers of THO vertebrae and TNV were associated with a significant increase in the CW, CLE, and BFT (p<0.05). In particular, the increase in the TNV was caused by an increase in the number of THO rather than LUM vertebrae. Although the animals with a greater number of THO and TNV had thicker backfat, they had a longer CLE and a heavier CW. Both these traits are economically more important than the level of backfat when determining the productivity level. These results suggest that genetic selection to increase the number of vertebrae, especially in Landrace pigs, JBPs, and their related populations, may be an excellent strategy for improving productivity.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.28-35
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• 2009

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between menarche and cervical vertebral maturation. Methods: Lateral cephalograms of 67 young korean girls within the range of 1 year before or after their menarche were gathered. The concavity of the cervical vertebrae base and the ratio of the base length to the 3rd and 4th cervical vertebrae anterior height were measured and analyzed. Results: The mean measured values were as follows, concavity of the 3rd cervical vertebrae base: 1.27(${\pm}0.18$) mm, concavity of the 4th cervical vertebrae base: 1.06(${\pm}0.15$) mm, ratio of the base length to the 3rd cervical vertebrae anterior height: 0.73(${\pm}0.06$) and ratio of the base length to the 4th cervical vertebrae anterior height: 0.70(${\pm}0.05$). There was a significant increase in the ratio of the base length to the 3rd vertebrae anterior height and the base concavity of the 3rd and 4th cervical vertebrae during the period of 1 year before to 1 year after their menarche. Conclusions: These characteristics of the 3rd and 4th cervical vertebrae on the lateral cephalogram can provide useful clues on evaluating the growth stage.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.157-168
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• 1990

This study was undertaken to investigate the interrelationships between the degrees of skeletal maturity of cervical vertebrae and the hand-and-wrist in skeletal Class III malocclusions. In 185 skeletal Class III malocclusions (male 62, female 123) having the lateral cephalogram and hand-wrist radiogram which were taken on the same day, 6 skeletal maturity stages of cervical vertebrae were compared with 11 skeletal maturity indicators of the hand-and-wrist. On the basis of findings of this study, the following results were obtained: 1. The stages of cervical vertebral maturity are one of the methods possible to assess the individual maturity. 2. Mean ages of male and female were obtained in each cervical vertebral stage. 3. Cervical vertebral stages 1 and 2 are considered to the accelerative growth phase, cervical vertebral stages 3 and 4 are corresponded to the peak height velocity, and cervical vertebral stages 5 and 6 were observed to occur during the decelerative phase of growth after peak height velocity in both sexes. 4. In cervical vertebral stages 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, the degrees of skeletal maturity of cervical vertebrae in males were more retarded than females. 5. There was the high correlation between the degrees of skeletal maturity of cervical vertebrae and hand-and-wrist.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.341-344
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• 2015

A 4-day-old, male Poodle dog was presented with dull, depressed and exhausted activity after the birth. On physical examination, the puppy showed arthrogryposis, muscular atrophy and no movement of hindlimbs. Palpation on dorsum revealed an absence of lumbar and sacral vertebrae. On prenatal and postnatal radiography, lumbar vertebrae, sacrum and coccygeal vertebrae were not visualized. On ultrasonography, bilateral kidney and urinary bladder were observed. On computed tomography, there were no apparent abnormalities in the forelimbs, cervical vertebrae or head, while lumbar vertebrae, sacrum and coccygeal vertebrae were not observed. At necropsy examination, the liver, stomach, intestine, kidney and urinary bladder were normal. This congenital anomaly was consistent with Perosomus elumbis. Perosomus elumbis in dogs is a rare condition of unknown etiology. In this report, Perosomus elumbis was evaluated with radiography, ultrasound and computed tomography.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.61 no.1
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• pp.114-119
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• 2018

