• Applied Microscopy
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.39-50
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• 1981

An electron microscopical observation was carried out to compare the general shape of the mast cells and structures of granules inside the cells in the stomach of 5 species in 3 orders of Mammals. In convenience, the granules in the cytoplasm were abbreviated as follows: 1) Homogeneous granule, GR1 2) Particulate granule, GR2 a. Dark dense particulate granule, GR2-1 b. Less dense particulate granule, GR2-2 3) Reticular granule, GR5 a. Dark dense reticular granule, GR5-1 b. Light dense reticular granule, GR5-2 In Mammalia including goat, dog, cat, and hamster, most of cytoplasmic organelle were Golgi apparatus and mitochondria, and most of the cytoplasmic granules were highly densed GR1and GR2. However GR5-1 and GR5-2 appeared in guinea pig while one side sunken or crescent-like types occured in both dog and guinea pig. All mast cells were oval or spindle with cytoplasmic processes around the cell. There was also found vacuoles and vesicles in these cells. These results demonstrated that there was a morphological difference between species of vertebrate in the mast cells and their cytoplasmic granules. It was also suggested that a variety of structures of granules were closely related with the composition (histamine, heparin, serotonin, hyaluronic acid etc.) and mature of the granules.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.89-100
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• 2000

We observed the salivary ducts of two species of snails, Achatina fulica and Incilaria fruhstoferi with an electron microscope, and obtained the following results. The intralobular and interlobular ducts of Achatina fulica assume the forms of round or ellipsoidal doughnuts. The boundaries between the endothelial cells are not clear. It is also found that the cytoplasm of the endothelial cells consists of the membrane infolded in interdigital form, and there are well -developed microvilli at the apical portion of the cytoplasm. On the other hand, the intralobular and interlobular ducts of Incilaria fruhtoferi consist of the irregular simple columnar epithelia. The high electron dense cytoplasm is filled with the irregular round granules. The microvilli at the apical portion of the cytoplasm are not so well-developed as those in Achatina fulica. In the salivary duct of Achatina fulica, the lumen has narrow and long tubular structure. The boundaries between the endothelial cells are not clear. The cytoplasm is full of many vacuoles and electron lucent granules. At the apical portion of the cytoplasm, lots of short and thin microvilli are found. The salivary duct of Incilaria fruhstorferi is wider ($65\times250{\mu}m$ in diameter) than that of Achatina fulica, and consists of endothelial cells of the same structures. At the apical portion of those endothelial cells, a lot of junction apparatus such as desmosomes are observed. The vessels in the salivary ducts of Achatina fulica and Incilaria fruhstoferi are observed mainly in the connective tissues between the salivary glands. The endothelial cell of the vessel has the irregular structure and looks dark due to the high electron density. These cells protrude their filopodia and phagocytosize foreign bodies.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.507-514
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• 2015

Nitric oxide (NO) is important in the regulation of bone remodeling, whereas high concentration of NO promotes cell death of osteoblast. However, it is not clear yet whether NO-induced autophagy is implicated in cell death or survival of osteoblast. The present study is aimed to examine the role of NO-induced autophagy in the MC3T3-E1 cells and their underlying molecular mechanism. The effect of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), an NO donor, on the cytotoxicity of the MC3T3-E1 cells was determined by MTT assay and expression of apoptosis or autophagy associated molecules was evaluated by western blot analysis. The morphological observation of autophagy and apoptosis by acridine orange stain and TUNEL assay were performed, respectively. Treatment of SNP decreased the cell viability of the MC3T3-E1 cells in dose- and time-dependent manner. SNP increased expression levels of p62, ATG7, Beclin-1 and LC3-II, as typical autophagic markers and augmented acidic autophagolysosomal vacuoles, detected by acridine orange staining. However, pretreatment with 3-methyladenine (3MA), the specific inhibitor for autophagy, decreased cell viability, whereas increased the cleavage of PARP and caspase-3 in the SNP-treated MC3T3-E1 cells. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a major autophagy regulatory kinase, was activated in SNP-treated MC3T3-E1 cells. In addition, pretreatment with compound C, an inhibitor of AMPK, decreased cell viability, whereas increased the number of apoptotic cells, cleaved PARP and caspase-3 levels compared to those of SNP-treated MC3T3-E1 cells. Taken together, it is speculated that NO-induced autophagy functions as a survival mechanism via AMPK activation against apoptosis in the MC3T3-E1 cells.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.13-22
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• 1986

