• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.206-214
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• 2017

The objective of this study is to investigate the quality characteristics of Yanggaeng by using the functional properties of Glechoma hederacea (GH). Sample was dried at $50^{\circ}C$ dry oven. The results of the study were as follows : The Phenolic compounds of GH was $12.99{\pm}0.3mg/g$ in water extract (GHWE), $3.14{\pm}0.07mg/g$ in 70% ethanol extract (GHEE). The antioxidant activity of GH was determined in various phenolic concentrations at $50-200{\mu}g/mL$. DPPH activities of GHWE and GHEE were 77.16-78.24% and 73.04-77.00%, respectively. The ABTS were 84.35-99.75% and 83.74-99.55%. The anti-oxidant protection factor (PF) were 1.54-1.62 PF and 1.62-2.09 PF and TBARS were 42.93-94.09% and 91.05-95.19%, respectively. Tyrosinase inhibitory activity of GHEE increased concentration dependently. Hyaluronidase inhibition activity of GHEE and GHWE, showing that there were increasing pattern depending on the increases in the phenolics concentration of GH. In texture, Hardness and springiness were significantly different in the control and 2% groups, but cohesiveness and chewiness did not show any significant difference. In color, L value decreased in proportion to concentration, and a and b values did not change. Sensory characteristics showed that the 1% group had the highest score and the 2% group had the lowest score. Thus, when the GHP Yanggaeng was prepared, in consideration of its sensory characteristics, and at appropriate concentration on below 1%.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2006

This study was conducted to determine chemical compounds and antioxidant in Aruncus dioicus. Further, effects of cultural practices such as the shading conditions on the general compounds, essential oils and antioxidants. The chemical compounds and antioxidant activity of edible extracts on the shading cultivation and harvesting time were measured by crude fiber, pigments, higher fatty acids, essential oils and DPPH free radical scavenging ability and activities of SOD and POD in edible shooting parts of Aruncus dioicus. The contents of crude fiber, total chlorophyll and total carotenoids in extracts of edible shooting by shading cultivation and later harvesting were higher than those of non-shading cultivation and early harvesting. Phenolic compounds such as benzoic acid were identified as the aromatic compounds in the edible extracts of Aruncus dioicus. The contents of azulene, benzaldehyde and linalool among those compounds on the cultivation conditions increased in shading cultivation. $IC_{50}$ values of DPPH free radical scavenging activities were high from 6.644 to $14.499{mu}g/m{\ell}$ in extracts of edible parts and those of edible shooting parts was high such as edible shooting cultivated by 60% shading, 30% shading and non-shading, respectively. The activity of POD and SOD in seeds was lower than that of edible shooting and that by shading cultivation was high in extracts cultivated by non-shading. POD activity of extracts on harvesting time was high in earlier harvesting but SOD activity was low. The numbers of isozyme pattern of POD and SOD in seedling showed 7 bands and 3 bands, respectively, especially, bands of POD and SOD in the first year-growing plant did not show and show a difference according to plant positions, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.76-88
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• 2011

