• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.215-219
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• 1997

It is very difficult to conduct a tracing survey of a forest fire because the affected area is huge and the topology of the mountain defies access of investigators. As a result, remote sensing technique is used to get consecutive information about the range and ecological change of the affected area. Therefore, this study investigates the change of activity condition of vegetation by getting vegetation index, hinted by the fact that activities of plants decline after the fire.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.121-130
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• 1988

During one year period from Sep. 1986 to Sep. 1987, we have experienced 6 cases of infective endocarditis requiring surgical interventions. All 6 patients had class IV or V cardiac disability at the time of surgery. The indication for surgery was rapidly progressive congestive heart failure in all cases. Four patients underwent aortic valve replacement including one double valve replacement. Two other patients required other surgical procedures, removal of large left atrial vegetation mass in one patient and excision of destroyed pulmonary valve and aortic vegetation in the other patient. Two patients died; one of mitral annulus rupture after release of aortic clamp and the other of mediastinal bleeding 3 months after replacement of aortic valve. Three out of 4 survivors are in NYHA Class I and the remaining patient is in Class II. We emphasize that early operative intervention is life-saving in patients with persistent or progressive congestive heart failure, irrespective of the activity of the infective process or the duration of antibiotic therapy.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.381-395
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• 2013

In this study, we surveyed 6 times for the actual vegetation type and flora of Amgok wetland (Intermediate moor area, Alnus japonica community area) and it's watershed area in Tohamsan district, Gyeongju National Park from Apr. to Nov. in 2011. As a result of the actual vegetation type, most vegetation of watershed area was disturbed by human activity except wetland area. Even though the wetland is relatively broad compared with it's watershed, the wetland: watershed is around 1:10. The flora was surveyed 65 family, 184 species, 1 subspecies, 39 variety, 8 forma and totally 233 taxonomic group in the watershed. The wetland type was looked intermediate moor. Naturalized plants was surveyed 2taxonomic in the wetland area and total was17 taxonomic. This area has relatively broad wetland and soundly conserved. But several Salix koreensis and Acer ginnala are growing so needed the interest and monitoring.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.212-221
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• 2020

Background: Rapid industrialization has caused various impacts on nature, including heavy metal pollution. However, the impacts of industrialization vary depending on the types of industrializing activity and surrounding environment. South Korea is a proper region because the rapid socio-economical changes have been occurred since the late nineteenth century. Therefore, in this study, we estimate the anthropogenic impacts on an ecosystem from a sediment core of Yonghwasil-mot, an irrigation reservoir on the western coast of Korea, in terms of heavy metal concentrations, nutrient influx, and pollen composition. Results: The sediment accumulation rate (SAR) determined by 210Pb geochronology showed two abrupt peaks in the 1930s and 1950s, presumably because of smelting activity and the Korean War, respectively. The following gradual increase in SAR may reflect the urbanization of recent decades. The average concentrations of arsenic (As), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb) during the twentieth century were > 48% compared to those before the nineteenth century, supporting the influence of smelting activity. However, at the beginning of the twenty-first century, the As, Cu, and Pb concentrations decreased by 19% compared to levels in the twentieth century, which is coincident with the closure of the smelter in 1989 and government policy banning leaded gasoline since 1993. The pollen assemblage and nutrient input records exhibit changes in vegetation cover and water level of the reservoir corresponding to anthropogenic deforestation and reforestation, as well as to land-use alteration. Conclusions: Our results show that the rapid socio-economic development since the twentieth century clearly affected the vegetation cover, land use, and metal pollutions.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.35 no.4 s.100
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• pp.266-272
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• 2002

For analyzing function of a microbial ecosystem which was created under the artificial vegetation island (AVI) installed at Lake Paldang, zooplankton and bacterial numbers and exoenzyme activities (${\beta}$-glucosidase and phosphatase) were measured biweekly from 3 November 2()()1 to 20 April 2002 at AVI site and control site. Under the AVI, the water quality was worse than control site in term of comparing the environmental parameters. But, zooplankton number of AVI site was 25 times higher than that of control site. Respiratory active bacterial numbers were 3-8 times higher at AVI site. In addition, enzymatic activities were higher at AVI site than those of control site. These results suggest that the zooplankton-phytoplankton-bacteria relationships are closely coupled with each other and organic materials are eliminated by respiration of zooplankton and bacterial activities.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.125-129
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• 2000

Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park is one of the Long-term Ecological Research Site in Indonesia. In the late 1997, the fires have burnt and destroyed nearly 300 ha forest in this park. and G. Masigit was the largest burnt area (250 ha) of nine locations of hot spot recognized. Undergrowth vegetation got the most severe impacts. Almost undergrowth vegetation in various location were totally burnt. However, within three months following burning new seedlings such as Omalanthus populneus, Macaranga, Trema orientalis and Eupatorium appeared in the forest floor- The number of mycoflora recorded in burnt forest was interestingly increased in post forest fires site. Forest fires in G. Masigit had also affected the wild life population and diversity. For example, the number of bird species and the number of soil insects in burnt forest was significantly reduced. The forest fires had also great impact on soil. such as on soil organic contents, bulk density, colour, consistency, permeability and the activity of soil microorganisms.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.105-112
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• 2000

