• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.42 no.7
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• pp.650-663
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• 2009

The purposes of this study were to investigate one portion size of menus served and to evaluate nutrient intake of lunch at three elderly care facility food services located in Seoul. A weighed plate method was employed to measure plate wastes and consumption of the menus served. Yield factors were calculated from cooking experiments based on standardized recipes, and were used to evaluate nutrient intake. One hundred elderly participated in this study for measuring plate waste and were asked to complete questionnaire. Nutrient analyses for the served and consumed meal were performed using CAN program. The yield factors of rice dishes after cooking are 2.4 regardless of rice dish types, 1.58 for thick soups, 0.60 to 0.70 for meat dishes, and 1.0 to 1.25 branched vegetable. Average consumption quantity of dishes were 235.97 g for rice, 248.53 g for soup, 72.83 g for meat dishes, 39.80 g for vegetables and 28.36 g for Kimchi. On average the food waste rate is 14.0%, indicating the second highest plate waste percentage of Kimchi (26.2%), and meat/fish dish (17.3%). The evaluation results of NAR (Nutrition Adequacy Ratio) showed that iron (0.12), calcium (0.64), riboflavin (0.80), and folic acid (0.97) were less than 1.0 in both male and female elderly groups, indicating significant differences of NAR among three facilities. Compared to the 1/3 Dietary Reference Intake (DRIs) for the elderly groups, nutrient intake analysis demonstrated that calcium (100%) and iron (100%), followed by riboflavin, vitamin A, and Vitamin B6 did not met of the 1/3 EAR (Estimated Average Requirement). For the nutritious meal management, a professional dietitian should be placed at the elderly care center to develop standardized recipes in consideration of yield factors and the elderly's health and nutrition status.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.30 no.7
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• pp.694-699
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• 2008

Considering the severe regulation associated with sludge treatment such as direct landfill and ocean dumping, there is no doubt in that an advanced study for the proper treatment of sludge is urgently needed in near feature. As one of viable method for sludge treatment, fry-drying of sludge by waste oil has been investigated in this study. The fundamental mechanism of this drying method lies in the phenomenon of rapid moisture escape in the sludge pore toward oil media. This is caused by the severe pressure gradient formed by the rapid oil heating between sludge and oil. As part of research effort of fry-drying using waste oil, a series of basic study has been made experimentally to obtain typical drying curves as function of important parameters such as drying temperature, drying time, oil type and geometrical shape of sludge formed. Based on this study, a number of useful conclusion can be drawn as following. The fry-drying method by oil immersion was found quite effective in the removal efficiency of sludge moisture, in general, the moisture content decreases significantly after 10 minutes and the whole moisture content was less than 5% after 14 minutes regardless of the drying temperature. The increase of oil temperature up to 140$^{\circ}C$ favors significantly for the removal of moisture but there was no visible difference above 140$^{\circ}C$. As expected, the decrease of diameter in sludge was efficient in drying due to the increased surface area per unit volume. Further, the effect of oil property by the change of oil type was noted. To be specific, for the case of engine oil the efficiency was found to be remarkably delayed in moisture evaporation compared with that of vegetable oil due to the increased viscosity of engine oil. It produced a result of increasing the evaporation of moisture largely relatively high in the drying temperature over 140$^{\circ}C$ compared with the drying temperature 120$^{\circ}C$ drying temperature as the drying time passed. Accordingly, the drying temperature is considered desirable as keeping over 140$^{\circ}C$ regardless of a sort of used oil.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.36-48
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• 2018

This study surveyed 599 elementary schools in Seoul to provide measures for the quantitative expansion and sustainable operation of environmentally-friendly school garden. Of all schools, 161 schools had formed and were operating school gardens. The total area of school gardens was $166,901m^2$ and the mean area was $131.2m^2$ in elementary, junior high and high schools in Seoul. Meanwhile, the total area of school gardens was $65,493m^2$ and the mean area was $363m^2$ in 161 schools that participated in the survey, indicating $1.15m^2$ per student. Of these schools, 11.8% were operating gardens themselves, while 50.3% were operating gardens that had been newly renovated or environmentally improved by institutional support projects after initially managing gardens themselves. According to the locations of school gardens, mixed-type gardening (a combination of school gardening and container vegetable gardening) accounted for 34.8%, followed by school gardening at 32.9%, container vegetable gardening at 29.2%, and suburb community gardening at 3.1%. Those in charge of garden operations were teachers at 51.6%, comprising the largest percentage. Facilities built when forming the garden included storage facilities for small-scale greenhouses and farming equipment at 26.1%, accounting for the largest percentage. No additional facilities constructed accounted for 21.7%. The greatest difficulty in operating gardens was garden management at 34.2%. The most needed elements for the sustainable operation of gardens were improvement in physical environment and the need for hiring a paid garden, each accounting for 32%. The most important purpose for school gardening was creating educational environments (81.6%). The major source for gaining information on garden management was consultation from acquaintances (67.8%). Schools that utilize plant waste from gardens as natural fertilizers accounted for 45.8% of all schools. Responses to the impact of operating school gardens for educational purpose were positive in all schools as 'very effective' in 63.2% and 'effective' in 36.8%. This study was meaningful in that it intended to identify the current status of the operation of school gardens in elementary schools in Seoul, support the formation of school gardens appropriate for each school with sustainable operation measures, implement a high-quality education program, develop teaching materials, expand job training opportunities for teachers in charge, devise measures to support specialized instructors, and propose the need for a garden management organization.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.647-651
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• 2013

