• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 1994.10a
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• pp.49-58
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• 1994

The methods of estimation of VTS effectivenss are compared and the worldwide literature related to the VTS effectiveness is reviewed. The review suggests three potential approaches ; simulation ; synthesis of expert opinion and statistical analysis of casualties. this study adopted dissimilar approaches to estimate the VTS effectiveness to the earlier studies ; the combination of synthesis of expert opinion and causal analysis of casualty. The VTS effectiveness is derived by multiplying casualty rate reduction factors by the effect level of causal factors. The development of casualty rate reduction factors was based on the questionnaire survey and the evolution of effect levels was based on the causal analysis using functional block diagram. According to these procedures the maximum benefit to be obtained through the introduction of a VTS system was approximately 46 percent overall. The collision reduction rate was estimated to be approximately 50 percent for a VTS system with advanced radar surveillance. And 47 percent of groundings 36 percent of rammings and 21 percent of founderings could be reduced by the introduction of VTS. These figures are more or less the same to the earlier studies. The VTS effectiveness by the different causal factor groups was examined. VTS may reduce about 68 percent of causal factors classified as environmental conditions 40 percent of human factors and 35 percent of technical factors in collision accidents. As a whole 60 percent of environmental factors 41 percent of human factors and 20 percent of technical factors may be prevented by a VTS. The key variable of the effectiveness percentage is the value of weight coefficient $\delta$. Therefore differing values for this input was discussed and the impact that these variations have on the VS effectiveness noted. As the results of sensitivity analysis of VTS effectiveness by $\pm$10 percent the effectiveness is varied approximately three to seven percent by casualty type. And the value is changed roughly four to eight percent by a $\pm$10 percent variation by different sub-areas.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2012

A concept of the "e-Navigation" was introduced in 2005 and implementation strategies are under way by IMO/IALA in the maritime safety area. Specially VTS is an important maritime traffic monitoring and aids to navigation system which is aims to improve safety, navigation efficiency and protect the marine environment. The demand of the inter-VTS networking has been increased and standardization is underway for realization of shore side collaboration for maritime safety in IALA. But there may be security problems in the inter-VTS networks if they have not proper security mechanism. The hacking of realtime ship position and sensitive maritime surveillance information caused a critical accident of vessel, human life and environment by terrorist. This paper aims to design of a secure inter-VTS network structure and related security protocol for secure sharing of sensitive maritime data.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.615-623
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• 2020

In order to prevent the dangers of major marine accidents, it is very important to be aware of in advance through marine incidents in the background of Heinrich's law, formulated by the safety pioneer who is credited with focusing on workplace safety with emphasis on the human element. At least 11 cases of collision accidents occurred in the Busan VTS area from January 1st to December 31st, 2019, and 24 cases of VTS marine incidents were reported during the same period. According to Heinrich's law, there could be many more potentially risky situations besides the 24 reported cases. In this study, the criteria for VTS marine incidents were established through advanced research and a survey of VTS operators, and analysis of 24 cases of VTS marine incidents in the Busan VTS area. Traffic surveys were conducted for three days to identify potentially hazardous situations. According to the survey, there were 216 cases of VTS marine incidents, and within a year, it is estimated there could be about 26,280 cases. Even if conditions such as "missing VHF communication feedback" which is an important cause of marine incidents, are not reflected, there are many potential risks in the VTS area. Thus, it is vital to strengthen the VTS marine incident reporting system.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2000.08a
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• pp.119-123
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• 2000

In this paper, authors introduce about Wide Range Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) system using Automatic Identification System (AIS). In order to develop the prototype of Wide Range VIS system, Korean satellite is used for data communication system for AIS. In this system, ship position obtained by using GPS is reported automatically to VTS center through Korean satellite. By using this system, VTS center can cover more wide area than the case using radar only. And the uncertainty of information is decrease. The results of test show the good possibility of VTS using satellite and AIS.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.375-384
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• 2016

This study aimed to specify Vessel Traffic System(VTS) operators' situational awareness(SA) tasks and examine differences in subjective ratings for three levels of SA. Data for relative frequencies of SA tasks were collected by using direct in field observation. Subjective rating scores were obtained using a questionnaire method and compared in terms of VTS operator's gender and length of service career. The results are as follows. First, it was found that the VTS operators perform information perception task elements more frequently than those for information integration and prediction. Second, VTS operators tended to show subjectively lower evaluation scores for prediction than information perception or integration. Third, male VTS operators rated their SA ability higher than females. Fourth, the male VTS operators more than 15 years of career service showed higher subjective rating scores than those with under 5 years of service. Female VTS operators with different levels of career service showed a similar level of subjective rating scores. These results suggest that the frequency of SA related tasks and subjective SA evaluation can differ in terms of SA levels and individual differences.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2015.07a
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• pp.316-318
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• 2015

The efficient utilization of VTS console functions in terms of user helps carry out VTS tasks successfully. All the console functions for VTS operation have been surveyed. The default functions used in current VTS console are evaluated by VTS operation, Most popular functions are categorized, and the other functions for the advanced VTS services are suggested. The result of research expect application possibility when designing of GUI.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.31-37
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• 1999