The flora of vascular plants in the mountains located in the Uiryeong-gun area, in the South province of the Korean Peninsula, such as Jagul-san(897.1 m), 676 Highland(676 m), Byeokhwa-san(522 m), and the Bangeo-san(530.4 m), was investigated between April 2008 and August 2009. These investigations found 580 taxa consisting of 496 species, 1 subspecies, 77 varieties, and 6 forms, found within 319 genera under 103 families. The count totaled at 744 taxa(16.2% of all vascular plant taxa in Korea), which was made up of 648 species, 3 subspecies, 81 varieties, and 12 forms, found within of 362 genera under 109 families, when voucher specimens from the previous research studies were added. Forests of the investigated areas were generally composed of mixed Pinus densiflora and Quercus sp. The areas with comparatively excellent vegetation were the valley neighboring Baekun-sa(temple) (in the eastern slope of Mt. Jagul-san), the southwest slope of Mt. 676 Highland, the eastern slope of Mt. Byeokhwa-san, and the northern slope of Mt. Bangeo-san. 10 families were collected in abundance: Compositae, Graminae, Leguminosae, Liliaceae, Rosaceae, Cyperaceae, Labiatae, Polygonaceae, Ranunculaceae, and Violaceae these families made up 50% of all collected taxa. 19 taxa were endemic to the area, including Salix hallaisanensis H.Lev, S. koriyanagi Kimura, Aconitum austrokoreense Koidz, A. pseudolaeve Nakai, Clematis trichotoma Nakai, Thalictrum uchiyamai Nakai, Stewartia pseudocamellia Maxim, Philadelphus schrenkii Rupr., Lespedeza ${\times}$ robusta Nakai, Vicia chosenensis Ohwi, Euonymus trapococca Nakai, and Angelica cartilagino-marginata var. distans(Nakai) Kitag. Eight of the taxa were rare and endangered plants, as designated by the Korea Forest Service, including Jeffersonia dubia(Maxim.) Baker & S. Moore and Viola diamantiaca Nakai. 38 taxa of alien plants were found. Vegetation of the surveyed areas falls in the South province of the Korean Peninsula. Of all the taxa collected, 463 taxa(10.06% of all vascular plants in Korea) are considered useful plants, 231 taxa are edible, 193 taxa have medicinal uses, 65 taxa are used ornamentally, 234 taxa are important forage, 3 taxa are used as an industrial raw material, 17 taxa are used for timber, 18 taxa contain useful dyes, and 7 taxa are used for fiber.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.431-440
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• 2015

This study investigated the correlation between the trees planted on the slope of the first landfill where the landfill was completed and the soil environment. 69 plots (($7{\sim}20m{\times}5{\sim}20m$) were planted with 26 kinds of major trees in the first landfill slopes for vegetation survey. The survey was conducted from 2007 to 2009. Soil analysis from 2007 to 2008 was made on the basis of the injured index and the indicator species were selected. Depending on the rate of growth of the indicator species, seven survey locations were selected for soil sample analysis. 10 tree species appeared to adapt to the landfill environment. Among them, the coniferous trees were Pinus thunbergii (Seedling) and Juniperus chinensis and the deciduous trees were Quercus aliena, Salix preudo-lasiogyne, Castanea crenata (Seedling), Prunus armeniaca var. ansu, Quercus acutissima, Chionanthus retusus, Liriodendron tulipifera (Seedling) and Celtis sinensis. 8 species of trees did not adapt well to the landfill environment. Among them, two kinds were coniferous, the other six kinds were deciduous. In addition, judgment on the other 8 species of trees as to whether they adapted well or not was postponed. The species for which judgment was postponed included one coniferous tree and seven deciduous trees. Indicator species of injured index was the species that have more than 25 % of the defect. The soil was collected from where Catalpa ovata, Sophora japonica, Albizzia julibrissin and Acer palmatum were planted for analysis. According to the soil analysis, the soil pH showed that the soil was alkaline. Regarding the three phases of the soil, most sample soil showed 60 % for the solid phase or 55 % for the solid phase but with less than 10 % of gas phase. The organic matter content was found to be 0.14 to 2.52 %.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.67-75
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• 1976