Animal manure compost is a commonly used fertilizer in organic vegetable and fruit production in Korea. However, livestock manure compost produced from animal feces can contain a lot of the non-pathogenic and pathogenic bacteria. Of particular concern are bacteria causing human food-borne illness such as Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes. The objective of this study was to investigate effect of temperature on survival of E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes in livestock manure compost. Commercial livestock manure compost (manure 60%, sawdust 40%) was inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes. Compost was incubated at four different temperatures (10, 25, 35, and $55^{\circ}C$) for 20 weeks. Samples were taken every week during incubation depending on the given conditions. E. coli O157:H7 persisted for up to 1 day in livestock manure compost at $55^{\circ}C$, over 140 days at $10^{\circ}C$, 140 days at $25^{\circ}C$, and 120 days at $35^{\circ}C$, respectively. L. monocytogenes persisted for up to 1 day in livestock manure compost at $55^{\circ}C$ and 140 days at $10^{\circ}C$, 70 days at $25^{\circ}C$, and 40 days at $35^{\circ}C$, respectively. The results indicated that E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes persisted longer under low temperature condition. E. coli O157:H7 survived longer than L. monocytogenes at three different temperatures (10, 25, and $35^{\circ}C$). The results are being used to develop guidelines on the management of manure to reduce the risks of E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes transmission to foods produced in the presence of animal waste.

• International Journal of Costume and Fashion
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.35-47
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• 2013

We know that humans are able to live comfortably when there is a balance between the living environment that surrounds us and us. Clothing, one of the necessities of life, serves a dual purpose of functioning as protection for the body as well as providing visual satisfaction, and so is the most effective bonding mechanism. A different type of comfort that has been provided through industrialization and advancements in technology has resulted in pollution problems in the environment, and it has reached a point of seriously thinking about its effects. The biggest problems in environmental pollution are air pollution and waste disposal, and something that cannot be ignored is that environmental hormones and harmful heavy metals have been discovered in the synthetic dyes used in the clothing product, and not only are they harmful to the body, but they also have adverse effects on skin allergies such as atopic dermatitis. Its effects on clothing, especially underwear and baby products, can become a serious issue. The use of natural vegetable dye can be considered the basis for the traditional Korean dyeing process, however not all natural dyeing process can be thought of as traditional Korean dyeing. This is because natural dyeing used to be the most common method of dyeing before synthetic dyes came along and became the dye of choice for most clothing. Natural dyes are beneficial to the body, and the nature colors, achieved from the natural materials, relieve eye strains as well as have a healing effect for people who are suffering from psychological instability such as stress. However, the use of mordant in order to increase the fastness and get better color effects can lead to even more damage to the environment, and it cannot be a dyeing method that is good for the body. Traditional natural dyeing is different from regular natural dyeing because it uses colors that the Korean people can identify with and applies specific methods in order to achieve those colors. Even though experimental study with dyestuff and practical use of the dyeing methods for traditional Korean dyeing has been started(Soh, H., 1983) and has been ongoing, it is still not easy for regular people to use the method on their own. At the present time, natural dye materials are getting made and sold more than ever, but there is a lot of confusion among consumers regarding the difference between traditional Korean dyeing and natural dyeing, as companies are using the two terms interchangeably to market their natural dye products. So getting a better understanding of the characteristics of traditional Korean dyeing and traditional colors should be considered first priority at this time. The purpose of this thesis is to study the traditional Korean view of color, which developed the culture of traditional dyeing in Korea, and the characteristics of traditional Korean dyeing, a method that pursued achieving Korea's color through natural dyeing.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.294-301
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• 2017

In this study, we found the optimal manufacturing conditions of livestock manure sludge RDF with the oil-drying method. We performed oil evaporation, oil drying and pelletizing of the sludge to evaluate the value of the product (sludge RDF), and measured the performance of the product using calorimeter and PXRF equipment. Also, we conducted the calorie comparison test between sludge RDF manufactured in this study and wood RDF generally used in the field. Experimental results showed that 30g of the sludge treated by vegetable oil at $130^{\circ}C$ for 25 minutes were the optimal conditions to make the sludge RDF (considering the aspects of eco-friendly and mass production). The caloric value of the sludge RDF manufactured in this study was 5211kcal/kg which is higher than that of wood RDF used widely in the market. Finally, PXRF results showed sludge RDF contains no heavy metals with the exception of sulfur. Therefore, we recommend more study about the sulfur control process for future development of the industrial manufacturing process.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.589-596
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• 2009

