• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.21 no.5_3
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• pp.695-702
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• 1998

This study was carried out to investigate to determine seasonal variation of dehydrogenase activity, phosphatase activity, adenosine tri-phosphate content and some physicochemical properties, such as soil pH, moisture content, organic matter and several heavy metal concentrations from Apr. 1997 to jan. 1998 in Pinus densiflora and Quercus mongolica forest in Mt. Nam, to explain a relationship between enzyme activity and the soil factors. There were ranges of 4.03-4.65 in soil pH, 18.65-51.09% in moisture content and 6.69-95.95% in orgainc matter. The organic matter content decreased with soil horizon, showing the higher values in Q. mongolica forest. In comparison to the results of Kawngneung site as control area, there were slightly differences due to a development level of forest ecosystem and microbial degradation of organic matter. The heavy metal concentrations showed 32.50-75.55 ${\mu}g/g$ in Cu, 69.33-134.84 ${\mu}g/g$ in Zn, 57.02-150.32 ${\mu}g/g$ in Pb, and 0.36-1.00 ${\mu}g/g$ in Mt. Nam. These values are higher than in Kwangneung site because of long-term exposure to air pollutants from central city. On the other hand, ATP contents in Mt. Nam were lower than in Kawngneung site in relation to soil organic matter, moisture content and relatively high heavy metal concentrations. ATP contents per soil weight was largest in F+H layer and in spring time of other seasons. Dehydrogenase activity as an index of soil microbial activity had a ranges of 170.67-1,221.66 ${\mu}g$ TPF/g that showed lower values than in Kawngneung site. However, phophatase activity had a contray tendency due to P fertilization for a continuous management. Those values increased through spring to a maximum in the summer and fall in autumn. This is basically caused by metabolic state of soil on the biological activity and several and several factors, such as aeration, soil temperature, vegetation and microflora.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.165-172
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• 2017

Background: This study investigated the temporal variation in soil $CO_2$ efflux and its relationship with soil temperature and precipitation in the Quercus glauca and Abies koreana forests in Jeju Island, South Korea, from August 2010 to December 2012. Q. glauca and A. koreana forests are typical vegetation of warm-temperate evergreen forest zone and sub-alpine coniferous forest zone, respectively, in Jeju island. Results: The mean soil $CO_2$ efflux of Q. glauca forest was $0.7g\;CO_2\;m^{-2}\;h^{-1}$ at $14.3^{\circ}C$ and that of A. koreana forest was $0.4g\;CO_2\;m^{-2}\;h^{-1}$ at $6.8^{\circ}C$. The cumulative annual soil $CO_2$ efflux of Q. glauca and A. koreana forests was 54.2 and $34.2t\;CO_2\;ha^{-1}$, respectively. Total accumulated soil carbon efflux in Q. glauca and A. koreana forests was 29.5 and $18.7t\;C\;ha^{-1}$ for 2 years, respectively. The relationship between soil $CO_2$ efflux and soil temperate at 10 cm depth was highly significant in the Q. glauca ($r^2=0.853$) and A. koreana forests ($r^2=0.842$). Soil temperature was the main controlling factor over $CO_2$ efflux during most of the study period. Also, precipitation may affect soil $CO_2$ efflux that appeared to be an important factor controlling the efflux rate. Conclusions: Soil $CO_2$ efflux was affected by soil temperature as the dominant control and moisture as the limiting factor. The difference of soil $CO_2$ efflux between of Q. glauca and A. koreana forests was induced by soil temperature to altitude and regional precipitation.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.61 no.6
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• pp.123-132
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• 2019

This study is to estimate the spatial soil moisture using Terra MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) satellite data and machine learning technique. Using the 3 years (2015~2017) data of MODIS 16 days composite NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) and daily Land Surface Temperature (LST), ground measured precipitation and sunshine hour of KMA (Korea Meteorological Administration), the RDA (Rural Development Administration) 10 cm~30 cm average TDR (Time Domain Reflectometry) measured soil moisture at 78 locations was tested. For daily analysis, the missing values of MODIS LST by clouds were interpolated by conditional merging method using KMA surface temperature observation data, and the 16 days NDVI was linearly interpolated to 1 day interval. By applying the RNN-LSTM (Recurrent Neural Network-Long Short Term Memory) artificial neural network model, 70% of the total period was trained and the rest 30% period was verified. The results showed that the coefficient of determination ($R^2$), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency were 0.78, 2.76%, and 0.75 respectively. In average, the clay soil moisture was estimated well comparing with the other soil types of silt, loam, and sand. This is because the clay has the intrinsic physical property for having narrow range of soil moisture variation between field capacity and wilting point.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.22-22
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• 2016

