• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.61-67
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• 2002

This study was conducted to clarify the characteristics of bird community and habita types in Mangyeong River area from Aug. 1999 to Jun. 2000. Paddy field was the most dominant land use type. Water area, mudiflat. shrub field, urban area and green house wee also dominant land use types in study area Eighty-eight bird species were recorded during study period. Maxiamum number of species and individuals were shown as 58 species and 7,084 individuals in Oct. and Jan. respecitvely. There were low number of diving ducks and clumped pattem of waterfowl distribution of bird community in Mangyeong River area. Dabbing ducks distributed at upper reaches near Samrye Bridge, and plovers and sandpipers at lower reaches near estuary. Those results suggest that creation of pools over one meter water-depth and restoration of paddy field freld into riparian zone with diverse shrubs are required to imcrease th bird diversity in the Mangyeong rived.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.241-247
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• 2015

A participatory approach of local stakeholders is important to create a balance between nature protection and the sustainable use of natural resources in a nature reserve and its vicinity area. The zoning and management policy of biosphere reserves (BRs) is a good example of this idea, especially for island reserves. Yakushima was inscribed as a World Natural Heritage (WH) in 1993. Almost all of its residents did not remember that Yakushima was a BR. In addition, Yakushima has some problems in nature reserve management. Overabundance of the deer population is a critical threat to both agriculture and natural vegetation in the world heritage site. There are too many tourists visiting the WH site and Nagata-hama beach. The beach is a Ramsar site and one of the most important spawning grounds of sea turtles in the north Pacific. Now, residents and the municipality have decided to reactivate the Yakushima BR. Although the Ministry of the Environment of Japan has an initiative to manage the WH and the Ramsar site, the BR is managed by the municipality and local stakeholders. Local activities of both nature conservation and the sustainable use of natural resources are encouraged in the BR site. The islanders willingly included all areas of the island into the BR site. Scientists who have participated in the Society of Yakushimaology have played a significant role to build trust between local stakeholders and to seek feasible policies on the nature reserves. The concept of the "Yakushima Environmental Culture Village" is a good model for the extension plan of the Yakushima and Kuchinoerabujima BRs.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 2018

Ground-level ozone ($O_3$) can be a menace for vegetation, especially in Asia where $O_3$ levels have been dramatically increased over the past decades. To ensure food security and maintain forest ecosystem services, such as nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration and functional diversity of soil biota, in the over-populated Asia, environmental standards are needed. To set proper standards, dose-response relationships should be established from which critical levels are derived. The predictor of the response in the dose-response relationship is an $O_3$ metric that indicates the dose level to which the plant has been exposed. This study aimed to review the relevant scientific literature and summarize the $O_3$ metrics used worldwide to provide insights for Asia. A variety of $O_3$ metrics have been used, for which we discuss their strengths and weaknesses. The most widely used metrics are based only on $O_3$ levels. Such metrics have been adopted by several regulatory agencies in the global. However, they are biologically irrelevant because they ignore the plant physiological capacity. Adopting AOT40 ($O_3$ mixing ratios Accumulated Over the Threshold of $40nmol\;mol^{-1}$) as the default index for setting critical levels in Asia would be a poor policy with severe consequences at national and Pan-Asian level. Asian studies should focus on flux-based $O_3$ metrics to provide relevant bases for developing proper standards. However, given the technical requirements in calculating flux-based $O_3$ metrics, which can be an important limitation in developing countries, no-threshold cumulative exposure indices like AOT0 should always accompany flux-based indices.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.94 no.4 s.161
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• pp.226-235
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• 2005

