• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.285-294
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• 2014

The uneven mass distribution of the Moon highly perturbs the lunar spacecrafts. This uneven mass distribution leads to peculiar dynamical features of the lunar orbiters. The critical inclination is the value of inclination which keeps the deviation of the argument of pericentre from the initial values to be zero. Considerable investigations have been performed for critical inclination when the gravity field is assumed to be symmetric around the equator, namely for oblate gravity field to which Earth's satellites are most likely to be subjected. But in the case of a lunar orbiter, the gravity field of mass distribution is rather asymmetric, that is, sectorial, and tesseral, harmonic coefficients are big enough so they can't be neglected. In the present work, the effects of the first sectorial and tesseral harmonic coefficients in addition to the first zonal harmonic coefficients on the critical inclination of a lunar artificial satellite are investigated. The study is carried out using the Hamiltonian framework. The Hamiltonian of the problem is cconstructed and the short periodic terms are eliminated using Delaunay canonical variables. Considering the above perturbations, numerical simulations for a hypothetical lunar orbiter are presented. Finally, this study reveals that the critical inclination is quite different from the critical inclination of traditional sense and/or even has multiple solutions. Consequently, different families of critical inclination are obtained and analyzed.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.38-49
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• 1988

This paper presented as follows results of laboratory model tests with various shaped footings on soil bed reinforced with the strips on the base of behaviour of soil structure according to the loads and triaxial test results reinforced with geotextiles. Their parameters studied were the effects on the bearing capacity of a footing of the first layer of reinforcement, horizontal and vertical spacing of layers, number of layers, tensile strength of reinforcement and iclination load to the vertical 1.Depending on the strip arrangement, ultimate bearing capacity values could be more improved than urreinforced soil and the failure of soil was that the soil structure was transfered from the macrospace to microspase and its arrangement, from edge to edge to face to face. 2.The reinforcement was produced the reinforcing effects due to controlling the value of factor of one and permeable reinforcement was never a barrier of drainage condition. 3.Strength ratio was decreased as a linear shape according to increment of saturation degree of soil used even though at the lower strength ratio, the value of M-factor was rot influenced on the strength ratio but impermeable reinforcement decreased the strength of bearing capacity. 4.Ultimate bearing capacity under the plane-strain condition was appeared a little larger than triaxial or the other theoretical formulars and the circular footing more effective. 5.The maximum reinforcing effects were obtained at U I B=o.5, B / B=3 and N=3, when over that limit only acting as a anchor, and same strength of fabric appeared larger reinforcing effects compared to the thinner one. 6.As the LDR increased, more and more BCR occurred and there was appeared a block action below Z / B=O.5, but over the value, decrement of BCR was shown linear relation, and no effects above one. 7.The coefficient of the inclination was shown of minimum at the three layers of fabrics, but the value of H / B related to the ultimate load was decreased as increment of inclination degree, even though over the value of 4.5 there wasn't expected to the reinforcing effects As a consequence of the effects on load inclination, the degree of inclination of 15 per cent was decreased the bearing capacity of 70 per cent but irnproved the effects of 45 per cent through the insertion of geotextile.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.17-27
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• 1993

The orbit characteristics and perturbation effects of an artificial satellite with critical inclination have been studied. The critical inclination problem in artificial satellite theory is treated as Ideal Resonance Problem(IRP). The KITSAT-1 satellite launched by Arian 42P at Guiana in August 11, 1992 has orbital inclination close to the critical value cos-1(1/√5). In that case, there is a singularity in some perturbation terms and perigee of the orbit is fixed because d$\omega$/dt is theoretically equal to zero. But actually the long periodic behaviour in argument of perigee, $\omega$ shows a small oscillation. The causes of the oscillation and the relativistic effect in IRP have been studied and applied to the KITSAT-1. The geo-potential perturbation terms which are seperated inclination terms have been obtained using Algebraic manipulation. Also luni-solar disturbing funtion based on the relative position of the sun, moon, and satellite has been obtained. Phase portraits are used to depict the change of eccentricity and grgument of perigee. The variations of each orbital elements have been obtained in case of the KITSAT-1.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.44-57
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• 2007

Purpose: The objective of this study is to analyze the activities of muscles importantly functioning when walking with different inclinations and speeds of a treadmill, in order to provide basic data on walking exercise using a treadmill. Method: The selected subjects of this study were 16 men and women who had lower extremity injury. A treadmill was used to provide the activation of muscle, and the electromyography was used to analyze the muscle activity variables. The Biodex was used to measure the value of maximum isometric contraction. The inclinations of the treadmill were 0%, 5% and 10%, respectively, and its speeds were 2Km/h. 3Km/h, 4Km/h, 5Km/h, and 6Km/h, respectively. Result: For quadriceps femoris muscle and trunk muscle, there were significant differences in muscle activity when different speeds were applied at 0%, 5% and 10% inclinations.(p<0.05) The activity of vastus medialis muscle was 9.78% at 0% inclination and 2km/h speed, whereas it was 9.32% at 0% inclination and 3km/h, which was slightly lower. The activity of erector spinae muscle was 24.93% at 0% inclination and 2km/h speed, whereas it was 24.84% at 0% inclination and 3km/h, whereas it was 23.99% at 0% inclination and 4km/h, which was slightly lower. The activity of vastus medialis muscle was 11.89% at 10% inclination and 2km/h speed, whereas it was 10.65% at 10% inclination and 3km/h, which was slightly lower. The activity of rectus femoris muscle was 10.26% at 10% inclination and 2km/h speed, whereas it was 9.77% at 10% inclination and 3km/h, which was slightly lower. Conclusion: It was found that the activities of trunk muscle and quadriceps femoris muscle increase as the inclination and the speed of a treadmill increase during treadmill walking.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.109-116
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• 1992