Objective : The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of screw fixation in previously augmented vertebrae with bone cement. We also investigated the influence of cement distribution pattern on the surgical technique. Methods : Fourteen patients who required screw fixation at the level of the previous percutaneous vertebroplasty or balloon kyphoplasty were enrolled in this study. The indications for screw fixation in the previously augmented vertebrae with bone cement included delayed complications, such as cement dislodgement, cement leakage with neurologic deficits, and various degenerative spinal diseases, such as spondylolisthesis or foraminal stenosis. Clinical outcomes, including pain scale scores, cement distribution pattern, and procedure-related complications were assessed. Results : Three patients underwent posterior screw fixation in previously cemented vertebrae due to cement dislodgement or progressive kyphosis. Three patients required posterior screw fixation for cement leakage or displacement of fracture fragments with neurologic deficits. Eight patients underwent posterior screw fixation due to various degenerative spinal diseases. It was possible to insert screws in the previously augmented vertebrae regardless of the cement distribution pattern; however, screw insertion was more difficult and changed directions in the patients with cemented vertebrae exhibiting a solid pattern rather than a trabecular pattern. All patients showed significant improvements in pain compared with the preoperative levels, and no patient experienced neurologic deterioration as seen at the final follow-up. Conclusion : For patients with vertebrae previously augmented with bone cement, posterior screw fixation is not a contraindication, but is a feasible option.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.645-653
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• 1998

Twenty seven species of pufferfishes (family Tetraoaontidae) have been examined to find their generic characters based on vertebrae and pterygiophore characters of specimens collected in 20 localities along the coast of Korea from March, 1991 to March, 1994. It was divided by 3 groups based on vertebrae number as follow : the genera Lagocephalus, Pleurancanthus, Spheoides, Arothron, Chelonoeon and Canthigaster have 17$\~$19 vertebrae, genera Ephippion, Boesemanichthys and Feroxodon have 20 vertebrae, and genus Takifugu have 19$\~$25 vertebrae, The number of vertebrae ranged from 17 to 25 with the maximum of 25 in Takifugu obscurus. The modal number of vertebrae in Lagocephalus is 17 (L. lunaris), 18 (L. inermis), and 19 (L. gloveri, L. wheeleri, L. larigatus), with the lower number more specialized. Paired neural spines appear at number of the 1st$\~$5th vertebrae in Takifugu pardalis, Takifugu obscurus and at number of the 1 st$\~$4 th vertebrae in the other species and genera. All of the species of Lagocephalus and Pleurancanthus have dorsal and ventral pterygiophores processes, and flat-shaped epural, while none of the abdominal vertebrae processes complete haemal arches. The neural and haemal spines of the last few caudal vertebrae aye shorter in Pleurancanthus than in the other genera, associated with the depressed caudal peduncle. The genus Canthigaster is distinguished the first pterygiophores of the dorsal and ventral fins is always much larger than the others genera. Based on the haemal arches and spines of the abdominal vertebrae, genus Canthigaster has different characters from the other genera of the family Tetraodontidae.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.350-354
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• 2005

Objective : The aim of this study is to assess the immediate and long-term efficacy of percutaneous vertebroplasty for treating painful vertebral osteoporotic fractures. Methods : A retrospective review of 149patients who had undergone 167 vertebroplasty procedures for osteoporotic fractures was performed. Clinical, radiologic, and procedural datas were analyzed as parameters of prognostic significance, including age, sex, bone marrow density score, symptom duration, bone cement filling grade, number of fractured vertebrae, compression grade of vertebrae, leakage of bone cement, volume of bone cement injected and complications. Results : In 158 of the 167 procedures assessed, immediate pain relief was obtained [94.6%]. The extent of collapse of the vertebral body was assessed as a parameter for prognostic significance [p=0.015]. Three months postoperatively, no improvement of the pain was observed in four of the 167 procedures that had undergone the vertebroplasty [2%]. At long-term follow-up, the improvement of pain was not correlated with the compression grade of vertebrae [p=0.420]. Conclusion : The immediate outcome of vertebroplasty are less effective in vertebrae more collapsed.