• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제26권7호
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• pp.875-879
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• 2017

We conducted two experiments to evaluate effects of feeding various types of red ginseng marc and Houttuynia cordata (H.cordata) on blood profiles of poultry in a completely randomized design. In experiment 1 (28 d), a total of 240 broilers (Arbor acres) were used. Four dietary treatments (15 broilers per pen with four replicate pens per treatment) were included: (1) control, (2) 2% red ginseng marc, (3) 1% fermented red ginseng marc with red koji, and (4) 2% liquid red ginseng. There were no significant differences in HDL and LDL-cholestrol among treatments (P > 0.05), but total cholesterol and triglyceride decreased in diets supplemented with red ginseng marc and 1% fermented red ginseng marc with red koji compared to that in the control treatment (P < 0.05). In experiment 2 (38 d), a total of 240 Pekin ducks were randomly divided into 4 groups by dietary treatments (control, 1% fermented H. cordata powder with red koji, 1% fermented H. cordata pelleted with red koji, and 1% fermented H. cordata coated with red koji) with 4 replicates of 15 ducks in each group. Total cholesterol and VLDL-cholesterol were not affected by diet with various types of H. cordata. However, increase in HDL-cholesterol and decrease in LDL and VLDL-cholesterol were greater in treatments with different types of H. cordata than in the control treatments (P < 0.05). In conclusion, using various types of red ginseng marc and H. cordata in poultry diets was effective for increasing HDL-cholesterol and decreasing total, LDL, and VLDL-cholestrol or triglyceride.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.554-561
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• 2017

Objective: This experiment was conducted as a $3{\times}2{\times}2$ factorial design to examine the effects of particle size (mean particle size of 331, 640, or $862{\mu}m$), evaluation method (direct vs indirect method) and adaptation duration (7 or 26 days) on the energy content and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of various chemical components in wheat when fed to finishing pigs. Methods: Forty-two barrows ($Duroc{\times}Landrace{\times}Yorkshire$) with an initial body weight of $63.0{\pm}0.8kg$ were individually placed in metabolic cages and randomly allotted to 1 of 7 diets with 6 pigs fed each diet. For the indirect method, the pigs were fed either a corn-soybean meal based basal diet or diets in which 38.94% of the basal diet was substituted by wheat of the different particle sizes. In the direct method, the diets contained 97.34% wheat with the different particle sizes. For both the direct and indirect methods, the pigs were adapted to their diets for either 7 or 26 days. Results: A reduction in particle size linearly increased the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) contents as well as the ATTD of gross energy, crude protein, organic matter, ether extract (EE) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) (p<0.05), and had a trend to increase the ATTD of dry matter of wheat (p = 0.084). The DE, ME contents, and ATTD of gross energy, crude protein, dry matter and organic matter were higher (p<0.05) when determined by the direct method, but the ATTD of ADF, EE, and neutral detergent fiber were higher when determined by the indirect method (p<0.05). Prolongation of the adaption duration decreased the ATTD of neutral detergent fiber (p<0.05) and had a trend to increase the ATTD of EE (p = 0.061). There were no interactions between particle size and the duration of the adaptation duration. The ATTD of EE in wheat was influenced by a trend of interaction between method and adaptation duration (p = 0.074). The ATTD of ADF and EE in wheat was influenced by an interaction between evaluation method and wheat particle size such that there were linear equations (p<0.01) about ATTD of ADF and EE when determined by the direct method but quadratic equations (p = 0.073 and p = 0.088, respectively) about ATTD of ADF and EE when determined by the indirect method. Conclusion: Decreasing particle size can improve the DE and ME contents of wheat; both of the direct and indirect methods of evaluation are suitable for evaluating the DE and ME contents of wheat with different particle sizes; and an adaptation duration of 7 d is sufficient to evaluate DE and ME contents of wheat in finishing pigs.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.135-142
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• 1996