The burned pine forest may change into the grassland with bushes. However, it is likely that forest insects immigrated from the adjacent forest may be temporally abundant in the burned forest. This study was conducted to observe the immigration of insects for a year since forest fire. Beetle fauna in burned forest was compared with that in unburned forest in Goseong in Gwangwon province where the big fire was occurred and burned 3,762 ha of forest in 1996. The 381 individuals of 60 beetle species was collected from the burned forest, whereas the 370 individuals of 63 beetle species from the unburned forest. There was no difference in abundance and species richness of beetle fauna between burned forest and unburned forest. Most of abundant beetle species were collected from burned forest as well as unburned forest. Seasonal occurrence of the insects in burned forest were similar to those in unburned forest. These indicate active immigration of insects in burned forest in early season after fire. The beetles dwelling on vegetation were more actively immigrated into burned forest compared with those foraging in ground.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.98-106
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• 2002

This study was designed to present a river model with the aim of restoring the ecosystem and improving the landscape along the urban rivers on the basin of the Namhanl river, a core life channel for the National Capital regin. The revelation of botanical status, transition trend and correlation of plants might lead to providing the urban river restoration projects and ecological river formation projects with basic data for a model of ideal aquatic ecology and landscape. The outcomes of this study could be summed up as follows: 1. The plant communities of river flora found on the basin of the Namhan river could be categorized largely into 39 plant communities 2. Most diverse plants were distributed in the rivers lower reaches such as Unsim-ri where the protected zone of Paldang reservoir for city water borders the body of Jodae swamp where natural streams flow nearby. 3. One of the greatest threats to the biomass of the River Namhan is that the communities of such invasive alien plants as Panicum dichotomiflorum and Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior dominate most parts of the area, a fact that has resulted in a reduced variety of plants and will, sooner or later, be likely to cause an ecological imbalance in the hitherto healthy Aquatic plant life. It is highly advisable to gradually diversify the species of trees and to return the plants bark to their original state since, besides the naturalized plants, plantations afforested with Erigeron canadensis and Erigeron annuus stocks in buckwheat field, Robinia Pseudo-accacia in riverside forest, Pinus rigida in terrestrial forest on the river basin and Larix leptolepis are anticipated to act as interceptors of normal migrations of the fluvial and terrestrial ecosystems. Finally, it seems also desirable to continue to explore the relationship between fluvial and terrestrial ecologies with the purpose of building up a model of natural streams in urban areas based on the surveyed factors for plant life, soil and landscape and, moreover, on the forecasting for overall influences derived from the rotation upon the ecosystem.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.30-37
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• 2004

This study investigated the structural characteristics of Taxus cuspidata communities on Mt. Hambaek. The vegetation consisted of 9 species in the T$_1$(tree) layer, 35 species in the T$_2$(subtall tree) layer, 28 species in the S(shrub) layer, and 69 species in the H(herb) layer. The dominant species of the T$_1$ layer was Taxus cuspidata and that of the T$_2$ layer was Acer tschonoskii var, rubripes. The dominant species of the S layer was Tripterygium regelii, and the dominant species of the H layer was Pseudostellaria palibiniana. The diameter distribution of the dominant five species in the T$_1$ and T$_2$ layers indicates that these Taxus cuspidata forests may be gradually dominated by Quercus mangolica and by Tripterygium regelii. The composition of biological type was Ph-D$_1$-R$_{5}$-e.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.70-80
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• 2007

This study was surveyed from January to september, 2007 in order to evaluate the function of coastal wetland as a ecological axis in korea peninsula. Assessment was done by RAM (Rapid Assessment Method). RAM is consisted of total 8 contents and divided into high, moderate, low. The preservation grade of RAM is divided into 4 grades; absolute preservation, preservation, improvement and improvement or restoration. Throughout survey on total 14 wetlands of marine, estuary wetland and back marsh which are distributed in west coast in chung-nam province, their function was assessed. As result, total all the 14 wetlands were judged as preservation grade by assessment of 8 functional contents. The function of wetlands assessed as preservation grade showed high in water quality protection and improvement. Also, showed high in vegetation diversity, wildlife habitat and aesthetic recreation. Meanwhile, showed low in ground water recharge, Shoreline/Stream Bank Protection, Flood/Stormwater storage and Flood flow alteration. Of wetlands evaluated as preservation grade, Dae-ho, Sinduri, Bu-Nam lake, Sowhang dune and keum river estuary were assessed as absolute preservative area owing to habitation of international protection species and endangered species. These wetlands are essential to be managed continuously as a area having high ecological value. Farther, this wetlands will be done as a axis of ecological network related to land ecosystem.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.114-123
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• 2010