This experiment was studies for grassland establishment on west coastal saline land in Korea from May 1975 to March 1976 and used seeds were introduced from Australia. The results of adaptability were summarized as follow. 1. The seeds germination percentage was not influence in 0.5% salt included, but delayed days in 1% salt included and decreased germination percentage. 2. Any experimental grasses species were not growth on the 0.5% salt included soil and also growth was much damaged on the 0.05% salt included soil. It was suggested that $Mg^+$, $K^+$ ions involved with $Na^+$ ion. 3. The yield of grasses were much decreased on 0.05% salt included soil which compared control group. The yield rate of decrease were 30% in kikuyu, 60% in strawberry clover, 63% in reed canarry and 89% in orchard grass. 4. For winter-hardness test, nearly all the species well overwintered but except kikyu. 5. One of salt tolerance native grass (Agrostis distans crieseb var coreensis, Hackel) was discovered in saline area, and it was growth from middle of May to Middle of September. Also it was known that the native grass was good feed stuff but it was not so long in growth life. 6. It was concluded that more experimental work must be carried out to select of salt tolerance grass for grassland establishment on saline by introduce some more species such like saltgrass, saltbush, shadsclae from foreign land.

• Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Korea Conference
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• 1996.07a
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• pp.61-74
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• 1996

Human and monogastric animals can not synthesize 10 out of the 20 amino asids and therefor need to obtain these from their diet. The plant seed is a major source of dietary protein. It is particular important in their study to increase nutritional quality of the seed storage proteins. The low contents of lysine, asparagine and threonenein various cereal seeds and of cystein and methionine. In legume seeds is due to the low proportions of these amino acids in the major storage proteins, we have tried to apply the three strategies; (1) mutagenesis and selection of specific amino acid analogue resistance, (2) cloning and expression study of lysine biosynthesis related gene, (3) transfomation of lysine rich soybean glycinin gene. The 5-methyltryptophan (5MT) resistant cell lines, SAR1, SAR2 and SAR3 were selected from anther derived callus of rice (Oryza sativa L. "Sasanishiki"). Among these selected cell lines, two (SAR1 and SAR3) were able to grow stably at 200 mg/L of 5MT. Analysis of the freed amino acids in callus shows that 5MT resistant cells (SAR3) accumulated free tryptophan at least up to 50 times higher than those that of the higher than of SAS. These results indicated that the 5MT resistant cell lines are useful in studies of amino acid biosynthesis. Tr75, a rice (Oryza sativa L., var. Sasanishiki) mutant resistant to 5MT was segregated from the progenies of its initial mutant line, TR1. The 5MT resistant of TR75 was inherited in the M8 generations as a single dominant nuclear gene. The content of free amino acids in the TR75 homozygous seeds increased approximately 1.5 to 2.0 fold compared to wild-type seeds. Especially, the contents of tryptophan, phenylalanine and aspartic acid were 5.0, 5.3 and 2.7 times higher than those of wild-type seeds, respectively. The content of lysine is significantly low in rice. The lysine is synthesized by a complex pathway that is predominantly regulated by feedback inhibition of several enzymes including asparginase, aspatate kinase, dihydrodipicolinat synthase, etc. For understanding the regulation mechanism of lysine synthesis in rice, we try to clone the lysine biosynthetic metabolism related gene, DHPS and asparaginase, from rice. We have isolated a rice DHPS genomic clone which contains an ORF of 1044 nucleotides (347 amino acids, Mr. 38, 381 daltons), an intron of 587 nucleotides and 5'and 3'-flanking regions by screening of rice genomic DNA library. Deduced amino acid sequence of mature peptide domain of GDHPS clone is highly conserved in monocot and dicot plants whereas that of transit peptide domain is extremely different depending on plant specie. Southern blot analysis indicated that GDHPS is located two copy gene in rice genome. The transcripts of a rice GDHPS were expressed in leaves and roots but not detected in callus tissues. The transcription level of GDHPS is much higher in leaves indicating enormous chloroplast development than roots. Genomic DNA clones for asparaginase genes were screened from the rice genomic library by using plaque hybridization technique. Twelve different genomic clones were isolated from first and second screening, and 8 of 12 clones were analyzed by restriction patterns and identified by Southern Blotting, Restriction enzyme digestion patterns and Southern blot analysis of 8 clones show the different pattern for asparaginase gene. Genomic Southern blot analysis from rice were done. It is estimated that rice has at least 2-3 copy of asparaginase gene. One of 8 positive clones was subcloned into the pBluescript SK(+) vector, and was constructed the physical map. For transformation of lysine rich storage protein into tobacco, soybean glycinin genes are transformed into tobacco. To examine whether glycinin could be stably accumulated in endosperm tissue, the glycinin cDNA was transcriptionally fused to an endosperm-specific promotor of the rice storage protein glutelin gene and then introduced into tobacco genomic via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Consequently the glycinin gene was expressed in a seed-and developmentally-specific manner in transgenic tobacco seeds. Glycinin were targeted to vacuole-derived protein bodies in the endosperm tissue and highly accumulated in the matrix region of many transgenic plant (1-4% of total seed proteins). Synthesized glycinin was processed into mature form, and assembled into a hexamer in a similar manner as the glycinin in soybean seed. Modified glycinin, in which 4 contiguous methionine residues were inserted at the variable regions corresponding to the C - teminal regions of the acidic and basic polypeptides, were also found to be accumulated similarly as in the normal glycinin. There was no apparent difference in the expression level, processing and targeting to protein bodies, or accumulation level between normal and modified glycinin. glycinin.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-4
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• 1995