For the purpose of building up the construction prospects of highway in consideration of natural environment. The tree planting and flower seeding in highway road side using native species were offered to natural landscape and resting area landscaping for peoples, and these area were 194place. The tree planting and flower seeding activity is to improve driving circumstances, and to conserve living and natural environment along the highways. And, preparation of ecotone and biotope at the highway surroundings for natural ecosystem conservation is an important activity, and planting of natural plants is generally carried out near wildlife ecoroads in order to give the way for animals. The primary purpose of this tree planting and seeding is not only to reduce environmental pollution, but also to enhance the ecological surroundings of highway circumference. Ultimately, It is essential that the constructive method of highway think over such as ecological environment and road design, surveying and management, construction, highway maintenance etc.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.21 no.5_3
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• pp.695-702
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• 1998

This study was carried out to investigate to determine seasonal variation of dehydrogenase activity, phosphatase activity, adenosine tri-phosphate content and some physicochemical properties, such as soil pH, moisture content, organic matter and several heavy metal concentrations from Apr. 1997 to jan. 1998 in Pinus densiflora and Quercus mongolica forest in Mt. Nam, to explain a relationship between enzyme activity and the soil factors. There were ranges of 4.03-4.65 in soil pH, 18.65-51.09% in moisture content and 6.69-95.95% in orgainc matter. The organic matter content decreased with soil horizon, showing the higher values in Q. mongolica forest. In comparison to the results of Kawngneung site as control area, there were slightly differences due to a development level of forest ecosystem and microbial degradation of organic matter. The heavy metal concentrations showed 32.50-75.55 ${\mu}g/g$ in Cu, 69.33-134.84 ${\mu}g/g$ in Zn, 57.02-150.32 ${\mu}g/g$ in Pb, and 0.36-1.00 ${\mu}g/g$ in Mt. Nam. These values are higher than in Kwangneung site because of long-term exposure to air pollutants from central city. On the other hand, ATP contents in Mt. Nam were lower than in Kawngneung site in relation to soil organic matter, moisture content and relatively high heavy metal concentrations. ATP contents per soil weight was largest in F+H layer and in spring time of other seasons. Dehydrogenase activity as an index of soil microbial activity had a ranges of 170.67-1,221.66 ${\mu}g$ TPF/g that showed lower values than in Kawngneung site. However, phophatase activity had a contray tendency due to P fertilization for a continuous management. Those values increased through spring to a maximum in the summer and fall in autumn. This is basically caused by metabolic state of soil on the biological activity and several and several factors, such as aeration, soil temperature, vegetation and microflora.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.1087-1091
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• 2006

This paper describes the current spatial patterns of the net primary productivity (NPP) of the terrestrial vegetation and carbon emission (C) in the world due to the burning of fossil fuels in order to clarify the amount of expansion of human activity. The C/NPP value varies spatially from almost zero to several tens of thousand times the local NPP. C/NPP is higher under the condition of extensive human activities due to a high human population density or when the local NPP is extremely low in severe climatic zones. In contrast, the low C/NPP areas are distributed mainly in sparsely populated districts, loading to a low impact of human activity. Although the area where C/NPP is less than 10% accounts for about 70% of the entire land area, one-third of these areas cannot contribute to carbon absorption because of low NPP with a shortage of climatic resources. Since more than half of the areas of the remaining areas are agricultural land and forest ecosystems with high NPP, the possible afforestation area was evaluated to be maximum of $30{\times}10^{6}\;km^{2}$; here only sequestrate carbons that correspond to 2% of the global total NPP are present. These analyses revealed that presently most of the areas where the NPP is high are those exclusively used by humans and that it is difficult for large-scale forest plantations to absorb a substantial amount of the carbon emitted annually by humans.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.9
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• pp.24-33
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• 2017

Multitemporal MODIS vegetation index (VI) data are widely used in vegetation monitoring research into environmental and climate change, since they provide a profile of vegetation activity. However, MODIS data inevitably contain disturbances caused by the presence of clouds, atmospheric variability, and instrument problems, which impede the analysis of the NDVI time series data and limit its application utility. For this reason, preprocessing to reduce the noise and reconstruct high-quality temporal data streams is required for VI analysis. In this study, a data reconstruction method for MODIS NDVI is proposed to restore bad or missing data based on the statistical properties of the oscillations in the NDVI temporal dynamics. The first derivatives enable us to examine the monotonic properties of a function in the data stream and to detect anomalous changes, such as sudden spikes and drops. In this approach, only noisy data are corrected, while the other data are left intact to preserve the detailed temporal dynamics for further VI analysis. The proposed method was successfully tested and evaluated with simulated data and NDVI time series data covering Baekdu Mountain, located in the northern part of North Korea, over the period of interest from 2006 to 2012. The results show that it can be effectively employed as a preprocessing method for data reconstruction in MODIS NDVI analysis.