The Environmental Conservation Value Assessment Map (ECVAM) is a five grade assessment map created with nationally integrated environmental information and environmental values. The map is made through the evaluation of 67 items, including greenbelt area and bio-diversity. The ECVAM assesses the stability of the community using forest maps. However, the existing assessment method is problematic because the assessment grades are evaluated using higher than practical values; in part because it uses even-valued overlay and minimal indicator methods. This study was performed in order to suggest an integrated assessment method that could complement the stability evaluation based on existing methods. Accordingly, this study added forest type information, including whether the forest was natural or artificial, to the overlay method using forest diameter maps and forest density maps. As a result, the proposed ECVAM indicated a drastic grade change. After applying the method in South Korea, Grade I areas decreased 12.1%, from 52.6% to 40.6%, Grade II areas increased 11.9%, from 17.4% to 29.2%, and Grade III areas increased 0.2%, from 17.1% to 17.4%, respectively. From the results of the field survey, we found differences between natural forest and planted forest with regard to the number of mortality, species of shrubs, and vine cover. This means that natural forests are more stable than planted forests. This study suggests an improved assessment methodology to complement the existing EVCAM method. The results are expected to be used in environmental evaluations and forest conservation value assessments in ecology and environmental fields.

• Hwankyungkyoyuk
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.1-13
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• 2002

The progress of environmental science and technology in the developed countries has been rapid in recent years. Particularly remarkable has been the advancement of various pollutant control measures, which have brought the pollution of inorganic factors such as air and water under control. In contrast, diversity of the ecosphere, of which man is a part, is being steadily impoverished and the biological community is getting unvaryingly uniform. These phenomena were brought about by the expansion of artificial environment such as new industrial complexes, transportation facilities and urban development. Man has constructed uniform and artificial environment, believing in the premise of confrontation with nature, to such a scale that the natural environment and biological community have lost their balance. This will increasingly endanger the soundness of the biotic environment of nature, which constitutes the potential foundation both for the survival environment of man as biological entity and for the development of human civilization. In order to guarantee the soundness of man's body, intelligence and sensitivity as wholesome gene pool on the earth and for the future of man, primarily important environmental education is the understanding of how man can everlasting exist in and with the survival environment. In view of this reality, it is vitally important to create ecologically diverse and well-balanced environment with living materials, i.e., vegetation in order to secure lasting survival environment for man. This task is urgently required in highly artificial environment where non-biological materials have forced the impoverishment of the biological community. Therefore, environmental education for the future should not be totally oriented to technology as that in the past nor it is limited to the medical aspect where well-being of human is the sole object of concern. That is to say, environmental education for the future should be one that provides knowledge that human can understand his place based on the ecological concept and thereby make him to have ethical consciousness that he can control his behavior within the reasonable level for ecological niche who he is located.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.113-119
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• 2007

To investigate the vegetation structure at Orimok of Hallasan national park, 28 plots$(2,000m^2)$ were surveyed by random sampling method. Carpinus tschonoskii was a major woody species in the studied area in Orimok, and Quercus gorsseserrata, Quercus serrata, and Quercus mongolica were partly occupied. High negative correlations were shown between C. tschonoskii and Ilex macropoda, Lindera erythrocarpa, Quercus mongolica Comus walteri and Symplocos coreana, and relatively high positive correlations were proved to exist between Acer pictum var. mono and Carpinus cordata, Quercus gorsseserrata Ilex macropoda and Lindera erythrocaypa, Q. mongolica Abies nephrolepis and Prunus sargentii, Kalopanax septemlobus Taxus cuspidata and Symplocos coreana. Species diversity(H') was 0.771, and it was relatively low numerical value compared to that of other national parks.