여러 가지 어분의 이용성을 검토하기 위해 어분의 종류와 혼합비를 달리한 실험사료로 2회에 걸쳐 사육 실험을 실시하였다. 단백질원으로 북양어분 간접식을 $100\%$ 첨가한 사료와 북양어분을 갈색어분으로 $100\%$ 대체한 2종류의 실험사료를 제조하여 평균체중 5.7g의 조피볼락을 대상으로 45일간 사육한 결과, 최종평균체중, 증중율 및 사료효율 모두 갈색어분 첨가구가 대조구보다 유의하게 낮은 값을 보인 반면 (P<0.05), 일간 사료섭취량, 단백질 및 지질축적율과 단백질 및 지질의 외견상 소화율은 대조구와 차이가 없었다. 단백질원으펀 북양어분 간접식 $100\%$ 첨가구 (대조구)와 북양어된 간접식을 북양어분 직접식으로 $50\%$ 및 $100\%$ 대체한 실험구, 갈색어분으로 $50\%$ 및 $100\%$ 대체한 실험구 및 어류가수분해단백질로 $50\%$ 대체한 실험구를 설정하여 평균체중 86.6g의 조피볼락을 21주간 사육한 결과, 사육기간에 따른 체중의 변화는 사료간에 거의 차이가 없이 직선적으로 증가하였으며, 최종평균체중, 증중율, 사료효율, 지질축적율은 어분종류에 따른 유의차가 인정되지 않았다(P>0.05). 단백질축적율은 갈색어분 $50\%$ 대체구가 유의적으로 높은 값을 보였으나(P<0.05), 모든 실험구의 값이 $22.4\~25.0\%$의 범위로 큰 차이는 없었다. 두 실험 모두 전어체의 단백질 및 지질 함량은 사료의 어분종류나 첨가비에 따른 차이는 없었다(P>0.05). 위의 결과들로 보아 성장효과가 어체 크기에 따라 달라짐을 알 수 있고, 성장함에 따라 어분 이용성의 선택 폭이 넓어지므로 어체 크기에 따라 배합사료의 주 단백질원을 적절히 조정하여 값비싼 북양 어분 간접식은 다른 값싼 어분으로 일부 또는 완전히 대체 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.99-105
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• 1996

Effects of conjugated linoleic acid(CLA), known as an effective anticarcinogen in several aminal models, on the egg production and egg weight of laying hens, and the weight gains of broilers were investigated. CLA was synthesized from corn oil by the alkaline isomerization method and purified by the low-temperature precipitation method. Diets for laying hens and for broilers were synthesized to meet the specification of their NRC standard rationals. Two separated experiments(Experiment I and II) were conducted for laying hens. in experiment I, 45 hens(300 days of age) were divided into 15 hens per treatment group; each hen was housed in wired cage located in a temperature and humidity-controlled house and adopted to the control diet. One week later, each group was subjected to one the four treatment groups for 5 weeks : control, 1.0% CLA, 2.5% CLA and 5.0% CLA diets. Diet and water were ad libitum. The condition of experiment II was the same as that of experiment I except for the addition of 5% corn oil diet and the extension of feeding period to 7 weeks. Egg production, egg weight and feed intake were recorded every week. Forty-five broilers(10day of age) were adopted to the control diet for a week and then switched to the treatment diets for 5 weeks : control, 1.0% CLA, 2.5% CLA, 5% CLA and 5% corn oil, Body weight and feed intake of broilers were measured every week. Diets supplemented with various amounts of CLA enhanced the egg production and increased the egg weight regardless laying hen's age(150 days or 300 days) as compared to control diet. The most effective diet for the egg production and egg weight of young hens(150 days of age) was found to be 1.0% CLA diet, but relatively higher CLA diet(2.5% CLA) was required for old hens (300 day of age) to obtain similar results as seen in younger hens. All hens treated with CLA ate greater amount of feed than control hens. Broilers treated with various amount of CLA ate less feed as compared to control ones, but the body weight gain was greater than the control broilers. These results indicate that CLA enhanced the egg production and agg weight of laying hens, and increased the body weight gain of broilers with less diet consumption.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권8호
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• pp.1171-1176
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• 2003

The effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on lipid concentrations and fatty acid composition of various tissues were studied in young chicks. From 7 days of age, a total of 160 chicks were divided into 4 groups, placed into 4 pens per group (10 birds per pen) and fed one of four experimental diets containing 6% tallow (TO 6%), 4% tallow plus 2% CLA (TO 4%-CLA 2%), 2% tallow plus 4% CLA (TO 2%-CLA 4%) or 6% CLA (CLA 6%) for 3 weeks. There were no significant differences in growth performances and the relative weights of various organs, but relative liver weight of chicks fed dietary CLA at 4 and 6% levels was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of TO 6% group. The chemical compositions of leg muscle were not affected by CLA feeding. However, hepatic total lipid of chicks fed 6% CLA diet was significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of TO 6% and TO 4%-CLA 2% groups. The concentrations of various lipid fractions in serum were not affected by CLA feeding. With the increase in dietary CLA levels, cis 9-trans 11 CLA, trans 10-cis 12 CLA and total CLA of leg muscle increased linearly. The relative proportions of C18:1 $\omega$ -9 and C20:4 $\omega$-6 fatty acids in the leg muscles of chicks fed the CLA containing diets were significantly lower (p<0.05) than those of TO 6% group. These results indicate that the levels of CLA isomers were increased linearly in dose-dependent manner after feeding of synthetic CLA source. But it was also observed that excessive amount of dietary CLA resulted in the possible adversely effects, such as increase of liver weight, hepatic lipid accumulation and serum GOT level.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.493-505
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• 1993