In order to investigate the 'In Vitro 2-Cell Block' phenomenon found in certain mouse strains such as ICR, the present studies have been done. Fertilized eggs (1-cell) and 2-cell embryos recovered from the oviducts of the ICR mouse at the various time intervals after hCG injection to induce ovulation were cultured for 3 or 4 days to examine the capability for further cleavage beyond 2-cell stage. Consequently, it was found that some proportions of the 1-cell or 2-cell embryos recovered at 30 hours post hCG showed their cleaving capability and if the embryos were obtained after 48 hours of hCG injection, they were all at 2-cell stage and most of them developed to the blastocysts in vitro. It was also found that the embryos obtained at 27 hours post hCG showed their stronger capacity of further development in the groups cultured for shorter period than 24 hours in vitro before transferring to the oviduct. Based on the results, it can be inferred that mouse fertilized eggs should be remained inside the oviduct for a certain length of period after fertilization, or they should be cultured for a short period than 12 hours before returning back to the oviduct in order to develop to blastocysts. It was also found that though the embryos under the 2-cell block in culture showed normal feature up to 24 hours under the microscopical observation, they had already lost their capacity for the normal development, and if the culture of the 2-cell embryos was extended to 48 hours, they showed nuclei with heteropyknosis, and the vacuoles were were detected in the cytoplasm of embryonic cell if they were cultured for 72 hours.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.11-25
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• 1976

Studies on pathogenicities and developmental stages of Nosema apis (Zander, 1909) were carried out through artificial infection to Nosema free honey bees with various levels of spores isolated from local honey bee colony. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. The clinical symptoms were observed as dysentery, enteritis of mid-gut (enlargement and decoloration), crawling posture and shortening of the longevity of worker bees in the rearing honey bee colony inoculated with the spores. 2. Number of spores harvested from laboratory rearing honey bees were progresively increased to 4 weeks after inoculation. The regression equations and coefficients of correlations to various spore levels were as follows in each treatment colony. Colony 1. ($$1,000{\times}10^4spores/ml$$) $$y_{c1}=471{\times}10^{4}x+454{\times}10^4(r=0.65^*$$) Colony 2. ($$500{\times}10^4spores/ml$$) $$y_{c2}=340{\times}10^{4}x+207.8{\times}10^4(r=0.99^{**}$$) Colony 3. ($$100{\times}10^4spores/ml$$) $$y_{c3}=150{\times}10^{4}x+84.2{\times}10^4(r=0.99^{**}$$) Colony 4. ($$10{\times}10^4spores/ml$$) $$y_{c4}=13.8{\times}10^{4}x+13{\times}10^4(r=0.98^{**}$$) 3. Average longevity of worker bees artificially infected with Nosema apis was shortened as 21.7~43.8% compare to the control. (p<.05, p<.01) 4. The spores which were isolated from honey bee colony infected with Nosema disease were ovoid or spherical form, and measured, as a rule, from $4.7{\mu}m$ to $6.1{\mu}m$ (mean $5.3{\mu}m$) in length and from $2.4{\mu}m$ to $3.2{\mu}m$ (mean $2.9{\mu}m$) in width. 5. In the mid-gut of honey bees, the spore was progresively germinated and became trophozoite stage. The trophozoites were grown to meronts and their binary fission were begun. The divided two sporoblasts were developed to the spores which had elastic membrane. The new spores were shed in excreta of honey bees 10~15 day after inoculation at $25{\pm}2$ centigrade. 6. The ultrastructure of spore membrane consisted of three layers, such as, outer, middle and inner layer. The sporoplasm consisting lamellar structure occupied only anterior part of the spore and was often extended to posterior direction where definite vacuoles and a polar filament was able to detect.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.43-60
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• 1998

