• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.136-144
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• 2022

Objective: This study was to identify the effect of pressure biofeedback applied in various postures that allow the application of abdominal drawing-in. Design: A cross sectional study. Methods: The study intended to compare changes in the thickness of abdominal muscles between different postures when abdominal drawing-in was performed using a pressure biofeedback unit in five postures and to compare differences in terms of measures such as the transverse abdominis's preferential activation ratio(PAR). Data measured from 30 healthy individuals were used for data analysis. A paired t-test and repeated measures analysis of variance was performed to compare the thickness of each abdominal muscle. Results: The transverse abdominis's and internal oblique's thickness showed statistically significant differences in all postures when abdominal drawing-in (p<0.05). In the comparison between the postures, statistically significant differences were observed between the positions of hook-lying and wall support standing and between supine and wall support standing and between hook-lying and sitting (p<0.05). In terms of the transverse abdominis's PAR in each posture, statistically significant differences were observed between hook-lying and quadruped, hook-lying and sitting, hook-lying and wall support standing, quadruped and supine, sitting and supine, as well as wall support standing and supine (p<0.05). Conclusions: When abdominal drawing-in using pressure biofeedback unit is performed for stabilization exercises, selecting and applying specific postures according to targeted muscles and the subject's functional ability will help provide a more efficient and accurate intervention.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권9호
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• pp.1451-1459
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• 2021

Objective: The objectives of the study were to evaluate reproductive performance and selection response through genetic trend of community-based breeding programs (CBBPs) of Bonga sheep. Methods: Reproduction traits data were collected between 2012 and 2018 from Bonga sheep CBBPs. Phenotypic performance was analyzed using the general linear model procedures of Statistical Analysis System. Genetic parameters were estimated by univariate animal model for age at first lambing (AFL) and repeatability models for lambing interval (LI), litter size (LS), and annual reproductive rate (ARR) traits using restricted maximum likelihood method of WOMBAT. For correlations bivariate animal model was used. Best model was chosen based on likelihood ratio test. The genetic trends were estimated by the weighted regression of the average breeding value of the animals on the year of birth/lambing. Results: The overall least squares mean±standard error of AFL, LI, LS, and ARR were 375±12.5, 284±9.9, 1.45±0.010, and 2.31±0.050, respectively. Direct heritability estimates for AFL, LI, LS, and ARR were 0.07±0.190, 0.06±0.120, 0.18±0.070, and 0.25±0.203, respectively. The low heritability for both AFL and LI showed that these traits respond little to selection programs but rather highly depend on animal management options. The annual genetic gains were -0.0281 days, -0.016 days, -0.0002 lambs and 0.0003 lambs for AFL, LI, LS, and ARR, respectively. Conclusion: Implications of the result to future improvement programs were improving management of animals, conservation of prolific flocks and out scaling the CBBP to get better results.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.251-259
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• 2022

Purpose : This study was conducted to check the effect on nursing college students' major satisfaction, adjustment to college life and nurse's image nursing students before clinical practical education. Methods : The study surveyed 209 college students majoring in nursing science in the city of B for the period of April through May 2022. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 22.0 to determine the frequency, percentage ratio, average, and standard deviation. Statistical analyses included the t-test, analysis of variance, pearson's correlation coefficients. Results : As a result of this study, the average degree of satisfaction with majors was 3.88±.50, the average of college life adaptation was 3.26±.47, and the average of the nurse image was 3.90±.51. The major satisfaction according to the general characteristics of the study subjects showed a statistically significant difference in the motive for choosing a department (F=3.70, p=.003) and the thought of a nursing job (F=2.95, p=.004). The adjustment to college life according to the general characteristics of the study subjects showed a statistically significant difference in grade (F=3.50, p=.001), department selection motivation (F=2.69, p=.022) showed a statistically significant difference. The nurse image showed a statistically significant difference in residence type (F=6.00, p=.001) and nursing job thinking (F=2.11, p=.036). The correlation between the variables of the study subjects showed that major satisfaction was found to have a positive correlation with adjustment college life (r=.51, p<.001) and nurse image (r=.54, p<.001). It was found that adjustment college life had a positive correlation with the nurse image (r=.32, p<.001). Conclusion : The higher the degree of satisfaction with the major of nursing students prior to clinical practice education, the higher the degree of adaptation to college life. It is need to intervention studies that can improve the image of positive nursing.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제53권4호
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• pp.259-268
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• 2023