우리나라 하천에서 식생의 변화가 매우 빠르게 진행되고 있다. 최근들어 하천내에서 식생이 차지하는 면적이 증가하는 경향이 뚜렷하게 확인되고 있기 때문이다. 댐 등 하천구조물로 인한 유황변화에 의해 봄철 발아기 유량 및 수위 저하가 발생하고 이로 인해 식생의 유입된다는 것은 이미 많은 연구에서 증명되고 논의된 바 있다. 그러나 댐과 같은 구조물이 없는 자연하천이나 소하천의 경우에도 식생 유입이 빠르게 진행되고 있는 것은 전국적인 경향이라고 할 수 있다. 우리나라 뿐만아니라 일본의 경우에도 대부분의 하천에서 식생이 과도하게 유입되는 현상이 발생하고 있다. 식생의 발생, 발달, 번무 등에 대한 원인은 다양하다고 할 수 있다. 산지지역의 산림 변화로 인한 유사유출 저감, 농업으로 인한 영양염류 증대, 하천정비로 인한 고수부지 확대 등이 주요원인으로 추정되고 있지만 아직까지 정확한 식생 발생 메카니즘에 대한 분석은 이루어지지 않은 상황이다. 일본의 경우 식생의 발생과 진행에 대한 모형을 구축하고 여러 하천에 적용하여 검증하는 연구가 다양하게 진행되고 있지만 지역에 따라 다르게 발생하는 식생의 원인을 단정적으로 결론내리지는 못하고 있는 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 하천내 식생 유입 현황을 분석하고 발생 원인에 대해 검토하였다. 먼저 우리나라 하천에서 식생 발생은 전국적인 현상으로 확인되었다. 과거와 달리 하천의 특정지점에서 식생이 발생하는 것이 아니라 하천의 규모나 지역 등에 관계없이 전국적으로 식생이 발생하고 있는 것이 식생면적 분석으로 확인되었다. 또한 식생 면적이 최근 들어 더 증가하고 있음도 확인되었다. 본 연구에서는 강우의 연도별 변화가 식생발생에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 봄철(4월, 5월, 6월)의 연도별 강우량 변화가 식생 발생에 미치는 영향을 분석하였는데 이 기간 동안의 강우가 줄어듦에 따라 식생 발생이 더 활발하게 진행될 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 봄철의 가뭄과 여름철 홍수 미발생이 이어지는 경우 식생이 더 활발하게 발생할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 하천 구조물에 의한 하천유황 변화가 식생 발생에 큰 영향을 미치듯이 강우 발생 양상의 변화로 인한 유황 변화가 식생 발생에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 것으로 나타난 것이다. 또한 일본의 경우에도 이와 같은 경향이 유사하게 나타나는 것으로 분석되었다. 일본의 식생조사 결과와 강우 패턴을 비교한 결과 우리나라와 같이 일본에서도 유사한 경향이 나타났다. 본 연구 결과로 추정해 볼 때 강우 패터의 변화가 식생의 유입에 큰 영향을 미치며, 특히 기후변화로 인해 발생하는 봄철 강우의 감소가 주요원인중 하나로 추정될 수 있다고 할 수 있다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2017.05a
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• pp.93-93
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• 2017

