Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics

The Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry (대한치과보존학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Relationship between battery level and irradiance of light-curing units and their effects on the hardness of a bulk-fill composite resin

  • Received : 2022.05.24
  • Accepted : 2022.09.19
  • Published : 2022.11.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Objectives: This study evaluated the relationship between the battery charge level and irradiance of light-emitting diode (LED) light-curing units (LCUs) and how these variables influence the Vickers hardness number (VHN) of a bulk-fill resin. Materials and Methods: Four LCUs were evaluated: Radii Plus (SDI), Radii-cal (SDI), Elipar Deep Cure (Filtek Bulk Fill, 3M Oral Care), and Poly Wireless (Kavo Kerr). Irradiance was measured using a radiometer every ten 20-second activations until the battery was discharged. Disks (4 mm thick) of a bulk-fill resin (Filtek Bulk Fill, 3M Oral Care) were prepared, and the VHN was determined on the top and bottom surfaces when light-cured with the LCUs with battery levels at 100%, 50% and 10%. Data were analyzed by 2-way analysis of variance, the Tukey's test, and Pearson correlations (α = 5%). Results: Elipar Deep Cure and Poly Wireless showed significant differences between the irradiance when the battery was fully charged versus discharged (10% battery level). Significant differences in irradiance were detected among all LCUs, within each battery condition tested. Hardness ratios below 80% were obtained for Radii-cal (10% battery level) and for Poly Wireless (50% and 10% battery levels). The battery level showed moderate and strong, but non-significant, positive correlations with the VHN and irradiance. Conclusions: Although the irradiance was different among LCUs, it decreased in half of the devices along with a reduction in battery level. In addition, the composite resin effectiveness of curing, measured by the hardness ratio, was reduced when the LCUs' battery was discharged.