Purpose: Hyaluronic acid (HA) affects angiogenesis and promotes the migration and differentiation of mesenchymal cells, thereby activating the osteogenic ability of osteoblasts. Although studies on the action of HA during bone regeneration are being actively conducted, the optimal dose of HA required for bone regeneration remains unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to elucidate the most effective HA dose for bone formation using a rat critical-size defect model. Methods: Thirty rats were randomly divided into 5 groups, with 6 rats in each group. An absorbable collagen sponge soaked with HA or saline was used to fill an 8-mm defect, which was then covered with a collagen membrane. Different treatments were performed for each group as follows: (1) saline control, (2) 1 mg/mL HA, (3) 25 mg/mL HA, (4) 50 mg/mL HA, or (5) 75 mg/mL HA. After a healing period of 4 weeks, micro-computed tomography and histological analysis were performed. The obtained values were analyzed using analysis of variance and the Tukey test (P<0.05). Results: At week 4, the 75 mg/mL HA group had the highest bone volume/total volume ratio, new bone, and bone fill among the 5 groups, and these values were significantly different from those observed in the control group (P<0.01) and 1 mg/mL HA group (P<0.001). More active bone formation was observed in the higher-dose HA groups (25 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL, and 75 mg/mL HA), which included a large amount of woven bone. Conclusions: The 75 mg/mL HA group showed better bone formation than the other groups (1, 25, and 50 mg/mL HA and control).

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.45.1-45.10
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• 2022

Objectives: This study evaluated the relationship between the battery charge level and irradiance of light-emitting diode (LED) light-curing units (LCUs) and how these variables influence the Vickers hardness number (VHN) of a bulk-fill resin. Materials and Methods: Four LCUs were evaluated: Radii Plus (SDI), Radii-cal (SDI), Elipar Deep Cure (Filtek Bulk Fill, 3M Oral Care), and Poly Wireless (Kavo Kerr). Irradiance was measured using a radiometer every ten 20-second activations until the battery was discharged. Disks (4 mm thick) of a bulk-fill resin (Filtek Bulk Fill, 3M Oral Care) were prepared, and the VHN was determined on the top and bottom surfaces when light-cured with the LCUs with battery levels at 100%, 50% and 10%. Data were analyzed by 2-way analysis of variance, the Tukey's test, and Pearson correlations (α = 5%). Results: Elipar Deep Cure and Poly Wireless showed significant differences between the irradiance when the battery was fully charged versus discharged (10% battery level). Significant differences in irradiance were detected among all LCUs, within each battery condition tested. Hardness ratios below 80% were obtained for Radii-cal (10% battery level) and for Poly Wireless (50% and 10% battery levels). The battery level showed moderate and strong, but non-significant, positive correlations with the VHN and irradiance. Conclusions: Although the irradiance was different among LCUs, it decreased in half of the devices along with a reduction in battery level. In addition, the composite resin effectiveness of curing, measured by the hardness ratio, was reduced when the LCUs' battery was discharged.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제13권9호
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• pp.103-112
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• 2015

