• 대한교통학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.109-123
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• 2005

본 논문에서는 지방부 간선도로에서 제공되는 단속류 구간통행시간 정보의 체계적인 수집 분석을 위해 현재 일부 국도에서 운영중인 차량번호판 매칭방식 AVI(자동차량인식장치 : Automated Vehicle Indentification)로부터 수집된 자료의 적합성분석 및 단속류 구간통행시간 자료의 적정집락간격(optimal aggregation interval)산정을 위한 통계적 결정방법을 연구하였다. 연구결과 차량번호판 매칭방식 AVI 수집자료는 통과위주의 대표차로상에서만 수집되기 때문에 차로간의 속도차가 크게 나타나는 단속류 구간에서는 전차로에 대한 통행시간 수집자료와 교통특성에 차이가 있으므로 현재의 차량번호판 매칭방식 ANI 표본수집 자료를 통해 산출된 구간통행기간을 구간의 대표값으로 적용하는 데에는 문제가 있어 이에 대한 추가적인 검토가 필요하다는 결론을 얻었다. 그리고, 단속류 구간의 통행시간 정보제공을 위한 수집자료의 적정집락간격 결정방법으로 점추정과 구간추정방법을 적용하여 모형을 개발하고, 이 모형을 적용한 결과 점추정모형이 구간추정모형보다 집락간격결정에 민감하고 보다 정확한 적정집락간격 선정이 가능한 것으로 밝혀졌으며, 단속류 구간의 적정집락간격은 5분으로 산정되어 현재 적용되고 있는 단속류 구간 5분 집락간격은 적정한 것으로 판단된다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.617-629
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• 2007

To ensure the microbiological safety of food items prepared after cooking process, this study was aimed to identify the hazards related with cooked foods donated to foodbanks through quantitative microbial analysis. Five foodbanks located in Incheon and Gyeonggi area among government-dominant foodbanks were surveyed from February to June, 2007. Manager, recipient, donator, type and quantity of donated foot and facility and equipment were examined for the general characteristics of foodbank. The time and temperature of food md environment were measured at steps from after-production to before-distribution, and the microbial analysis was performed mainly with indicator organism and major pathogens. The amount of cooked foods donated to each foodbank was about 20 to 30 servings and consisted of 80% of total donated foods. Only three foodbanks had separate offices for foodbank operation and four institutions had at least one temperature-controlled vehicle. The flow of donated foods was gone through the steps; production, meal service and holding at donator, collection by foodbank, transport (or holding after transport) and distribution to recipients. It took about 3.8 to 6.5 hours at room temperature from after-production to before-distribution. Only aerobic plate counts (APC) and coliforms were found in microbial analysis. The APC after production were relatively high in $8.2{\times}10^5,\;7.4{\times}10^5,\;6.9{\times}10^5$ and $4.2{\times}10^5 CFU/g$ while $2.8{\times}10^6, \;9.4{\times}10^5,\;1.0{\times}10^6$ and $5.4{\times}10^5CFU/g$ before distribution in mixed Pimpinella brachycarpa, mixed chard mixed amaranth and mixed spinach, respectively. The levels of coliforms in mixed chard and mixed spinach were complied with the standards of the Ministry of Education and Human Resources Management The level of APC in boiled pork was increased from $< 1.0{\times}10 CFU/g$ to $4.0{\times}10^2 CFU/g$. One of delivery vessels was shown $6.2{\times}10^3 CFU/100 cm^2$ in APC, which was over the standards for environment. One of serving tables also showed the high level of $1.2{\times}10^3 CFU/100 cm^2$ in APC and $6.6{\times}10^2 CFU/100 cm^2$ in coliforms. These results suggest the sanitary management of holding at donator and the time-temperature control are key factors to ensure the safety of cooked foods donated to foodbank.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.468-476
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• 2019

본 연구는 전술차량에 적용된 FRP 구조물의 품질문제 해소 및 예방을 위한 강도개선 방안에 대한 것이다. 소형전술차량은 후드조립체와 후방밴 조립체 등에 FRP 소재를 적용하여 전체적인 차량의 여유중량(공차중량)을 확보하였다. 그러나 FRP가 갖는 태생적인 한계로 인해 접합부 균열과 같은 초기 품질문제가 다수 발생되었다. 더구나, 후드조립체는 개발 시 고려한 조건과 다른 비정상적인 조건으로 운용됨을 확인하였다. 이러한 비정상적인 조건으로 장기간 장비 운용 시 해당 부품의 내구수명 저하가 우려되었다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 이러한 FRP 구조물의 문제점에 대한 개선과 운용개념 변화에 따른 설계 안전율 추가 확보를 위한 굴곡강도 향상을 목표로 적층구조 최적화를 수행하였다. 그 결과, 접합부는 FRP 소재 적층수를 증가시킴으로써 후드조립체와 후방밴 조립체의 굴곡강도가 각각 8.1배, 1.5배 개선되었다. 또한, 후드조립체의 모재 부위는 FRP 적층구조 최적화를 통해 굴곡강도 1.4배 향상시켰으며, 그 결과 비정상 운용조건에 대한 내구수명 확보 및 한계하중 1.7배 개선효과를 확인하였다.

