• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.110-123
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• 2017

The authors reviewed the history of creation and management, purposes, extents, methods of creation, planting species and mediums, structure of vegetation layers and legal management, etc. of coastal forests of Korea. Since the Goryeo dynasty, the inhabitants in the coastal regions has long been aware the safety from natural disasters and the local governments manages for the defence and natural disasters, and collaboration among GO and NGOs, as well as enterprises are participating to the conservation of coastal forests in Korea. The purposes of creation and management of coastal forests in historical aspects are prevention of disasters, safety by the Fengsui, military uses, and timber productions, but partly as the places for religious beliefs, safety from diseases and fires, increasing of forest products and fishes, as well as tourists, improving of amenity and landscapes and recreation, inherits of traditional culture, habitats for wildlife, and ecological corridors, etc. The inhabitant in the coastal region who experienced frequent natural disasters has strong supports for the conservation of coastal forest and as a natural resources to inherits to the coming generations as the coastal forests has high values of academic researches on human society, culture, ecology and recreational uses, etc. The extensive overall researches on the creation and managements of coastal forests, as well as cultural tradition in the coastal forests of Korean peninsula are critically essential.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.88 no.1
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• pp.38-46
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• 1999

Canopy structure conductances of a Norway spruce forest in the Solling Hills(Central Germany) and Central Forest Biosphere Reserve(320km to the north-west from Moscow) were derived from LE(latent heat flux) and H(sensible heat flux) fluxes measured(by Eddy correlation technique and energy balance method) and modelled(by one dimensional non-steady-state) SVAT(soil-vegetation-atmosphere-transfer) model(SLODSVAT) using a rearranged Penman-Monteith equation("Big-leaf" approximation) during June 1996. They were compared with canopy stomatal conductances estimated by consecutive intergrating the stomatal conductance of individual needles over the whole canopy("bottom-up" approach) using SLODSVAT model. The result indicate a significant difference between the canopy surface conductances derived from measured and modelled fluxes("top-down" approach) and the stomatal conductances modelled by the SLODSVAT("bottom-up" approach). This difference was influenced by some nonphysiological factors within the forest canopy(e.g. aerodynamic and boundary layer resistances, radiation budget, evapotranspiration from the forest understorey). In general, canopy surface conductances derived from measured and modelled fluxes exceeded canopy stomatal conductance during the whole modelled period, The contribution of the understorey's evapotranspiration to the total forest evapotranspiration was small (up to 5-9% of the total LE flux) and was not depended on total radiation balance of forest canopy. Ignoring contribution of the understorey's evapotranspiration resulted in an overestimation of the canopy surface conductance for a spruce forest up to 2mm/s(about 10-15%).

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.18 no.3 s.39
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• pp.171-190
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• 1990

It is the purpose of this study to address how to manage the urban vegitation using the concept of Urban Forestry which is relatively new to Korea. When we consider the Urban Forestry as a science, We should understand it interdisciplinary subject which includes Forestry, Horticulture, Urban Planning, Landscape Design, Landuse Planning, Business and Humanities. It may say that people and tree are the fundermental components of Urban Forestry. So there are two ways of Urban Forestry Applications-How people care for trees and How trees care for People-. For the application, this study places the focus on the monetary valuation, tree inventory system and traditional forestry application to urban forest management. Pubic Relation, Communication, Ordinances and Budget are also mentioned as a part of Urban Forestry Policy. Monetary valuation of trees and forests is very important for the proper cognition of their real value. So that, they may be equated and weighed against conflicting uses which would cause to be removed or severely mutilated. A tree inventory system which is the essential part of urban tree management can provide the pertinent information about the present condition of urban tree resource. It may aid in reducing the subjectivity of tree management decisions and stimulate them to be made rapidly and can help reduce potential municipal liability by identifying serious problems in time for corrective maintenance practices to be applied for the maximize community benefits and minimimize public nuisances or hazards. Managers can derive the information from the inventory and use it for the various management plan. When we see the structure of tree inventory system as one of the data base management system, Computer is the best equipment for the efficient management plan. Public relation and communication is also important factors to care the people for urban vegetation management. Volunteer management system is a good example for the public relation and communication. Those skills are need to develop for using the priceless, valuable human resources. Budget holds the key to the execution of Urban Forestry. Good inventory can provide for efficient budgeting stratiges through it's scientific analysis for the way of maximum benefits and minimum costs. Forest can be play a vital role for the aesthetic improvement and recreation in the city. This study suggests that the traditional sivicultural application not only improve the quality of scenic beauty and recreation but also the products of timber. So it is more needed to study for strong and scientific application to urban forest management.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.741-750
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• 2014