Purpose - This paper aims to provide a step-by-step approach to factor analytic procedures, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and to offer a guideline for factor analysis. Authors have argued that the results of PCA and EFA are substantially similar. Additionally, they assert that PCA is a more appropriate technique for factor analysis because PCA produces easily interpreted results that are likely to be the basis of better decisions. For these reasons, many researchers have used PCA as a technique instead of EFA. However, these techniques are clearly different. PCA should be used for data reduction. On the other hand, EFA has been tailored to identify any underlying factor structure, a set of measured variables that cause the manifest variables to covary. Thus, it is needed for a guideline and for procedures to use in factor analysis. To date, however, these two techniques have been indiscriminately misused. Research design, data, and methodology - This research conducted a literature review. For this, we summarized the meaningful and consistent arguments and drew up guidelines and suggested procedures for rigorous EFA. Results - PCA can be used instead of common factor analysis when all measured variables have high communality. However, common factor analysis is recommended for EFA. First, researchers should evaluate the sample size and check for sampling adequacy before conducting factor analysis. If these conditions are not satisfied, then the next steps cannot be followed. Sample size must be at least 100 with communality above 0.5 and a minimum subject to item ratio of at least 5:1, with a minimum of five items in EFA. Next, Bartlett's sphericity test and the Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin (KMO) measure should be assessed for sampling adequacy. The chi-square value for Bartlett's test should be significant. In addition, a KMO of more than 0.8 is recommended. The next step is to conduct a factor analysis. The analysis is composed of three stages. The first stage determines a rotation technique. Generally, ML or PAF will suggest to researchers the best results. Selection of one of the two techniques heavily hinges on data normality. ML requires normally distributed data; on the other hand, PAF does not. The second step is associated with determining the number of factors to retain in the EFA. The best way to determine the number of factors to retain is to apply three methods including eigenvalues greater than 1.0, the scree plot test, and the variance extracted. The last step is to select one of two rotation methods: orthogonal or oblique. If the research suggests some variables that are correlated to each other, then the oblique method should be selected for factor rotation because the method assumes all factors are correlated in the research. If not, the orthogonal method is possible for factor rotation. Conclusions - Recommendations are offered for the best factor analytic practice for empirical research.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.29-33
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• 1985

고자리파리 유충(幼蟲)에 의(依)한 양파의 피해(被害)를 $990m^2$ 포장(圃場)에서 1984년(年) 4월(月) 11일(日)부터 5월(月) 21일(日)까지 10일(日) 간격(間隔)으로 전주(全株) 조사(調査)를 하여 피해지도(被害地圖)를 작성(作成)하였다. 지도(地圖)를 양파 80주(株)를 하나의 단위(單位)로 하는 사각형(四角形)으로 구분(區分)하여 빈도분포표(頻度分布表)를 작성(作成)하고 Chi-square test에 의(依)하여 Poisson분포(分布)와 부(負)의 이항분포(二項分布)를 적용(適用)해 본 결과(結果) 부(負)의 이항분포(二項分布)가 전(全) 생육기간(生育期間)에 걸쳐서 적합(適合)하였다. 주변효과(周邊效果)는 지도(地圖)를 중앙부(中央部)와 주변부(周邊部)로 이분(二分)한 후(後) 피해주율(被害株率), 분산(分散)과 평균(平均)의 비(比)를 비교(比較)해 본 결과(結果) 주변부(周邊部)의 그것이 중앙부(中央部)보다 높게 나타났다. 지도(地圖)를 다시 비슷한 크기의 4개(個) 구(區)로 나누고 각(各) 구내(區內)의 표본단위(標本單位)(양파 80주(株)를 다시 4등분(等分)하여 2차단위(次單位)로 하였다. 시기별(時期別)로 각(各) 구(區)에서 5개(個)의 표본단위(標本單位)를 임의(任意)로 택(擇)하고 분산분석(分散分析)하였다. 그 결과(結果) 최적(最適) 표본수(標本數)는 2개(個)의 2차단위(次單位)를 택(擇)할 경우(境遇) 5%의 오차(誤差) 범위(範圍)에서는 $2{\sim}8$개(個), 10%의 오차(誤差) 범위(範圍)에서는 $1{\sim}2$개(個)의 표본단위(標本單位)를 택(擇)하는 것이 좋을 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.315-325
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• 2023