• 정보처리학회논문지:소프트웨어 및 데이터공학
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.133-142
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• 2021

최근 딥러닝은 하드웨어 성능이 향상됨에 따라 자연어 처리, 영상 인식 등의 다양한 기술에 접목되어 활용되고 있다. 이러한 기술들을 활용해 지능형 교통 시스템(ITS), 스마트홈, 헬스케어 등의 산업분야에서 데이터를 분석하여 고속도로 속도위반 차량 검출, 에너지 사용량 제어, 응급상황 등과 같은 고품질의 서비스를 제공하며, 고품질의 서비스를 제공하기 위해서는 정확도가 향상된 딥러닝 모델이 적용되어야 한다. 이를 위해 서비스 환경의 데이터를 분석하기 위한 딥러닝 모델을 개발할 때, 개발자는 신뢰성이 검증된 최신의 딥러닝 모델을 적용할 수 있어야 한다. 이는 개발자가 참조하는 딥러닝 모델에 적용된 학습 데이터셋의 정확도를 측정하여 검증할 수 있다. 이러한 검증을 위해서 개발자는 학습 데이터셋, 딥러닝의 계층구조 및 개발 환경 등과 같은 내용을 포함하는 딥러닝 모델을 문서화하여 적용하기 위한 구조적인 정보가 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 신뢰성있는 딥러닝 기반 데이터 분석 모델을 참조하기 위한 딥러닝 기술 언어를 제안한다. 제안하는 기술 언어는 신뢰성 있는 딥러닝 모델을 개발하는데 필요한 학습데이터셋, 개발 환경 및 설정 등의 정보와 더불어 딥러닝 모델의 계층구조를 표현할 수 있다. 제안하는 딥러닝 기술 언어를 이용하여 개발자는 지능형 교통 시스템에서 참조하는 분석 모델의 정확도를 검증할 수 있다. 실험에서는 제안하는 언어의 유효성을 검증하기 위해, 번호판 인식 모델을 중심으로 딥러닝 기술 문서의 적용과정을 보인다.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제25권9호
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• pp.45-55
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• 2009

철도 토공노반의 품질은 현장 밀도나 평판재하시험을 통해 관리되어 왔다. 현재 지반반력계수($k_{30}$)의 경우 일반철도와 고속철도의 설계기준으로도 사용되기 때문에 설계와 품질관리에서 일관성을 갖는다. 그럼에도 불구하고 지반반력계수($k_{30}$), 또는 반복평판재하시험의 결과인 변형계수($E_{v2}$)와 변형계수의 비($E_{v2}/E_{v1}$) 같은 설계인자에 대해 간편한 실내기준 설정 방법이 없어 설계과정의 치명적인 결함으로 남는다. 본 예비연구에서는 이러한 단점을 극복하고자 최근 개발된 철도 토공노반의 역학적-경험적 설계 방법에도 합당한 새로운 품질관리 기준으로 압축파 속도를 도입하였고 계측 기법을 제안하였다. 품질관리 방안의 핵심은 다짐시험과 병행하여 획득한 최적함수비에서의 압축파 속도를 현장의 품질관리 기준으로 설정하고 현장에서는 시공 중에 직접도달파 기법으로 품질을 확인하는 것이다. 직접도달파 기법은 현장의 기술자가 지표면 얕은 깊이의 균질한 층에서 간편하게 적용할 수 있고 저림하며 결과의 신뢰성이 높다. 시험 부지에서 직접도달파 시험으로부터 계측한 압축파 속도가 다짐도에 따라 식별 가능한지 확인하였고, 품질관리 지표로서 압축파 속도를 효과적으로 적용할 수 있음을 입증하였다. 본 논문의 현장 및 실내 압축파 계측을 통해 동반논문(박철수 등, 2009)에서 수행할 실험적 토대를 마련하였다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.785-804
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• 1997