The spectroscopic characteristics and chemical oxygen demand (COD) oxidation efficiencies were investigated for dissolved organic matters (DOM) from diverse sources, which may indirectly affect the concentrations and the quality of DOM found in watersheds. The DOM investigated for this study showed a wide range of the percent distributions of refractory organic matter (R-OM) from 8 to 100%. Relatively high R-OM distributions were observed for the DOM with the source of head water, sediments, paddy soils, field soils, and treated sewage whereas the DOM from livestock waste, reed, weeds, algae, and attached algae exhibited lower R-OM percent distributions. The percent distribution of R-OM had positive correlations with specific UV absorbance (SUVA) and humidification indices (HIX) of DOM. The investigated DOM was classified into four different source groups (i.e., biota, vegetables, soils, sediments) by comparing the synchronous fluorescence spectra. The DOM group from biota source was characterized by a prominent presence of protein-like fluorescence (PLF) whereas fulvic-like fluorescence (FLF) was additionally observed for vegetable-source DOM. FLF became significant for the DOM from both soils and sediments although no PLF was found for soil-derived DOM. A range of COD oxidation efficiency was observed for the various DOM, ranging from 36 to 94% and from 65 to 125% for $COD_{Mn}$ and $COD_{Cr}$, respectively. The results indicate that $COD_{Cr}$ reflects the higher OM concentration than $COD_{Mn}$. However, 95% confidence intervals of the COD oxidation efficiencies were similar for the two types of COD, suggesting that $COD_{Cr}$ may not be the superior OM index to $COD_{Mn}$ in terms of the variability of the oxidation efficiency. No significant correlations were obtained between COD oxidation efficiencies and the spectroscopic characteristics of DOM for this study.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.238-244
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• 2011

Biodiesel, mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids, is one of the alternative fuels derived from renewable lipid feedstock, such as vegetable oils or animal fats. For decade, various lipases have been used for the production of biodiesel. However, the production of biodiesel by enzymatic catalyst has profound restriction in industry application due to high cost. To overcome these problems, many research groups have studied extensively on the selection of cheap oil sources, the screening of suitable lipases, and development of lipase immobilization methods. In this study, we produced biodiesel from plant oil using Proteus vulgaris lipase K80 expressed in Escherichia coli cells. The recombinant lipase K80 was not only expressed in high level but also had high specific lipase activity and high stability in various organic solvents. Lipase K80 could produce biodiesel from olive oil by 3-stepwise methanol feeding method. The immobilized lipase K80 also produced biodiesel using the same 3-stepwise method. The immobilized lipase could produce biodiesel efficiently from various plant oils and waste oils.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.113-119
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• 2014

The compositions of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in biodiesel feedstocks are important factors for biodiesel properties including low-temperature fluidity and oxidative stability. This study was conducted to improve low-temperature fluidity of biodiesel by reducing total saturated FAME (fatty acid methyl ester) in animal fat biodiesel fuels via urea-based fractionation and by mixing plant biodiesel fuels (rapeseed-FAME, waste cooking oil-FAME, soybean-FAME, and camellia-FAME) with enriched-polyunsaturated FAME derived from animal fat biodiesel. Our results showed that the reduction of total saturated FAME in animal fat biodiesel lowered CFPP (Cold Filter Plugging Point) to $-15^{\circ}C$. Mixing plant biodiesel fuels with the enriched-polyunsaturated FAME derived from animal fat biodiesel lowered CFPP of blended biodiesel fuels to $-10{\sim}-18^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.55-65
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• 2021

This study investigated methane productions and a degradation rate of organic matters by German standard method, VDI4630 test. In this study, 11 waste biomasses from agricultural fields were selected for the investigation. The objective of this study was to estimate a distribution of organic matters by using the Double first-order kinetics model in order to calculate the rate of biodegradable organic matters which degrade rapidly in the initial stage and the persistently biodegradable organic matters which degrade slowly later. As a result, all the biomasses applied in this study showed rapid decomposition in the initial stage. Then the decomposition rate began to slow down for a certain period and the rate became 10 times slower than the initial decomposition rate. This trend of decomposition rate changes is typical conditions of biomass decompositions. The easily degradable factors (k₁) were raged between 0.097~0.152 day^-1 from vegetable crops and persistent degradable factor (k₂) were 0.002~0.024 day^-1. Among these results, greater organic matter decomposition rates from VDI4630 had greater k₁ values (0.152, 0.144day^-1) and smaller k₁ values (0.002, 0.005day^-1) from cucumbers and paprika. In a meanwhile, radishes and tangerine rinds which had low decomposition rates showed 0.097 and 0.094 day^-1 of k₁ values and decomposition rates seems to affect k₁ values.