• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.198-205
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• 2010

Background: A crucial limitation of DNA vaccines is its weak immunogenicity, especially in terms of eliciting antibody responses in non-human primates or humans; therefore, it is essential to enhance immune responses to vaccination for the development of successful DNA vaccines for humans. Methods: Here, we approached this issue by evaluating interleukin-7 (IL-7) as a genetic adjuvant in cynomolgus monkeys immunized with multigenic HCV DNA vaccine. Results: Codelivery of human IL-7 (hIL-7)-encoding DNA appeared to increase DNA vaccine-induced antibody responses specific for HCV E2 protein, which plays a critical role in protecting from HCV infection. HCV-specific T cell responses were also significantly enhanced by codelivery of hIL-7 DNA. Interestingly, the augmentation of T cell responses by codelivery of hIL-7 DNA was shown to be due to the enhancement of both the breadth and magnitude of immune responses against dominant and subdominant epitopes. Conclusion: Taken together, these findings suggest that the hIL-7-expressing plasmid serves as a promising vaccine adjuvant capable of eliciting enhanced vaccine-induced antibody and broad T cell responses.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.77-83
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• 2007

Poultry products including meat and eggs constitute a major protein source in the American diet and disease-causing pathogens represent major challenges to the poultry industry. More than 95% of pathogens enter the host through the mucosal surfaces of the respiratory, digestive and reproductive tracts and over the past few decades, the two main mechanisms used to control diseases have been the use of vaccines and antibiotics. However, in the poultry industry, there are mounting concerns over the ability of current vaccines to adequately protect against emerging hyper-virulent strains of pathogens and a lack of suitable, cost effective adjuvants. Thorough investigation of the immunogenetic responses involved in host-pathogen interactions will lead to the development of new and effective strategies for improving poultry health, food safety and the economic viability of the US poultry industry. In this paper, I describe the development of immunogenomic and proteomic tools to fundamentally determine and characterize the immunological mechanisms of the avian host to economically significant mucosal pathogens such as Eimeria. Recent completion of poultry genome sequencing and the development of several tissue-specific cDNA libraries in chickens are facilitating the rapid application of functional immunogenomics in the poultry disease research. Furthermore, research involving functional genomics, immunology and bioinformatics is providing novel insights into the processes of disease and immunity to microbial pathogens at mucosal surfaces. In this presentation, a new strategy of global gene expression using avian macrophage (AMM) to characterize the multiple pathways related to the variable immune responses of the host to Eimeria is described. This functional immunogenomics approach will increase current understanding of how mucosal immunity to infectious agents operates, and how it may be enhanced to enable the rational development of new and effective strategies against coccidiosis and other mucosal pathogens.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.707-717
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• 2000

Atropic rhinitis (AR) is one of major respiratory diseases in pigs. AR causes a great economic losses and is considered to be a multifactorial disease in which herd management, heredity, and environment. Several vaccines against have been developed commercially and used in pig farms but the efficacy of each vaccine is still questionable. In this study, one of commercial AR vaccines, which contains inactivated Bordetella bronchiseptica, Pasteurella multocida type D and their toxoid was evaluated for vaccine efficacy by challenge test. Twenty piglets were divided into four groups as follows; group I was piglets from vaccinated sows (twice before parturition); group II was piglets from vaccinated sows (same as group I) and were vaccinated at 1 day old; group III and IV were piglets without any vaccination. Groups I, II, and III were challenged by intranasal instillation of $5.3{\times}10^7$ CFU of B bronchiseptica twice and $1{\times}10^9$ CFU of P multocida five times. Group IV was control group without any vaccination and any challenge. We compared serological results, recovery rate of P multocida by polymerase chain reaction, clinical signs and pathological findings between vaccinated groups and unvaccinated groups for efficacy of the vaccine, Serological responses against B bronchiseptica and toxigenic P multocida type D were not showed evident discrepancy between vaccinated groups and unvaccinated groups assuming that the antibody responses against the vaccine is very delayed. However, growth rate, clinical signs and snout lesion grading in vaccinated groups showed more favorable than those in unvaccinated group. Therefore, AR vaccination in this study is considered to be effective in the prevention of AR in pigs.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.155-165
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• 1985