This study examined the histomorphomeric and histological changes of the left and right kidney in uninephrectomized rat. The results were as follows: 1. In the control, the right kidney was more prominent than the left in the basement membrane of glomerular capillaries. The podocyte had well developed Golgi apparatus in the left kidney and rough endoplasmic reticulum in the right kidney. 2. At the 30 days after unilateral nephrectomy, the basal lamina of glomerular capillaries was prominently thickened in the right kidney. The cytoplasm of the podocyte of the left kidney was markedly increased and had free ribosomes, developed Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum. 3. At the 30 days, the section of the glomeruli were more enlarged in the left kidney than in the right. 4. At the 20 day, the nuclear section of the podocytes were markedly enlarged in the right kidney, but those of the left kidney were diminished. The mitochondrial section of the podocytes were prominently increased in the right kidney. 5. The nuclear section of the parietal layer lining cells was no significant change in the right kidney. That of the left kidney was increased at the 20 days and decreased at the 40 days. The nuclear section of glomerular endothelium of the left kidney increased earlier than the right. 6. In the morphometry of the control kidney, the section areas, long and short diameters, the nuclear section, the mitochondrial section of the proximal tubule cells, and the changes of those were more large in the right kidney than in the left. 7. The luminal secretory vesicles and peroxisomes of the left kidney were more than the right at the 20 days. The increase of mitochodrial section in the proximal tubule cells of the left kidney was more prominent than the right. The large cytoplasmic vacuoles were more prominent in the left kidney than in the right. 8. The thickness of cytoplasm and brush border was more thick in the control left kidney than in the control right. The change of cytoplasmic thickness of the left kidney was increased earlier than in the right and both kineys were increased in the thickness of brush border at the 30 days.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.691-696
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• 1999

Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma(EH) is a rare pulmonary vascular malignancy. Clinically, EH has been considered as an indolent, generally non-aggressive tumor. We report a case of EH which was confirmed by open lung biopsy. A 34-year-old woman was admitted for further evaluation of multiple small(less than 2cm in size) nodules, incidentally detected on screening chest radiograph. The chest CT showed multiple, relatively well-marginated, variable sized nodules at both whole lung. Transbronchial lung biopsy and transthoracic needle aspiration were nondiagnostic and open lung biopsy was performed from right middle lobe of lung. On light-microscopic examination, the nodules were composed of a poorly cellular hyaline core and a more cellular peripheral zone which extended into air space in a micropolypoid fashion and obliterated blood vessels. The tumor cells at the peripheral zone had intracytoplasmic vacuoles which suggested primitive, vascular differentiation. Immuno-histochemical study revealed the cellular area which gave positive reaction to factor VIII-related antigen. She received no specific therapy after open lung biopsy and chest X-ray films had showed no change for about two years.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.77-86
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• 1998