To determine the horizontal inclination of the condylar long axis without taking the submentovertex radiograph, the author studied the interrelation between the angle formed by the midsagittal plane and the mandibular angle and the horizontal inclination of the condylar long axis. In 56 subjects, the author measured the angle formed by the midsagittal plane and both mandibular angle using the modified Twirl Bow and the horizontal inclination of the both condylar long axis from submentovertex radiographs. The result were as follows: The mean value of the angle formed by the midsagittal plane and the mandibular angle was l8.50±1.48° in right side and 19.30±1.55° in left side. The mean value of the horizontal inclination of the condylar long axis was 19.25±7.56° in right side and 20.27±7.050 in left side. The interrelation of the two angles was represented as follows: y = 20.31-0.0094× (r = -0.482, p<0.01) in right side and y = 20.64-0.066×(r =-0.301, p<0.05) in left side (y; the horizontal inclination of the condylar long axis, x; the angle formed by the midsagittal plane and the mandibular angle).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.529-540
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is examine how price attitude and risk perception affect6 consumer's attitude to clothing discount stores. As for the methods of the research 313 female consumers who just finished shopping at discount stores were interviewed and questioned. The result is as the following. 1. The factors such as discount price inclination effective value inclination price-quality association and price-social grade association in the price attitude as well as social psychological risk and the risk of losing opportunity in the risk perception affected consumer's attitude to clothing discount store. 2. The domestic national brand discount store acquired the highest scores in all factors but discount inclination factor and low price inclination factor. No difference was seen between stores in terms of the risk perception. 3. The determining factors for repurchase intention were found to be store satisfaction and the attitude to clothing discount store. 4. The convenience of transportation the availability of exchange or repair the payment option the quality of the product and the attributes of the store e, g, good quality with relatively low price affected the store satisfaction. 5. Domestic national brand discount store showed higher score in 'good quality with relatively low price' than domestic casual brand discount store did. And difference between groups was found in repurchase intention, Conclusively most consumers using clothing discount stores are effective value-oriented.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.236-248
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• 2013

In this study, 37 subjects with normal facial shape and normal occlusion are classified and reference value for such classification was investigated. Difference in position of maxillary incisor was studied according to the cl assification. Moreover, by investigating correlation between factors affecting forehead morphology and positio n of maxillary incisor, following results have been obtained. 1. Morphology of forehead can be classified as angular type, round type, straight type, and concave type. 2. There were no specific reference value for evaluation of forehead morphology but possibilities of evaluating forehead morphology using S value and forehead length (Tri-Gla) still remain. 3. There were no correlation between forehead morphology and position of maxillary incisor. 4. Forehead inclination and Andrew analysis show statistically significant negative correlation. That is, as forehead inclination increases, maxillary incisor is positioned posteriorly and this relationship can be shown as following equation, Andrew analysis = -0.39*Forehead inclination.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.28 no.5 s.70
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• pp.791-802
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to obtain the angulation and inclination of FACC of all teeth to FH plane. Study models of 31 persons with normal occlusion were selected and mounted on the semiadjustable articulator for this study. Using T.A.R.G. with a little modified method, the angulation and inclination of FACC of all teeth to FH plane were measured and then the measurements were analyzed statistically. The obtained results were as follows. Mean, standard deviation, maximum value, and minimum value of the angulation and inclination of FACC of upper and lower teeth were obtained. $\cdot$The FACC in both upper and lower arch was progressively lingually-inclined from anterior teeth to posterior teeth. $\cdot$In the angulations of FACC of upper teeth, central and lateral incisor showed similar value. Yet, the FACC of the rest was progressively distally-angulated from the canine to posterior teeth. The FACC in lower arch was progressively mesially-angulated from anterior teeth to posterior teeth. $\cdot$The angulation and inclination of FACC of any tooth in both upper and lower teeth correlated strongly and positively with the angulation and inclination of FACC of adjacent tooth.

• Bulletin of the Korean Space Science Society
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• 1992.10a
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• pp.11-11
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• 1992

The most celebrated problem in artificial satellite theory is undoubtedly the critical inclination problem. The KITSAT-1 satellite launched by Arian 42P from Guiana in August 11, 1992 has orbital inclination close to the critical value cos-1(1/rs). In that case, there is a singularity in some perturbation terms and therefore perigee will be fixed because do/dt is equals to zero. But actually the long periodic behaviour in argument of perigee, u is affected by luni-solar gravity andrelativistic effect, etc. Luni-solar gravity induces periodic perturbations in allorbital elements except the semi-major axis, and secular variations in 0, u and M.We have obtained nodal rate and inclination variations in case of the KITSAT-1.In this paper, we will also show the geopotential perturbations in 0, M of the Satellite in CIUding J2, J3, J4, J22 terms.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.15 no.9
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• pp.135-144
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• 1998

High speed machining is a key issue in die and mold manufacturing recently. Even though this technology has great potential of high productivity. tool wear accelerated by high cutting speed to the hardened materials is other barrier. In this research, we attempted to reduce tool wear by considering tool inclination angle between tool and workpiece. The boundary lines describing machined sculptured surfaces were represented by both of cutting envelop condition and the geometric relationship of successive tool paths. Chip cross section, and cutting length could be obtained from the calculated cutting edge and the rotational engagement angle. From the simulation results, machining inclination angle of tool of $15^\circ$ was good enough from the point of tool wear and cutting force, and this value was verified through the cutting experiment of high speed ball end milling.