To determine the optimum sowing time and nursery period in Perilla frutescens in the southern areas of Korea, perilla frutescens cv. red Perilla local cultivar was grown under three different sowing dates and nursery periods. The blooming period of the area which was sown on the seedbed in Apr.10 and carried out the growing seedling in 30days is Aug. 12 and it is two days earlier than that of the area, Aug.14, sown on the seedbed in Apr. 20 and carried out the growing seedling in 30days of the same month and it is also six days earlier than that of the area, Aug.18, sown on the seedbed in April 30 and conducted the growing seedling in the same date. The stem lengths are 135cm,131cm and 125cm respectively and the number of branches are 26.4, 25.3 and 23.6 respectively. The fresh weight of stem and leaf at the area sown on the seedbed in Apr.10 and conducted the growing seedling in 30days with the width of leaf over 5cm in the middle of Aug. and at the beginning of Sep. is 2,476kg/10a and it shows more increase of 172kg than that of fresh weight of stem and leaf with 2,304kg/10a which was sown on the seedbed in Apr.20 and earned out the growing seedling in 30days, and it also shows more increase of 411kg than that of fresh weight of stem and leaf with 2,065kg/10a at the area sown on the seedbed in April 30 and con­ducted the growing seedling in the same date, The fresh weight of seeds are 609.5kg/10a,509.3kg/10a and 463.2kg/10a respectively and $100.2{\sim}146.3kg$ is more increased. Therefore, the seedling period of the proper seedbed for high yield bumper crop of perilla frutescens for exporting to Japan is April 10 and the number of days for seedling is 30 days.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.414-419
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• 2010

Plants extracts are good resources to find functional compounds for human health. The following eight plants were collected and total phenolic contents were determined. Acer psedo-siebolianum showed the highest phenolic contents, 16.4 mg/g, whereas Cercidiphyllum japonica showed the lowest contents, 1.9 mg/g. The DPPH free radical scavenging capacities of the plant extracts showed high activity in following order : Acer ginnala ($21.3\;{\mu}g/mL$) > Cornus walteri ($23.9\;{\mu}g/mL$) > Distylum racemosum ($29.2\;{\mu}g/mL$) > Castanopsis cuspidata var. Thunbergii ($31.7\;{\mu}g/mL$) > Acer psedo-siebolianum ($34.6\;{\mu}g/mL$) > Thuijopsis dolabrata cv. Aurea ($53.1\;{\mu}g/mL$) > Cercidiphyllum Japonica ($115.2\;{\mu}g/mL$). Also the mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory activities of total extracts were determined at different concentration. D. racemosum extract showed highest (49.1% at 1,000 mg) in inhibitory activity than other seven extracts. The ethanol fraction $IC_{50}$ value: $118.1\;{\mu}g/mL$) from D. racemosum showed more inhibitory activity than ethyl acetate fraction ($IC_{50}$ value: $203\;{\mu}g/mL$). The ethanol fraction on showed no significant cytotoxicity in B16/F1 cells line up to $60\;{\mu}g/mL$. Over $80\;{\mu}g/mL$ of ethanol fraction showed cytotoxicity in B16/F1 cells. The melanin contents of cells were significantly attenuated by ethanol fraction in a dose-dependent manner. The $IC_{50}$ value of ethanol fraction was $75.4\;{\mu}g/mL$.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.85 no.4
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• pp.605-618
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• 1996