It was well known that calcium sulfate was biocompatible, resorbed rapidly in the body, had potential as a good barrier membrane. Platelet-derived growth factor(PDGF) was one of polypeptide growth factor that had been reported as a biological mediator which regulates activities of wound healing process including the cell proliferation, migration and metabolism. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a combination of calcium sulfate and PDGF on periodontal ligament cells in vitro to use as a regeneration promoting agent of periodontal tissue. Human periodontal ligament cells were prepared from the premolar tooth extracted for the orthodontic treatment. Cells were cultured in ${\alpha}-MEM$ contained with 20% FBS, at the $37^{\circ}C$, 100% of humidity, 5% $Co_2$ incubator. Cells were inoculated and cultured into 96 well culture plate with $1{\times}10^4cells/well$ of ${\alpha}-MEM$ for 1 day. After discarding the medium, those cells were cultured in ${\alpha}-MEM$ contained with 10% FBS alone(control group), in calcium sulfate(calcium sulfate group), in calcium sulfate treated with 15ng/ml of PDGF-BB(calcium sulfate+PDGF group), in ${\alpha}-MEM$ contained with 10% FBS treated with 15ng/ml of PDGF-BB(PDGF group) for 1, 2, 3 day respectively. And then each group was characterized by examining of the cell counting, MTT assay, collagen synthesis. The results were as follows. 1. In the analysis of cell proliferation by cell counting, both calcium sulfate group and calcium sulfate plus PDGF group showed no stastically significant difference compared to control group, but there was stastically significant difference between PDGF group and calcium sulfate group at 1, 2 day(P<0.05). 2. In the analysis of cell proliferation by MTT assay in calcium sulfate extracts, both calcium sulfate group and calcium sulfate plus PDGF group showed no stastically significant difference compared to control group, but there was stastically significant difference between PDGF group and calcium sulfate group at 2, 3 day, and between calcium sulfate plus PDGF group and calcium sulfate group at 2 day(P

• E2M - 전기 전자와 첨단 소재
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• 제12권7호
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• pp.7-11
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• 1999

Fully sealed field emission display in size of 4.5 inch has been fabricated using single-wall carbon nanotubes-organic vehicle com-posite. The fabricated display were fully scalable at low temperature below 415$^{\circ}C$ and CNTs were vertically aligned using paste squeeze and surface rubbing techniques. The turn-on fields of 1V/${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ and field emis-sion current of 1.5mA at 3V/${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ (J=90${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$/$\textrm{cm}^2$)were observed. Brightness of 1800cd/$m^2$ at 3.7V/${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ was observed on the entire area of 4.5-inch panel from the green phosphor-ITO glass. The fluctuation of the current was found to be about 7% over a 4.5-inch cath-ode area. This reliable result enables us to produce large area full-color flat panel dis-play in the near future. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted much attention because of their unique elec-trical properties and their potential applica-tions [1, 2]. Large aspect ratio of CNTs together with high chemical stability. ther-mal conductivity, and high mechanical strength are advantageous for applications to the field emitter [3]. Several results have been reported on the field emissions from multi-walled nanotubes (MWNTs) and single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) grown from arc discharge [4, 5]. De Heer et al. have reported the field emission from nan-otubes aligned by the suspension-filtering method. This approach is too difficult to be fully adopted in integration process. Recently, there have been efforts to make applications to field emission devices using nanotubes. Saito et al. demonstrated a car-bon nanotube-based lamp, which was oper-ated at high voltage (10KV) [8]. Aproto-type diode structure was tested by the size of 100mm $\times$ 10mm in vacuum chamber [9]. the difficulties arise from the arrangement of vertically aligned nanotubes after the growth. Recently vertically aligned carbon nanotubes have been synthesized using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition(CVD) [6, 7]. Yet, control of a large area synthesis is still not easily accessible with such approaches. Here we report integra-tion processes of fully sealed 4.5-inch CNT-field emission displays (FEDs). Low turn-on voltage with high brightness, and stabili-ty clearly demonstrate the potential applica-bility of carbon nanotubes to full color dis-plays in near future. For flat panel display in a large area, car-bon nanotubes-based field emitters were fabricated by using nanotubes-organic vehi-cles. The purified SWNTs, which were syn-thesized by dc arc discharge, were dispersed in iso propyl alcohol, and then mixed with on organic binder. The paste of well-dis-persed carbon nanotubes was squeezed onto the metal-patterned sodalime glass throuhg the metal mesh of 20${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in size and subse-quently heat-treated in order to remove the organic binder. The insulating spacers in thickness of 200${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ are inserted between the lower and upper glasses. The Y\ulcornerO\ulcornerS:Eu, ZnS:Cu, Al, and ZnS:Ag, Cl, phosphors are electrically deposited on the upper glass for red, green, and blue colors, respectively. The typical sizes of each phosphor are 2~3 micron. The assembled structure was sealed in an atmosphere of highly purified Ar gas by means of a glass frit. The display plate was evacuated down to the pressure level of 1$\times$10\ulcorner Torr. Three non-evaporable getters of Ti-Zr-V-Fe were activated during the final heat-exhausting procedure. Finally, the active area of 4.5-inch panel with fully sealed carbon nanotubes was pro-duced. Emission currents were character-ized by the DC-mode and pulse-modulating mode at the voltage up to 800 volts. The brightness of field emission was measured by the Luminance calorimeter (BM-7, Topcon).