To investigate the vegetation structure of mountain ridge from Guryongryeong to Mt. Yaksu, 22 plots ($100m^2$) installed with random sampling method were surveyed. Three groups of Quercus mongolica-Acer pseudosieboldianum community, Q. mongolica community, Cornus controversa-Q. mongolica community were classified by cluster analysis. Q. mongolica was a major woody plant species in the ridge area from Guryongryeong to Yaksusan and Carpinus cordata and C. controversa was partly occupied in some area. High positive correlations showed between Q. mongolica and Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa, Rhododendron schlippenbachii; Tilia amurensis and Tilia mandshurica, Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa; Tilia mandshurica and S. chinensis for. pilosa, R. schlippenbachii; Betula costata and Acer mono; Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa and Rhododendron schlippenbachii, and relatively high negative correlations showed between A. pseudosieboldianum and S. chinensis for. pilosa, R. schlippenbachii. Species diversity(H') of investigated groups were ranged 0.8170~1.1446 and it was lower compared to those of the ridge area of the national parks in Baekdudaegan.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.457-464
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• 2003

A valley forest in Sangbuun area at Jirisan National Park was studied to investigate forest structure in relation to altitude and part of the slope. Forty-eight quadrats were set up in the valley forest along altitude of 726m to 1,090m and part of the slope, and vegetation analysis for the woody species in the tree and subtree layers were carried out. With increasing elevation belt, mean DBH, height and basal area of the trees in the tree layer increased while their density decreased. This trends may be caused by the disturbance which was relatively severe in the low elevation area. As elevation increased, the importance percentages of Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Quercus variabilis and Quercus mongolica increased while those of Styyax japonicus, Carpinus laxiflora and Pinus densiflora decreased. The importance percentages of Quercus variabilis and Pinus densiflora increased as going from lower part to upper part of the slope. However, the opposite trend was found for the importance percentages of Acer mono and Corlus heterophylla var. thunbergii. Number of species and species diversity decreased as increasing elevation and going from lower part to upper part of the slope. According to importance percentage and cluster analysis, the valley forest was classified into three forest communities of Quercus serrata-broad-leaved tree species community in lower part of the slope at low elevation belt, middle elevation belt and middle and upper parts of the slope at high elevation belt, Pinus dnsiflora-Quercus serrata community in middle and upper parts at low elevation belt, and Quercus mongolica-broad-leaved tree species community in lower part of the slope at high elevation belt and top area.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.346-352
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• 2009

This study was conducted in order to provide as a basic materials of sea cliff vegetation structure through distribution related with the landform and growth pattern of mixed growth plants by ordination method in the Peucedanum japonicum community of Korea. The mixed growth plants of frequency over 10% growth with Peucedanum japonicum community of sea cliff was investigated as a total 26 species, and the frequency of appearing plants was the highest in the Aster spathulifolius(55.7%). Growing pattern of mixed growth plants was a difference by the landform factors as such the inland side, coastline side, flat and slope. Growing pattern was classified into typicality type, one-sided type and complex type. Growing pattern of the typicality type was good distribution in total landform factors, the one-sided type was good distribution in 1 landform factor and the complex type was good distribution in 2 landform factors. In growing pattern of mixed growth plants with Peucedanum japonicum, Artemisia capillaris and Sedum oryzifolium was typicality type, Elymus dahuricus and Artemisia princeps was one-sided type, and Aster spathulifolius, Miscanthus sinensis, Calystegia soldanella and Lysimachia mauritiana was complex type. In total plants of mixed growth, growing pattern of 16 species of 61.5% was good as complex type.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.31-40
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• 2010