Namsan area supposed to be a disturbed ecosystem and Kwangneung area considered to be a natural ecosystem were selected for the study. On the basis of the plant species composition, the study was planned to examine structural plant species diversity so as to provide basic ecological information to restore more stable and healthy ecosystem for Namsan. The stratified sample plot method was employed for collecting vegetation data, establishing $20m{\times}20m$ square plots for overstory trees, $4m{\times}4m$ plots for mid-story woody plants, and $1m{\times}1m$ plots for ground vegetation. The herbaceous plants were periodically investigated by taking into account for seasonal(spring, summer, and autumn) variation in presence. Ecological attributes were evaluated through analyzing species composition, species diversity, life forms, interspecies association, and growing habitat for various forest types, vertical layers, life forms, and seasonal variation. Even though the species diversity index of canopy trees in the deciduous forest of Namsan was estimated higher than that of the natural forest of Kwangneung, overall species diversity of plants in Kwangneung area was greater than that in Namsan area. Herbaceous plants presented in Kwangneung but not in Namsan were Aconitum pseudo-proliferum, Botrychium virginianum, Dryopteris tokyoensis, Scutellaria insignis, Tricyrtis dilatata, and Viola kamibayashii, most of them were endemic species of Kwangneung. Elaeagnus umbellata, and Prunes padus var. seoulensis were found only in Namsan. Such species typically composed of the natural deciduous forest as Acer mono, Acer triflorum, Carpinus laxiflora, Cornus controversa, Fraxinus mandshurica, and Phellodendron amurertse were limited growing in a small size of area in Namsan. The future project should be made for encouraging the growth and expansion of the distribution of such species to restore biodiversity in Namsan area.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.80-85
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• 2020

A new Gomchwi cultivar 'Soomany' was derived from a cross between Gomchwi (Ligularia fischeri (Ledeb.) Turcz.) and Handaeri-gomchwi (Ligularia fischeri var. spiciformis Nakai). The investigation and selection of growth and yield characteristics were conducted from 2007 to 2015 in field and greenhouse of Highland Agriculture Research Institute, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, in Korea. On a newly developed cultivar 'Soomany', color of petiole ear is light green, petiole trichome is existent, trichome and light on the back of the leaves don't exist, and density of leaf vein is degree 4. Plant height, leaf length, leaf width and petiole length are 77.1, 22.3, 21.5 and 57.2 cm, respectively in the growth characteristics of the 2_nd year. Plant size was also higher than that of 'Sammany' generally. Bolting date was on August 15. Flowering date was on September 19, about 9 days later than 'Sammany'. 'Soomany' and 'Sammany' had 149 and 133 leaves per plant, respectively. Total yield of 'Soomany' (1,623 g/plant) made a very good comparison with that of 'Sammany' (1,385 g/plant). 'Soomany' showed harder leaves (25.8 ㎏/㎠) than 'Sammany' (20.8 ㎏/㎠), whereas 'Soomany' had thinner leaves (0.53 mm) than 'Sammany' (0.62 mm). 'Soomany' variety has shown strong resistance to powdery mildew disease compared to 'Sammany'. In May 2019, the right of variety protection of 'Soomany' was registered as a new Gomchwi variety (Register No. 192).