2000년대에 들어서면서부터 최근까지 국내 하천의 식생면적이 급격하게 증가되고 있는 추세이다. 댐 등의 하천 횡단구조물로 인한 유황변화에 의해 봄철 발아기 유량 및 수위 저하가 발생하고 이로 인해 식생의 유입된다는 것은 이미 많은 연구에서 증명되고 논의된 바 있다. 그러나 댐과 같은 구조물이 없는 자연하천이나 소하천의 경우에도 식생 유입이 빠르게 진행되고 있는 것은 전국적인 경향이라고 할 수 있다. 우리나라뿐만 아니라 일본의 경우에도 대부분의 하천에서 식생이 유입되고, 제외지 곳곳에서 수림화가 진행되는 현상이 발생하고 있다. 식생의 이입, 번무 등에 대한 원인으로는 홍수량 조절을 위한 댐 운영, 복단면화 및 직강화 등의 하천정비, 골재채취로 인한 인위적 하상변화, 농업용 비료와 같은 영양염류의 유입 등이 주요원인으로 추정되고 있지만 아직까지 정확한 식생 발생 메카니즘에 대한 분석은 이루어지지 않은 상황이다. 일본의 경우 식생의 발생과 진행에 대한 모형을 구축하고 여러 하천에 적용하여 검증하는 연구가 다양하게 진행되고 있지만 지역에 따라 다르게 발생하는 식생의 원인을 단정적으로 결론 내리지는 못하고 있는 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 연도별 강우패턴 변화가 식생발생에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 1984년에서 2016년까지 강우패턴을 분석한 결과, 전국적으로 발아기인 3월~9월까지의 강우량이 감소함과 동시에, 기준치 이하의 강수량의 빈도가 점차적으로 증가하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 하천 내 식생, 특히 버드나무류 교목이 발아하는 봄~초여름에 발생하는 홍수가 감소하였음을 의미하고, 이로인해 하천 내에 초본류, 관목류 뿐만 아니라 교목이 발아 및 활착할 수 있는 가능성이 높아졌음을 의미한다. 또한 식생이 현저하게 증가하고 있는 주요지점의 2007년 이후 하천 단면변화와 시수위를 분석한 결과, 2011년 이후 하도 내 고수부지의 침수시간이 현저하게 감소하였으며, 이는 하천식생의 이입 및 번무에 영향을 줄 뿐만 아니라, 식생활착으로 인한 사주 및 하중도 면적의 증가에도 기여하고 있는 것으로 사료된다.

• Atmosphere
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.295-309
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• 2021

Diurnal variations of air temperature and relative humidity in the Urban Canopy Layer (UCL) of the Seoul metropolitan area are examined using the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with the Seoul National University Urban Canopy Model. The canopy layer air temperature is higher than 2-m air temperature and exhibits a more rapid rise and an earlier peak in the daytime. These result from the multiple reflections of shortwave radiation and longwave radiation trapping due to the urban geometry. Because of the absence of vegetation in the UCL and the higher canopy layer air temperature, the canopy layer relative humidity is lower than 2-m relative humidity. Additional simulations with building height changes are conducted to examine the sensitivities of the canopy layer meteorological variables to the urban canyon aspect ratio. As the aspect ratio increases, net sensible heat flux entering the UCL increases (decreases) in the daytime (nighttime). However, the increase in the volume of the UCL reduces the magnitude of change rate of the canopy layer air temperature. As a result, the canopy layer air temperature generally decreases in the daytime and increases in the nighttime as the aspect ratio increases. The changes in the canopy layer relative humidity due to the aspect ratio change are largely determined by the canopy layer air temperature. As the aspect ratio increases, the canopy layer relative humidity is generally increased in the daytime and decreased in the nighttime, contrary to the canopy layer air temperature.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.334-337
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• 2018

Amanita virgineoides Bas is an ectomycorrhizal mushroom belonging to the family Amanitaceae in the order Agaricales. This fungus usually grows solely on damp soil in coniferous or deciduous forests from summer to autumn. Although Korean people consume A. virgineoides, some studies indicate that it can be poisonous. During our biodiversity survey of four specific regions i.e., Yongin, Eumseong, and Chungju from 2016 to 2018, A. virgineoides specimens were collected on the sixth rotation. We analyzed the temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, and vegetation surrounding the A. virgineoides fruiting bodies to reveal the environmental factors that influenced mushroom formation. It was found to usually grow in August, the hottest season in Korea. For 60 days before forming the fruiting body, temperatures were found to be between 20 and $30^{\circ}C$. More evidence is necessary to ensure that change in temperature is the major environmental factor that determines A. virgineoides fruiting.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.176-186
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• 2023