본 연구는 복부 비만도에 따라 콩팥 크기의 상관관계를 분석하여 3차원 전산화단층영상(3-Dimensional Computed Tomography, 3D CT)의 콩팥 크기 계측으로 복부 비만도를 예측하고자 하였다. 대상자는 전주 예수병원 건강의학센터에서 종합검진을 받은 자로 기저질환이 없는 건강한 성인 178명으로 하였다. 복부 비만도는 CT의 배꼽 주변의 횡단면에서 내장지방 면적, 피하지방 면적, 비만도로 구분하여 측정하였다. 복부 비만도 간에 따라 분류한 콩팥 크기의 평균 비교는 일원배치 분산분석(One-way analysis of variance, ANOVA) 및 Scheffe 사후 검정을 통해 시행하였다. 모든 계측 값의 상관관계는 Pearson 상관분석 하였다. 그 결과 복부 비만도에 따른 콩팥 크기 ANOVA 분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 내장 지방도 간에 따른 콩팥 계측치의 평균은 모든 콩팥 계측치에서 유의한 차이가 있었다(p<0.05). 피하 지방도 간에 따른 콩팥 계측치의 평균은 3D CT 우측 콩팥 너비 계측 시 중증 비만군에서 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). 비만도 간에 따른 콩팥 계측치의 평균은 3D CT 우측 콩팥 너비와 좌측 콩팥 너비 계측 시 중증 비만군에서 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). 콩팥 계측치와 CT 복부 비만도 간의 Pearson 상관분석 결과 내장지방 면적은 3D CT 좌측 콩팥 너비와 상대적으로 높은 양의 상관관계(r=0.467)를 보였으며 피하지방 면적은 3D CT 우측 콩팥 너비와 양의 상관관계(r=0.249)를 보였다. 비만도에서는 3D CT 좌측 콩팥 너비와 양의 상관관계(r=0.291)를 보였다.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.51-62
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• 2004

조립토 다짐말뚝(granular compaction pile)공법은 비교적 강성이 크고 압축성이 작은 자갈, 쇄석 및 모래 등의 조립질 재료를 사용하여 연약한 지반에 말뚝을 조성하는 공법으로, 기초지반의 지지력 증가, 침하량 감소 및 압밀배수 촉진 등에 의한 지반개량 효과뿐 아니라, 사질토 지반에 적용시 지진에 의한 액상화 방지효과도 큰 공법으로 알려져 있으나 국내에서는 아직까지 널리 사용되지 않고 있다. 일반적으로 조립토 다짐말뚝은 Piled-raft system으로 시공되므로, 이 때 조립토 다짐말뚝의 극한지지력에 대한 평가는 팽창파괴 중심부의 깊이에 따라 달라지게 된다. 또한 조립토 다짐말뚝과 주변지반과의 하중분담에 대한 영향 및 지반내에서 조립토 다짐말뚝에 작용하는 구속응력의 변화를 적절하게 고려하여 조립토 다짐말뚝의 극한지지력이 결정되어야 한다. 본 연구에서는, 김 등(1998)에 의하여 연구되었던 조립토 다짐말뚝의 극한지지력 평가에 대한 해석기법을 토대로, 단일 말뚝에 대하여 상재하중의 크기, 재하면적의 크기 및 파괴깊이에 따른 수평구속응력의 변화를 고려하여 극한지지력을 산정하기 위한 기법을 제안하였다. 또한 제안된 조립토 다짐말뚝의 극한지지력 평가기법의 타당성을 실내모형실험을 통하여 검증하였으며, 실험결과를 토대로 하여 군말뚝의 지지력 증가효과 및 압밀계수의 변화에 대하여 비교, 분석을 실시하였다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.303-308
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• 2005

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two talniflumate tablets, SOMALGEN tablet (Kun Wha Pharm. Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea, reference drug) and FLUTAL tablet (Kukje Pharm. Co., Ltd., Korea, test drug), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Twenty-four healthy male Korean volunteers received two tablets at the talniflumate dose of 740 mg in a $2{\pm}2$ crossover study. There was a one-week washout period between the doses. Plasma concentrations of niflumic acid were monitored by an HPLC-UV for over a period of 14 hr after the administration. $AUC_t$(the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to 14 hr) was calculated by the linear trapezoidal rule method. $C_{max}$(maximum plasma drug concentration) and $T_{max}$(time to reach $C_{max}$) were compiled from the plasma concentration-time data. Analysis of variance was carried out using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and untransformed $T_{max}$. No significant sequence effect was found for all of the bioavailability parameters indicating that the crossover design was properly performed. The 90% confidence intervals of the $AUC_t$, ratio and the $C_{max}$ ratio for SOMALGEN/FLUTAL were $log0.8510{\sim}log1.0318$ and $log0.9264{\sim}log1.0607$, respectively. These values were within the acceptable bioequivalence intervals of $log0.80{\sim}log1.25$. Taken together, our study demonstrated the bioequivalence of SOMALGEN and FLUTAL with respect to the rate and extent of absorption.