Effects of binary ethylenimine (BEI) treatment on the inactivation of infectivity and hemagglutinin of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were studied in comparison with those of formalin treatment. Immune responses of chickens vaccinated with BEI-inactivated NDV vaccines were also investigated. The results were summarized as followings; 1. Complete loss of infectivity of NDV (Bl) was observed at 3, 7, and 24 hours after the treatment at $37^{\circ}C$ with BEI concentrations of 0.01M, 0.005M and 0.001M, respectively. 2. The hemagglutinin activity of NDV (Bl) remained constant when treated with 0.01M BEI at $37^{\circ}C$. However, it gradually decreased when treated with 0.1% or 0.2% formalin at $37^{\circ}C$. 3. When 4-week-old chickens were vaccinated with NDV vaccines prepared from Bl or Miyadera strains of NDV, inactivated with 0.1M BEI and adsorbed to aluminium hydroxide gel, favorable immune responses were observed throughout the 8 weeks of observation period. 4. When these chickens were revaccinated at 8 weeks after the first vaccination, strong anamnestic responses were evoked and the immunity maintained for 4 weeks of the observation. Though slightly bettor immune responses were observed after primary vaccination in chickens vaccinated with Bl vaccine compared with those vaccinated with Miyadera vaccine, the differences were not significant. 5. On the electron microscopy, BEI (0.01M) gave least effect to the envelope as well as capsid of NDV.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.207-214
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• 2006

Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) continues to persist in many commercial layer farms in Korea,resulting in losses in egg production. Bacterins and live attenuated vaccines have been used for the prevention of losses caused by MG. One of these attenuated vaccines, MG 6/85 vaccine has been reported to be safe and efficacious in layers. However, MG 6/85 vaccine has not been evaluated for its safety and its efficacy in any commercial layer in Korea. Six-week-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens were vaccinated with MG 6/85 vaccine by aerosol and were challenged with virulent MG R strain at 4 weeks after vaccination. The vaccinated group was able to resist challenge into the air sacs because the vaccinated group showed much less air sac lesion compared with the unvaccinated group. Each of two commercial layer farms was divided into vaccinated and unvaccinated groups. For each vaccinated gorup, MG 6/85 vaccine were sprayed at 17 week old on farm A and at 15 weeks old on farm B. Hen-day egg production, Hen-housed eggs, egg weight, mortality were evaluated until 50 week after vaccination.Compared with the unvaccinated group in each farm, the vaccinated group showed higher average egg production and egg weight, and higher hen-housed number. Results of this study are in agreement with other previous reports which demonstrated that MG 6/85 vaccine favorable effect on performance in commercial layers.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.526-536
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• 2015

Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic Leptospira, a genus of which more than 250 serovars have been identified. Commercial bacterin vaccines are limited in that they lack both cross-protection against heterologous serovars and long-term protection. This study investigated in mice the immunogenicity of an anti-leptospirosis vaccine, using the outer membrane proteins LipL32 and Loa22 as antigens. The immunogenicity of this vaccine formulation was compared with those induced by vaccines based on LipL32 or Loa22 alone. A DNA-encapsulated chitosan nanoparticle was used for in vivo DNA delivery. Using a unique DNA plasmid expressing both lipL32 and loa22 for vaccination, higher antibody responses were induced than when combining plasmids harboring each gene separately. Therefore, this formulation was used to test the immunogenicity when administered by a heterologous prime (DNA)-boost (protein) immunization regimen. The specific antibody responses against LipL32 (total IgG and IgG1) and Loa22 (IgG1) were higher in mice receiving two antigens in combination than in those vaccinated with a single antigen alone. Although no significant difference in splenic CD4⁺ T cell proliferation was observed among all groups of vaccinated mice, splenocytes from mice vaccinated with two antigens exhibited higher interferon-γ and IL-2 production than when using single antigens alone upon in vitro restimulation. Taken together, the immunogenicity induced by LipL32 and Loa22 antigens in a heterologous primeboost immunization regimen using chitosan as a DNA delivery system induces higher immune response, and may be useful for developing a better vaccine for leptospirosis.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.57-70
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effects of the modified live vaccines against canine Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb) and canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV) in puppies by nasal administration. A total of 24 puppies were classified as 3 groups consisting of 8, and each one was divided into two subgroups; vaccinated (n=4) and unvaccinated (n=4). Group I, group II and group III were challenged with Bb, CPIV, and Bb+CPIV, respectively. In group I vaccinated puppies (n=4) were experimentally challenged with Bb 2 weeks after vaccination and unvaccinated puppies (n=4) were experimentally challenged with Bb alone. The same methods of the above were applied for group II and group III. We carried out several studies including serum tests, isolation, and histopathological examination. The vaccinated puppies showed higher antibody titers than unvaccinated puppies and the titer sustained during the experimental period. In the isolation test, recovery period was shorter in the vaccinated subgroup than in the other. In clinical signs, the unvaccinated puppies showed the typical signs of tracheobronchitis (coughing, nasal and occular discharge), but another subgroup showed delayed incidence and mild clinical signs. The typical gross lesions and histopathological findings were observed in the unvaccinated puppies. In immunohistochemical findings, the vaccinated puppies showed little intensive in reaction for CPIV antigen than the other. It could be concluded that intranasal vaccination of modified live Bb and CPIV vaccine to puppies is effective to prevent canine infectious tracheobronchitis.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.49-61
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• 2017