• 한국추진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국추진공학회 2011년도 제36회 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.1-2
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• 2011

Hybrid rockets have lately attracted attention as a strong candidate of small, low cost, safe and reliable launch vehicles. A significant topic is that the first commercially sponsored space ship, SpaceShipOne vehicle chose a hybrid rocket. The main factors for the choice were safety of operation, system cost, quick turnaround, and thrust termination. In Japan, five universities including Hokkaido University and three private companies organized "Hybrid Rocket Research Group" from 1998 to 2002. Their main purpose was to downsize the cost and scale of rocket experiments. In 2002, UNISEC (University Space Engineering Consortium) and HASTIC (Hokkaido Aerospace Science and Technology Incubation Center) took over the educational and R&D rocket activities respectively and the research group dissolved. In 2008, JAXA/ISAS and eleven universities formed "Hybrid Rocket Research Working Group" as a subcommittee of the Steering Committee for Space Engineering in ISAS. Their goal is to demonstrate technical feasibility of lowcost and high frequency launches of nano/micro satellites into sun-synchronous orbits. Hybrid rockets use a combination of solid and liquid propellants. Usually the fuel is in a solid phase. A serious problem of hybrid rockets is the low regression rate of the solid fuel. In single port hybrids the low regression rate below 1 mm/s causes large L/D exceeding a hundred and small fuel loading ratio falling below 0.3. Multi-port hybrids are a typical solution to solve this problem. However, this solution is not the mainstream in Japan. Another approach is to use high regression rate fuels. For example, a fuel regression rate of 4 mm/s decreases L/D to around 10 and increases the loading ratio to around 0.75. Liquefying fuels such as paraffins are strong candidates for high regression fuels and subject of active research in Japan too. Nakagawa et al. in Tokai University employed EVA (Ethylene Vinyl Acetate) to modify viscosity of paraffin based fuels and investigated the effect of viscosity on regression rates. Wada et al. in Akita University employed LTP (Low melting ThermoPlastic) as another candidate of liquefying fuels and demonstrated high regression rates comparable to paraffin fuels. Hori et al. in JAXA/ISAS employed glycidylazide-poly(ethylene glycol) (GAP-PEG) copolymers as high regression rate fuels and modified the combustion characteristics by changing the PEG mixing ratio. Regression rate improvement by changing internal ballistics is another stream of research. The author proposed a new fuel configuration named "CAMUI" in 1998. CAMUI comes from an abbreviation of "cascaded multistage impinging-jet" meaning the distinctive flow field. A CAMUI type fuel grain consists of several cylindrical fuel blocks with two ports in axial direction. The port alignment shifts 90 degrees with each other to make jets out of ports impinge on the upstream end face of the downstream fuel block, resulting in intense heat transfer to the fuel. Yuasa et al. in Tokyo Metropolitan University employed swirling injection method and improved regression rates more than three times higher. However, regression rate distribution along the axis is not uniform due to the decay of the swirl strength. Aso et al. in Kyushu University employed multi-swirl injection to solve this problem. Combinations of swirling injection and paraffin based fuel have been tried and some results show very high regression rates exceeding ten times of conventional one. High fuel regression rates by new fuel, new internal ballistics, or combination of them require faster fuel-oxidizer mixing to maintain combustion efficiency. Nakagawa et al. succeeded to improve combustion efficiency of a paraffin-based fuel from 77% to 96% by a baffle plate. Another effective approach some researchers are trying is to use an aft-chamber to increase residence time. Better understanding of the new flow fields is necessary to reveal basic mechanisms of regression enhancement. Yuasa et al. visualized the combustion field in a swirling injection type motor. Nakagawa et al. observed boundary layer combustion of wax-based fuels. To understand detailed flow structures in swirling flow type hybrids, Sawada et al. (Tohoku Univ.), Teramoto et al. (Univ. of Tokyo), Shimada et al. (ISAS), and Tsuboi et al. (Kyushu Inst. Tech.) are trying to simulate the flow field numerically. Main challenges are turbulent reaction, stiffness due to low Mach number flow, fuel regression model, and other non-steady phenomena. Oshima et al. in Hokkaido University simulated CAMUI type flow fields and discussed correspondence relation between regression distribution of a burning surface and the vortex structure over the surface.