In this paper, authors introduce about wide vessel traffic service(VTS) system using automatic identification system(AIS). In order to develop the prototype of wide VTS system, Koreasat is used for AIS. In this system, ship position obtained by using GPS is reported automatically to VTS center through Koreasat. By using this system, VTS center can cover more wide area than the case using radar only. And the uncertainty of information decreases. The results of test show the good possibility of VTS using satellite and AIS.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.1-15
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• 2000

In world trade, the vessel traffic in major routes has been congested due to the rapid increase of cargoes and shipping tonnages. The patterns of vessel traffic have also been complicated and diversified. Therefore it was necessary that the Vessel Traffic Service(VTS) should be established in order to enhance the safety of navigation, to prevent the loss of life and damage to the environment. The first advanced radar surveillance system(LevelIII-VTS) was introduced in Pohang, Korea in 1993 and in 13 other ports later. While the hardware of Korea VTS is equal to that of an advanced country, the software, specially the operation manual, the recruitment and education of VTS operator, and the VTS service area is behind that of Russia, USA, Germany, Hong Kong, Singapore and others. After researching and investigating. the VTS equipment and service area of many countries, and analyzing the IMO regulations relevant to VTS and the traffic pattern and accident of Pohang port, the most efficient VTS service area should be established in Pohang. According to the analysis of the preceding studies and research on VTS, the worldwide VTS areas are recognized under the following conditions: First, the service area should be extended over at least radar coverage taking into account of traffic flow, traffic density, the degree of danger to navigation and harbour condition in order to provide all possible services. Second, the established service area should be subdivided and systematized to render reliable VTS services, such as the allocation of VHF frequency and reporting procedure in each area. In conclusion, the VTS service area of Pohang must be established and operated over 10 miles from shore(radar site) covering the radar coverage, so as to include the area of traffic congestion and high density traffic flow.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.165-176
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• 2009

The process of berthing/deberthing operations for entering/leaving vessels in Busan northern harbor was analyzed and evaluated by using an integrated VTS(vessel traffic service) system installed in the ship training center of Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea. The integrated VTS system used in this study was consisted of ARPA radar, ECDIS(electronic chart display and information system), backup(recording) system, CCTV(closed-circuit television) camera system, gyro-compass, differential GPS receiver, anemometer, AIS(automatic identification system), VHF(very high frequency) communication system, etc. The network of these systems was designed to communicate with each other automatically and to exchange the critical information about the course, speed, position and intended routes of other traffic vessels in the navigational channel and Busan northern harbor. To evaluate quantitatively the overall dynamic situation such as maneuvering motions for target vessel and its tugboats while in transit to and from the berth structure inside a harbor, all traffic information in Busan northern harbor was automatically acquired, displayed, evaluated and recorded. The results obtained in this study suggest that the real-time tracking information of traffic vessels acquired by using an integrated VTS system can be used as a useful reference data in evaluating and analyzing exactly the dynamic situation such as the collision between ship and berth structure, in the process of berthing/deberthing operations for entering/leaving vessels in the confined waters and harbor.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2015.07a
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• pp.325-327
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• 2015

최근 국제적으로 e-Navigation이 추진되고 있으며, 이는 국제적으로 표준화된 정보 제공 및 결합을 통하여 해상에서 항해를 안전하고 효율적으로 하는데 목적이 있다. 그리고 국내에서는 자체적인 VTS 기술개발 시스템이 없어 외산장비를 구축 활용하여 왔으며, e-Navigation 진화, 장비간 연계 등에 어려움이 있어 왔다. 최근 국내에서도 VTS 시스템에 대한 국산화 기술개발이 진행되고 있으며, 시스템 기능개발을 어느 정도 완료하고 성능과 독자적인 기술개발을 고려하고 있다. 따라서 현재 국내에서 추진되고 있는 국산화 기술개발에 대한 현황을 확인하고 보완할 내용에 대하여도 검토하고자 한다. 특히 국산화 시스템은 e-Navigation 진화를 위한 기술적 내용을 포함하지 않아 향후 진화에 어려움이 있을 수 있으며, 외산장비와 국산화 장비 시스템간 정보교환 문제 또한 고려되어야 한다. 따라서 실제적 국제적인 VTS 고도화 시스템으로 진화하기 위해서는 시범 서비스를 통한 운용성 확보 그리고 시스템간 연동을 위한 추가설계와 구축시험 및 빅데이터 처리를 위하여는 센터간 연계 통합화 노력이 요구된다. 즉, 향후 국내의 VTS운용 시스템이 다양한 외산장비가 입찰에 낙찰되어 도입구축 운용되는 경우에도 같은 상황으로서 반드시 효율적인 연계 방안으로 수립되어야 한다. 이는 국가적으로도 VTS 시스템이 매우 중요하고 그 서비스의 안전성이 보장되어야 하며, e-Navigation 서비스 도입을 위하여 VTS 국산화 및 고도화가 반드시 고려되어야 한다.