Recently, convenience and usability are increasing with the development and deployment of various mobile applications on the Android platform. However, important information stored in the smartphone is leaked to the outside without knowing the user since the malicious mobile application is continuously increasing. A variety of mobile vaccines have been developed for the Android platform to detect malicious apps. Recently discovered server-based polymorphic(SSP) malicious mobile apps include obfuscation techniques. Therefore, it is not easy to detect existing mobile vaccines because some other form of malicious app is newly created by using SSP mechanism. In this paper, we analyze the correlation between the similarity of the method in the DEX file constituting the core malicious code and the permission similarity measure through APK de-compiling process for the SSP malicious app. According to the analysis results of DEX method similarity and permission similarity, we could extract the characteristics of SSP malicious apps and found the difference that can be distinguished from the normal app.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.15.1-15.13
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• 2021

Background: Attenuated Salmonella strain can be used as a vector to transport immunogens to the host antigen-binding sites. Objectives: The study aimed to determine the protective efficacy of attenuated Salmonella strain expressing highly conserved Brucella immunogens in goats. Methods: Goats were vaccinated with Salmonella vector expressing individually lipoprotein outer-membrane protein 19 (Omp19), Brucella lumazine synthase (BLS), proline racemase subunit A (PrpA), Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) at 5 × 10⁹ CFU/mL and challenge of all groups was done at 6 weeks after vaccination. Results: Among these vaccines inoculated at 5 × 10⁹ CFU/mL in 1 mL, Omp19 or SOD showed significantly higher serum immunoglobulin G titers at (2, 4, and 6) weeks post-vaccination, compared to the vector control. Interferon-γ production in response to individual antigens was significantly higher in SOD, Omp19, PrpA, and BLS individual groups, compared to that in the vector control (all p < 0.05). Brucella colonization rate at 8 weeks post-challenge showed that most vaccine-treated groups exhibited significantly increased protection by demonstrating reduced numbers of Brucella in tissues collected from vaccinated groups. Real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed that Brucella antigen expression levels were reduced in the spleen, kidney, and parotid lymph node of vaccinated goats, compared to the non-vaccinated goats. Besides, treatment with vaccine expressing individual antigens ameliorated brucellosis-related histopathological lesions. Conclusions: These results delineated that BLS, Omp19, PrpA, and SOD proteins achieved a definite level of protection, indicating that Salmonella Typhimurium successfully delivered Brucella antigens, and that individual vaccines could differentially elicit an antigen-specific immune response.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.489-499
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• 2019

Subunit vaccines are safer and more stable than live vaccines although they have the disadvantage of eliciting poor immune response. To develop a subunit vaccine, an effective delivery system targeting the key elements of the protective immune response is a prerequisite. In this study, oxidized carbon nanospheres (OCNs) were used as a subunit vaccine delivery system and tuberculosis (TB) was chosen as a model disease. TB is among the deadliest infectious diseases worldwide and an effective vaccine is urgently needed. The ability of OCNs to deliver recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) proteins, Ag85B and HspX, into bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) and dendritic cells (BMDCs) was investigated. For immunization, OCNs were mixed with the two TB antigens as well as the adjuvant monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL). The protective efficacy was analyzed in vaccinated mice by aerosol Mtb challenge with a virulent strain of Mtb and the bacterial burdens were measured. The results showed that OCNs are highly effective in delivering Mtb proteins into the cytosol of BMDMs and BMDCs. Upon immunization, this vaccine formula induced robust Th1 immune response characterized by cytokine profiles from restimulated splenocytes and specific antibody titer. More importantly, enhanced cytotoxic $CD8^+$ T cell activation was observed. However, it did not reduce the bacteria burden in the lung and spleen from the aerosol Mtb challenge. Taken together, OCNs are highly effective in delivering subunit protein vaccine and induce robust Th1 and $CD8^+$ T cell response. This vaccine delivery system is suitable for application in settings where cell-mediated immune response is needed.