Urban Heat Island (UHI) is caused by an energy imbalance in urban areas, where building design and land cover contribute to its amplification. To mitigate UHI, increasing green space is one of the well known and the most effective approach. This study aims aimed to identify specific components of green spaces that lower temperatures and demonstrate the cooling effects based on their size and composition. Forests within green spaces have had a greater impact on temperature reduction due to shading and blocking solar radiation. Although lakes also contributed to temperature reduction, the effect to cooling intensity was not significant. The cooling distance does not depended on green space size or composition. The study emphasizes that initial temperature has a strongerinfluence on cooling intensity than green space size, highlighting the importance of vegetation type within green spaces to achieve a cooling effect. These findings provide valuable insights for urban planning and the design of green spaces to mitigate the effects of the urban heat island.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.294-303
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• 2020

This study aimed to examine was conducted to the ability of microclimate control in old pine forests by surveying pine forest in Buddhist temples, where the pine forest are stably growing through active protection in the Gyeongnam region, and comparing variation characteristics of microclimate characteristics (temperature and humidity) and distribution of vegetation type. The study sites were pine forests protected well by Buddhist temples (Haein-sa, Beomeo-sa, Tongdo-sa, and Bulguk-sa) in the southeast region of Korea and thus known for stably growing young pine trees. According to the vegetation distribution status analysis, these pine forests did not have a high ratio of pine trees. Except for Tongdo-sa, the ratio of deciduous forest and mixed (deciduous and pine trees) forest had a much larger presence than that of pine forest. Measured data of microclimate showed that the Tongdo-sa area had significantly different characteristics compared to the other three areas. Tongdo-sa area showed a significantly higher diurnal range of temperatures and humidity than the other three areas, in both spring and summer. It is due to the difference in vegetation management. The forests around Tongdo-sa are mostly pine forests, except for the developed areas, while those in the other three areas have a dominant ratio of deciduous brad-leaved forests. Intensive control of pine forest is not effective in mitigating microclimate, i.e., temperature and air humidity. Stress caused by rising temperatures and decreasing air humidity is blamed for the decline of pine forests. Thus, the current active management of pine forests, such as the Tongdo-sa case, has been found to have a greater negative impact on the temperature and humidity stress. Therefore, we believe that a new change in forest management is necessary to increase the effect of mitigating the microclimate of pine forests.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.196-206
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• 2020

Background: The Himalayan forests are of great importance to sustain the nature and community resource demands. These forests are facing pressures both from anthropogenic activities and ongoing global climatic changes. Poor natural regeneration has been considered a major problem in mountainous forests. To understand the population structure and regeneration status of Larix (Larix griffithiana and Larix himalaica), we conducted systematic vegetation surveys in three high-altitude valleys namely Ghunsa (Kanchenjunga Conservation Area, KCA), Langtang (Langtang National Park, LNP), and Tsum (Manaslu Conservation Area, MCA) in Nepal Himalaya. The average values of diameter at breast height (DBH), height, and sapling height were compared for three sites and two species using Kruskal-Wallis test. Population structure was assessed in terms of proportion of seedlings, saplings, and trees. Regeneration was analyzed using graphical representation of frequencies of seedlings, saplings, and trees in histograms. Results: The results showed that the population structure of Larix in terms of the proportion of seedling, sapling, and tree varied greatly in the three study areas. KCA had the highest record of seedling, sapling, and tree compared to other two sites. Seedlings were the least among three forms and many plots were without seedlings. We found no seedling in MCA study plots. The plot level average DBH variation among sites was significant (Kruskal-Wallis χ² = 7.813, df = 2, p = 0.02) as was between species (Kruskal-Wallis χ² = 5.9829, df = 1, p = 0.014). Similarly, the variation in average tree height was significant (Kruskal-Wallis χ² = 134.23, df = 2, p < 0.001) among sites as well as between species (Kruskal-Wallis χ² = 128.01, df = 1, p < 0.001). All the sites showed reverse J-shaped curve but more pronounced for KCA and MCA. In comparing the two species, Larix griffithiana has clear reverse J-shaped diameter distribution but not Larix himalaica. Conclusion: The varied responses of Larix manifested through regeneration status from spatially distinct areas show that regeneration limitations might be more pronounced in the future. In all the three studied valleys, regeneration of Larix is found to be problematic and specifically for Larix griffithiana in MCA and Larix himalaica in LNP. To address the issues of disturbances, especially serious in LNP, management interventions are recommended to sustain the unique Himalayan endemic conifer.