Keywords

References

  1. Miletic V, Pongprueksa P, De Munck J, Brooks NR, Van Meerbeek B. Curing characteristics of flowable and sculptable bulk-fill composites. Clin Oral Investig 2017;21:1201-1212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-016-1894-0
  2. Son SA, Park JK, Seo DG, Ko CC, Kwon YH. How light attenuation and filler content affect the microhardness and polymerization shrinkage and translucency of bulk-fill composites? Clin Oral Investig 2017;21:559-565. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-016-1920-2
  3. Bucuta S, Ilie N. Light transmittance and micro-mechanical properties of bulk fill vs. conventional resin based composites. Clin Oral Investig 2014;18:1991-2000. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-013-1177-y
  4. Li X, Pongprueksa P, Van Meerbeek B, De Munck J. Curing profile of bulk-fill resin-based composites. J Dent 2015;43:664-672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2015.01.002
  5. Engelhardt F, Hahnel S, Preis V, Rosentritt M. Comparison of flowable bulk-fill and flowable resin-based composites: an in vitro analysis. Clin Oral Investig 2016;20:2123-2130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-015-1700-4
  6. Ferracane JL. Current trends in dental composites. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 1995;6:302-318. https://doi.org/10.1177/10454411950060040301
  7. Ferracane JL, Mitchem JC, Condon JR, Todd R. Wear and marginal breakdown of composites with various degrees of cure. J Dent Res 1997;76:1508-1516. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345970760081401
  8. Papadogiannis D, Tolidis K, Gerasimou P, Lakes R, Papadogiannis Y. Viscoelastic properties, creep behavior and degree of conversion of bulk fill composite resins. Dent Mater 2015;31:1533-1541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2015.09.022
  9. Pongprueksa P, De Munck J, Duca RC, Poels K, Covaci A, Hoet P, Godderis L, Van Meerbeek B, Van Landuyt KL. Monomer elution in relation to degree of conversion for different types of composite. J Dent 2015;43:1448-1455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2015.10.013
  10. Garoushi S, Vallittu P, Shinya A, Lassila L. Influence of increment thickness on light transmission, degree of conversion and micro hardness of bulk fill composites. Odontology 2016;104:291-297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10266-015-0227-0
  11. Musanje L, Darvell BW. Curing-light attenuation in filled-resin restorative materials. Dent Mater 2006;22:804-817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2005.11.009
  12. Sideridou I, Tserki V, Papanastasiou G. Effect of chemical structure on degree of conversion in light-cured dimethacrylate-based dental resins. Biomaterials 2002;23:1819-1829. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(01)00308-8
  13. Musanje L, Ferracane JL, Sakaguchi RL. Determination of the optimal photoinitiator concentration in dental composites based on essential material properties. Dent Mater 2009;25:994-1000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2009.02.010
  14. Kowalska A, Sokolowski J, Bociong K. The photoinitiators used in resin based dental composite-a review and future perspectives. Polymers (Basel) 2021;13:470.
  15. Price RB, Whalen JM, Price TB, Felix CM, Fahey J. The effect of specimen temperature on the polymerization of a resin-composite. Dent Mater 2011;27:983-989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2011.06.004
  16. Dugan WT, Hartleb JH. Influence of a glutaraldehyde disinfecting solution on curing light effectiveness. Gen Dent 1989;37:40-43.
  17. Pollack BF, Lewis AL. Visible light resin-curing generators: a comparison. Gen Dent 1981;29:488-493.
  18. Yearn JA. Factors affecting cure of visible light activated composites. Int Dent J 1985;35:218-225.
  19. Soares CJ, Rodrigues MP, Oliveira LR, Braga SS, Barcelos LM, Silva GR, Giannini M, Price RB. An evaluation of the light output from 22 contemporary light curing units. Braz Dent J 2017;28:362-371. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201601466
  20. Jafarzadeh TS, Erfan M, Behroozibakhsh M, Fatemi M, Masaeli R, Rezaei Y, Bagheri H, Erfan Y. Evaluation of polymerization efficacy in composite resins via FT-IR spectroscopy and Vickers microhardness test. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospect 2015;9:226-232. https://doi.org/10.15171/joddd.2015.041
  21. Price RB, Felix CA, Andreou P. Effects of resin composite composition and irradiation distance on the performance of curing lights. Biomaterials 2004;25:4465-4477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.11.032
  22. Price RB, Ferracane JL, Shortall AC. Light-curing units: a review of what we need to know. J Dent Res 2015;94:1179-1186. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034515594786
  23. Moldovan M, Balazsi R, Soanca A, Roman A, Sarosi C, Prodan D, Vlassa M, Cojocaru I, Saceleanu V, Cristescu I. Evaluation of the degree of conversion, residual monomers and mechanical properties of some light-cured dental resin composites. Materials (Basel) 2019;12:2109.
  24. Maktabi H, Balhaddad AA, Alkhubaizi Q, Strassler H, Melo MA. Factors influencing success of radiant exposure in light-curing posterior dental composite in the clinical setting. Am J Dent 2018;31:320-328.
  25. Tongtaksin A, Leevailoj C. Battery charge affects the stability of light intensity from light-emitting diode light-curing units. Oper Dent 2017;42:497-504. https://doi.org/10.2341/15-294-L
  26. Al Shaafi M, Maawadh A, Al Qahtani M. Evaluation of light intensity output of QTH and LED curing devices in various governmental health institutions. Oper Dent 2011;36:356-361. https://doi.org/10.2341/10-247-O
  27. Alquria T, Al Gady M, Khabeer A, Ali S. Types of polymerisation units and their intensity output in private dental clinics of twin cities in eastern province, KSA; a pilot study. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2018;14:47-51. 
  28. Omidi BR, Gosili A, Jaber-Ansari M, Mahdkhah A. Intensity output and effectiveness of light curing units in dental offices. J Clin Exp Dent 2018;10:e555-e560.
  29. Nomoto R, McCabe JF, Nitta K, Hirano S. Relative efficiency of radiation sources for photopolymerization. Odontology 2009;97:109-114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10266-009-0105-8
  30. Price RB, Labrie D, Kazmi S, Fahey J, Felix CM. Intra- and inter-brand accuracy of four dental radiometers. Clin Oral Investig 2012;16:707-717. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-011-0562-7
  31. Roberts HW, Vandewalle KS, Berzins DW, Charlton DG. Accuracy of LED and halogen radiometers using different light sources. J Esthet Restor Dent 2006;18:214-222. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1708-8240.2006.00023.x
  32. Rueggeberg FA, Caughman WF, Curtis JW Jr. Effect of light intensity and exposure duration on cure of resin composite. Oper Dent 1994;19:26-32.
  33. Halvorson RH, Erickson RL, Davidson CL. Energy dependent polymerization of resin-based composite. Dent Mater 2002;18:463-469. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0109-5641(01)00069-0
  34. Kirkpatrick SJ. A primer on radiometry. Dent Mater 2005;21:21-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2004.10.002
  35. Yap AU, Seneviratne C. Influence of light energy density on effectiveness of composite cure. Oper Dent 2001;26:460-466.
  36. Takamizu M, Moore BK, Setcos JC, Phillips RW. Efficacy of visible-light generators with changes in voltage. Oper Dent 1988;13:173-180.
  37. El-Damanhoury H, Platt J. Polymerization shrinkage stress kinetics and related properties of bulk-fill resin composites. Oper Dent 2014;39:374-382. https://doi.org/10.2341/13-017-L
  38. Alshali RZ, Silikas N, Satterthwaite JD. Degree of conversion of bulk-fill compared to conventional resin-composites at two time intervals. Dent Mater 2013;29:e213-e217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2013.05.011
  39. Flury S, Peutzfeldt A, Lussi A. Influence of increment thickness on microhardness and dentin bond strength of bulk fill resin composites. Dent Mater 2014;30:1104-1112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2014.07.001
  40. de Camargo EJ, Moreschi E, Baseggio W, Cury JA, Pascotto RC. Composite depth of cure using four polymerization techniques. J Appl Oral Sci 2009;17:446-450. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-77572009000500018
  41. Moore BK, Platt JA, Borges G, Chu TM, Katsilieri I. Depth of cure of dental resin composites: ISO 4049 depth and microhardness of types of materials and shades. Oper Dent 2008;33:408-412. https://doi.org/10.2341/07-104
  42. Pilo R, Cardash HS. Post-irradiation polymerization of different anterior and posterior visible light-activated resin composites. Dent Mater 1992;8:299-304. https://doi.org/10.1016/0109-5641(92)90104-K
  43. Schattenberg A, Lichtenberg D, Stender E, Willershausen B, Ernst CP. Minimal exposure time of different LED-curing devices. Dent Mater 2008;24:1043-1049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2007.12.001
  44. Konerding KL, Heyder M, Kranz S, Guellmar A, Voelpel A, Watts DC, Jandt KD, Sigusch BW. Study of energy transfer by different light curing units into a class III restoration as a function of tilt angle and distance, using a MARC Patient Simulator (PS). Dent Mater 2016;32:676-686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2016.02.007