This study was carried out to offer a basis data for conservation and application of effective management of Camellia japonica stand in Hakdong, Geoje Island. Field survey was conducted at C. japonica stand, mixed stand, Chamaecyparis obtusa plantation, and Pinus thunbergii stand. Importance value of C. japonica at tree layer was highest in C. japonica stand and mixed stand, and that of C. obtusa and P. thunbergii were highest in C. obtusa plantation and P. thunbergii stand, respectively. At subtree layer, C. japonica, Callicarpa dichotoma, Neolitses serices, and Styrax japonica had the highest importance value in C. japonica stand, mixed stand, C. obtusa plantation, and P. thunbergii stand, respectively. The species diversity ranged from 0.121 to 1.589 in C. japonica stand, 0.543 to 1.540 in mixed stand, 0.276 to 1.321 in C. obtusa plantation, and 0.764 to 1.523 in P. thunbergii stand, respectively. Soil pH was 5.72 in C. japonica stand, 5.26 in mixed stand, 5.21 in C. obtusa plantation, and 5.32 in P. thunbergii stand. The content of organic matter and total N were 5.77, 0.48% in C. japonica stand, 4.41, 0.30% in mixed stand, 3.28, 0.33% in C. obtusa plantation, and 5.32, 0.28% in P. thunbergii stand.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.37 no.5_1
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• pp.1111-1124
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• 2021

Mudflats are crucial for understanding the ecological structure and biological function of coastal ecosystem because of its high primary production by microalgae. There have been many studies on measuring primary productivity of tidal flats for the estimation of organic carbon abundance, but it is relatively recent that optical remote sensing technique, particularly hyperspectral sensing, was used for it. This study investigates hyperspectral sensing of chlorophyll concentration on a tidal flat surface, which is a key variable in deriving primary productivity. The study site is a mudflat in Geunso bay, South Korea and field campaigns were conducted at ebb tide in April and June 2021. Hyperspectral reflectance of the mudflat surfaces was measured with two types of hyperspectral sensors; TriOS RAMSES (directionalsensor) and the Specim-IQ (camera sensor), and Normal Differenced Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Contiuum Removal Depth (CRD) were used to estimate Chl-a from the optical measurements. The validation performed against independent field measurements of Chl-a showed that both CRD and NDVI can retrieve surface Chl-a with R² around 0.7 for the Chl-a range of 0~150 mg/m² tested in this study.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.241-249
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• 2022

Humans and wild birds coexist in cities, where habitat fragmentation due to urbanization threatens the habitat and movement of birds. In this study, in order to identify landscape features associated with wild bird collide, we characterized landscape composition within a 500 m radius and points of wild bird carcasses in Suwon-city, South Korea. Dead birds were identified as having a Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) of 0.3, Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) of -0.05, and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) of -0.16 at the points of collide. And there were NDVI of 0.34, NDBI of -0.01, NDWI of -0.18, building height of 13.8 m, and soundproof wall length of 227.3 m within a radius of 500 m. Land cover type was dominated by grassland, used area, and bare land. In particular, the edges of urbanized areas, where apartments bordered forests, reservoirs, and golf courses, were identified as high-risk spaces. In order to minimize bird mortality risk in urban environments, the impact of changes to a vertical landscape should be reviewed from an environmental impact assessment approach. In addition, a preventive management plan that considers the temporal and spatial features that wild animals can safely avoid and adapt to in urbanized spaces should be prepared.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.6B
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• pp.635-642
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• 2008

The influence of unsubmerged resistance bodies in a channel turbulence flow on energy loss was investigated by hydraulic experiments. Square-shaped multi-piers were used for unsubmerged structure or rigid vegetation in an open channel. In experimental channel flows multi-piers were arranged in double or single row along the channel direction, and mean-concept uniform elevations were attained and measured with a set of discharges and channel slopes. Applying the experimental results to the Manning equation, the equivalent resistance coefficient n, which implicates flow resistance and energy loss due to bottom friction as well as drag, was evaluated with varying the interval of piers and the uniform water depth. And the experimentally evaluated n values were compared with the semi-theoretical formula of the equivalent resistance coefficient derived from momentum analysis including a drag interaction coefficient. From the comparisons it was found that the interaction effect of piers on flow resistance was significant for the overall energy losses in a channel flow. The n values decrease when the interval of piers in flow-direction is less than about 2.2 times of the pier width. And it was also found that the n values increase with the 2/3 power of water depth in the theoretical formula, since the drag interaction coefficient was found to be mostly dependent on the interval of piers.