Present experiments were undertaken in order to clarify the clinico-pathological characteristics of lead poisoning in goats. Twenty goats were divided into three experimental groups(A, B and C) and a control(D). The three experimental groups received diets contaminated artificially with 10(A group), 200(B group) and $1,000(C group){\mu}g/g$ of lead for 70 days, respectively. The control group received normal diets. Hair samples collected one or two weeks interval were examed for the lead content. On day 70. all the animals were necropsied and various organs were examined pathoanatomically. In addition, various organs were analyzed for lead, zine, copper, iron and calcium content by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. From these experiments following results were obtained ; The lead content of hair was significantly increased from the $42^{nd}$, $21^{st}$ or $14^{th}$ day in all the three groups, which showed significant correlation with lead content of liver and spleen. The lead content of various organs including kidney, liver, spleen, ileum, bone and abomasum were significantly increased in accordance with the lead contamination. The increase was most prominent in abomasal wall. The zinc and copper content of liver, brain, ileum, skin, kidney, lung or muscle were increased in B and C groups whereas the iron and calcium content showed no significant change. Pathoanatomically, degeneration or necrosis of proximal convoluted tubules of kidney, peripheral necrosis of liver, fundic gland necrosis of abomasum and cerebral edema were observed in B and C groups.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권2_spc호
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• pp.317-331
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• 2022

The aim of the present investigation is to determine the nutritional composition of various insects and their potential uses as alternative protein sources in animal diets. The feeding industry requires production systems that use accessible resources, such as feed resources, and concentrates on the potential impacts on production yield and nutritional quality. Invertebrate insects, such as black soldier flies, grasshoppers, mealworms, housefly larvae, and crickets, have been used as human food and as feed for nonruminants and aqua culture while for ruminants their use has been limited. Insects can be mass-produced, participating in a circular economy that minimizes or eliminates food- and feed-waste through bioconversion. Although the model for formula-scale production of insects as feed for domestic animals has been explored for a number of years, significant production and transformation to being a conventional protein resource remains to be deeply investigated. This review will focus on the nutritional composition of various insects and their potential use as alternative protein sources, as well as their potential use to promote and support sustainable animal production. Furthermore, nutritional compositions, such as high protein, lauric acid omega 6, and omega 3, and bioactive compounds, such as chitin, are of great potential use for animal feeding.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.248-256
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• 2003

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of expander processing and enzyme supplementation of wheat-based diets on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in finishing pigs. For Exp. 1, 60 finishing pigs (average initial BW of 49.5 kg) were fed meal, standard pellets and expanded pellets in a 70 d growth assay. From 49.5 to 79.0 kg, 79.0 to 111.8 kg, and overall (49.5 to 111.8 kg), ADG and ADFI were not affected by pelleting or standard vs expander conditioning (p>0.22). However, from 49.5 to 79.0 kg, pigs fed pellets have greater gain/feed than pigs fed mash (p<0.04), and pigs fed expanded pellets tended to have greater (p<0.10) gain/feed than pigs fed standard pellets. Overall (i.e. from 49.5 to 111.8 kg), gain/feed (p<0.02) and apparent fecal digestibilities of DM (p<0.001) and N (p<0.02) were improved by pelleting the diets. Also, expander processing further improved gain/feed (p<0.06) and digestibility of DM (p<0.04) compared to standard steam conditioning. Scores for keratinization (p<0.002) and ulceration (p<0.003) of the stomach were increased by pelleting, but the mean scores for the various treatments ranged only from 0.05 to 1.08 (i.e., low to mild keratosis and ulceration). For Exp. 2, 80 pigs (average initial BW of 54.1 kg) were fed mash and pellets (standard or expander) without and with xylanase. The enzyme was added to supply 4,000 units of xylanase activity/kg of diet. Adding xylanase to the mash diet improved gain/feed from 90.7 to 115.9 kg (p<0.04) of the growth assay and digestibility of DM (p<0.05) on d 39. However, in pelleted diets, adding the enzyme did not improve growth performance or digestibility of nutrients. Pelleting tended to increase scores for ulceration (p<0.06), and enzyme supplementation decreased stomach keratinization scores for pigs fed the standard pellets (p<0.01). However, as in Exp. 1, the mean scores for all treatment groups were quiet low (i.e., ranging from normal to mild). In conclusion, pelleting improved efficiency of growth, but additional benefits from expander conditioning were observed only in Exp. 1. Finally, xylanase tended to improve growth performance and nutrient digestibility, only in pigs fed mash diets but not in pigs fed pellets.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.3-12
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• 2001

Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) are important components of brain phospholipds and play important role (s) in brain function. In rats, the maximum brain growth occurs during the period of lactation even though it happens during the third trimester of gestation in human. Since milk contained docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) even through the maternal diet had no DHA and/or a very small amount of its precursor, $\alpha$-linolenic acid ($\alpha$-LnA), an emphasis was given to maternal adipose tissue as a reservoir of this fatty acid. We, therefore, investigated the mesenteric and subcutaneous adipose tissues for their fatty acid composition in dams reared with different fat diets. Diets containing various amounts of $\omega$6 and $\omega$3 fatty acids were given to adult female rats (200-250g) throughout the pregnancy and lactation periods. Diets were composed of 10% (wt/wt) corn oil (CO), soybean oil (SO), perilla seed oil (PO) containing about 60% $\alpha$-LnA, or fish oil (FO) rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and DHA. The fatty acid ompositions of mesenteric and subcutaneous fat were measured and evaluated at Day-2 and Day-15 after parturition. In general, major characteristics of dietary fatty acid composition was reflected on the fatty acid composition of adipose tissues. Dietary fatty acid composition was reflected more on mesenteric fat as compared to subcutaneous fat. Mesenteric fat was found to contain less arachidonic acid (AA) and mesenteric fats of CO, SO and PO groups contained less DHA than did the subcutaneous fat. The P/M/S ratios of adipose tissues were similar between experimental groups while dietary P/M/S ratios differed significantly. It was noticeable that a small proportion of DHA was found in the adipose tissues of animals of CO, SO and PO groups (Day-2) and in SO and PO groups (Day-15), the groups which do not contain DHA in their diets. The percentage of DHA in mesenteric fat o CO, SO and PO groups decreased as lactation continues, while the proportion of DHA in FO group increased. Adipose tissues of FO group had higher DHA/EPA ratio as compared to the diet. Considering the fact that the body contains a large amount of adipose tissues, our present finding suggests that the adipose tissue can serve as a reservoir of DHA for pregnant and lactating rats.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권9호
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• pp.1285-1293
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• 2005

The present study was conducted to evaluate and compare the effects of various animal and plant protein sources on piglet' performance, digestibility of amino acids and gut morphology in weaned pigs until 28 days after weaning. The plant protein sources used were soybean meal (SBM), fermented soy protein (FSP), rice protein concentrate (RPC); and animal protein sources tested were, whey protein concentrate (WPC) and fishmeal (FM). Iso-proteinous (21%) diets were formulated and lysine (1.55%) content was similar in all the diets. The level of each protein source added was 6% by replacing SBM to the same extent from the control diet containing 15% SBM. The ADG was higher (p<0.05) in the groups fed animal proteins as compared with plant proteins at all the levels of measurement, except during 15-28 days. The highest ADG was noted in WPC and FM fed diets and lowest in SBM fed diet. The feed intake was higher in animal protein fed groups than plant proteins at all phases, but the feed:gain ratio was not affected by protein sources except during overall (0 to 14 day) measurement which was improved (p<0.05) in animal protein fed diets compared to plant protein sources. The digestibilities of gross energy, dry matter and crude protein were higher in animal protein fed groups than for plant protein fed sources. The apparent ileal digestibilities of essential amino acids like Leu, Thr, and Met were significantly (p<0.05) higher in animal proteins fed animals as compared with plant protein fed animals. But the apparent fecal digestibilities of essential amino acids like Arg and Ile were significantly higher (p<0.05) in plant protein diets than animal protein sources. The villous structure studied by scanning electron microscope were prominent, straight finger-like, although shortened and densely located in FM fed group as compared with others. The lactic acid bacteria and C. perfringens counts were higher in caecal contents of pigs fed plant proteins than the animal proteins. Overall, it could be concluded that animal protein sources in the present study showed better effects on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and gut morphology than plant protein sources.