Age-related changes in the lens capsule and epithelium of cataractous patients, ranging from 20 to 7o years old, were studied by means or LM, immunohistochemistry, and TEM. The lens capsule was divided into four zones; the anterior, subanterior, middle, and basal zone. The van Gieson staining reaction for collagen was prominent at the anterior and subanterior parts of the lens capsule. The reaction was more decreased in the elder group than the younger group. The collagen type IV reaction was prominent at the anterior zone of the lens capsule and around the cell. The reaction was more decreased in the elder group than the younger group. 3. The Periodic Acid Shiff-Alcian Blue reaction for mucopolysaccharide was prominent at the anterior zone of the lens capsule. The reaction was more decreased in the elder group than the younger group. The Apoptotic reaction was prominent at the nucleus of the lens epithelial cell. In the elder the cataractous group, the number of the apoptotic cells was more decreased. The electron microscopic change of lens epithelial cells were characterized by the increase of lateral fold and the cytoplasm with various vacuoles and Golgi complex. In the basal part, lens epithelial cell protruded toward the lens capsule in the 20-year-old group. The basal part of the 40-year-old group was flattened and covered with the cytoplasmic processes of adjacent cells. In the 60-year-old group, the mass of rough filaments separated lens capsule and the basal part of the lens epithelial cell. The electron microscopic change of the middle part of lens capsule was characterized by the aggregation of electron dense materials in the 40-year-old group, and the appearance of filamentous materials and the decrease of electron dense granules in the 60-year-old group.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.837-847
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• 2009

In order to investigate the anti-obesity effects of Gambibang-2(here in after referred to GBB2) on the obese gene and obese inhibitory, C57BL/6 mice were induced by high fat diet. C57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups(normal, high fat diet with control, high fat diet with Reductil(here in after referred to RDT), high fat diet with GBB2 extract) and fed for 8 weeks. And observed that, body weight change, the weight change of the adipocytes in body and liver, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, leptin change in the serum, the expression of ${\beta}3AR$ and leptin gene in 3T3 cell and primary adipocyte cell, histological analysis of adipose tissue and liver tissue. GBB2 and RDT group showed that the revelation of ${\beta}3AR$ in primary adipose cell and 3T3 cell were increased considerably, and that the revelation of leptin in primary adipose cell and 3T3-L1 cell were decreased considerably. GBB2 and RDT group showed that the body weight were decreased considerably after 7-8 weeks. GBB2 and RDT group showed that the weight of adipocyte and liver were decreased. GBB2 and RDT group showed that the amount of HDL-Cholesterol were increased, the amount of glucose, LDL-Cholesterol and Triglyceride were decreased considerably. GBB2 group showed that the amount of leptin in the serum were decreased. GBB2 and RDT group showed that the size of adipocyte in adipocytes tissue and the adipose vacuoles in liver tissue were decreased. Taking all these observations into account, GBB2 considered to be effective in treating on the obese gene and obese inhibitory. Therefore we have to survey continuously in looking for the effective substance and mechanism in the future.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.519-525
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• 2016

To investigate the potential role of transforming growth factor (TGF)-${\beta}1$ in liver fibrosis during Echinococcus granulosus infection, 96 BALB/c mice were randomly divided into 2 groups, experimental group infected by intraperitoneal injection with a metacestode suspension and control group given sterile physiological saline. The liver and blood samples were collected at days 2, 8, 30, 90, 180, and 270 post infection (PI), and the expression of TGF-${\beta}1$ mRNA and protein was determined by real-time quantitative RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. We also evaluated the pathological changes in the liver during the infection using hematoxylin and eosin (H-E) and Masson staining of the liver sections. Pathological analysis of H-E stained infected liver sections revealed liver cell edema, bile duct proliferation, and structural damages of the liver as evidenced by not clearly visible lobular architecture of the infected liver, degeneration of liver cell vacuoles, and infiltration of lymphocytes at late stages of infection. The liver tissue sections from control mice remained normal. Masson staining showed worsening of liver fibrosis at the end stages of the infection. The levels of TGF-${\beta}1$ did not show significant changes at the early stages of infection, but there were significant increases in the levels of TGF-${\beta}1$ at the middle and late stages of infection (P<0.05). RT-PCR results showed that, when compared with the control group, TGF-${\beta}1$ mRNA was low and comparable with that in control mice at the early stages of infection, and that it was significantly increased at day 30 PI and remained at high levels until day 270 PI (P<0.05). The results of this study suggested that increased expression of TGF-${\beta}1$ during E. granulosus infection may play a significant role in liver fibrosis associated with E. granulosus infection.