• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.27-34
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• 2019

The seasonal and spatial variation of pathogenic Vibrio species, such as V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, V. alginolyticus, and V. cholerae were investigated in seawater and in bivalves off the Gyeongnam coast of Korea, which is an important area for shellfish production, during the period 2013-2016. V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, V. alginolyticus, and V. cholerae were detected in 12.1%, 5.2%, 15.4%, and 0.9% of seawater samples, respectively. V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, V. alginolyticus, and V. cholera were detected in 21.9%, 7.1%, 12.2%, and 0.0% of shellfish samples, respectively. The Vibrio spp. in seawater and bivalve samples were detected at high levels during the summer to early autumn; however, the levels were low during the winter. Therefore, their occurrence was seasonally dependent and correlated with high water temperature, which is also the biggest factor contributing to foodborne outbreaks associated with Vibrio. Relatively high detection rates of the strains were also found in the sea area that was continually exposed to inland wastewater. Our findings show that continuous monitoring is needed to reveal the patterns of occurrence of these pathogens from marine samples collected off the Korean coast, to reduce seafood-borne outbreaks caused by Vibrio.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.555-559
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• 2013

Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 are the major serotypes associated with illness, and some V. cholera non-O1 and non-O139 isolates produce cholera toxin. The present study describes a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay for the species-specific detection and quantitation of V. cholera using a primer pair based on an outer membrane lipoprotein lolB gene for the amplification of a 195 bp DNA fragment. The qPCR primer set for the accurate diagnosis of V. cholera was developed from publically available genome sequences. This quantitative PCR-based method will potentially simplify and facilitate the diagnosis of this pathogen and guide disease management.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.725-731
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• 2014

The classical biotype strains of the Vibrio cholerae O1 serogroup harbor the biotype-specific cholera-toxin encoding phage (CTX) $CTX^{cla}$, and the El Tor biotype strains contain CTX-1. Although the classical biotype strains have become extinct, a remnant of classical CTX phage is transferred to the El Tor biotype strains. The prototype El Tor strains, which produce the biotype-specific cholera toxin, are now being replaced by atypical El Tor variant strains producing classical biotype cholera toxin. The genome sequences of the CTX phages in atypical El Tor strains indicate that the CTX phages in atypical El Tor strains are a mosaic of $CTX^{cla}$ and CTX-1. Before the emergence of atypical El Tor stains in the early 1990s, unusual pre-seventh pandemic strains were isolated in the US Gulf Coast between 1973 and 1986. These strains have characteristics of atypical El Tor strains since they are El Tor biotype strains containing $CTX^{cla}$, yet the genome sequence of this CTX phage indicates that it is different from $CTX^{cla}$ and is therefore classified separately as $CTX^{US\;Gulf}$.

• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.513-518
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• 1999

A total of 113 Vibrio sp. strains were examined for plasmid content which were subjected to digestion with restriction enzymes. About the 55% Vibrio spp. have the plasmid more than one. Most of these plasmid various derivatives ranged from $2.4\;kb{\sim}23\;kb$, especially two strains of V. mimicus and one strain of V. furnissii carried one high-molecular weight plasmid (molecular weight ranging between $70\;kb{\sim}100\;kb$). Results of restriction analysis for plasmid of this three strains were by no means the rule. For detection of tdh and ctx gene, the virulence factor involved in the pathogenesis, we carried out the TDH and CT assay, PCR amplification, and hybridization. A total 11 strains were produced TDH, involved in 9 strains of V. parahaemolyticus and 1 strain of V. alginolyticus from clinical isolates and 1 strains of V. mimicus from environmental isolates. In the experiments of tdh gene detection, in all, 3 strains of V. parahaemolyticus from clinical isolates and 2 strains from environmental isolates could be successfully amplified in 400 bp by PCR. The PCR results were consistent with DNA hybridization tests. In the experiments of CT assay, in all, 3 strains of V. cholerae from clinical isolate and 1 strain of V. cholerae from environmental isolates were observed CT-producing. These CT-producing strains amplified in 302 bp by PCR for the detection of ctx gene. All CT-producing strains hybridized with digoxigenin-labeled DNA probe, while CT-negative strains did not hybridize. Also hybridization tests results for detection of ctx gene consistent with PCR.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.114-120
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• 2012

해마다 반복되는 식중독 발생을 예방하기 위한 한 접근 방법으로써 시판품의 다양한 도마(항균처리 plastic 재질 3종, 항균처리 않은 plastic재질 1종, 나무재질(홍송, 고무나무, 편백나무, 박달나무, 대나무)를 대상으로 세균성 식중독의 주요한 원인균인 Escherichia coli O157:H7, S. Typhimurium, V. vulnificus, V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus 및 S. aureus의 6종 미생물에 대하여 저지환 시험과 real-time PCR을 이용한 정량법을 이용하여 항균력을 평가하였다. Plastic 재질의 도마들은 E. coli O157:H7, S. Typhimurium, S. aureus의 식중독균에 대해 항균력을 나타내었고, 항균력이 표시된 도마와 표시되어있지 않은 도마들 간의 항균력 차이는 크지 않았다. 나무 재질의 도마는 V. vulnificus에 대해서 항균력을 나타내었고, 5종의 나무 재질의 도마들 중 대나무 도마는 E. coli O157:H7, S. Typhimurium, V. cholerae, V. vulnificus의 4종의 균에 대해 저지환 시험에서 항균력을 나타내었으며, real-time PCR로 정량한 결과에서는 S. aureus에 대해 생육억제력을 나타내어 5종의 식중독균에 대하여 가장 광범위한 항균력을 보였다. 이는 대나무에 함유된 polyphenol과 organic acid 등의 작용으로 추측된다. 항균력이 있다고 표시된 도마에서도 시험 대상 균들 중 일부에 대해서만 항균력이 나타났으며, 재질별로 항균력에 차이가 나타났던 결과들로부터 도마에 대한 위생상의 지나친 신뢰는 큰 위험을 초래할 가능성이 있음을 인식하고, 조리의 최종관리자들에 의한 일상적인 철저한 관리가 필요하다고 판단된다.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.178-182
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• 2002

The authors identified 68 Vibrio strains from Gwangan beach seawater from June to October in 2001. We identified them as 19 strains of Vibrio alginolyticus, 15 strains of V. vulnificus, 15 strains of V. parahaemolyticus, 11 strains of V. cholerae non O1, 7 strains of V. fluvialis and just one strain of V. hollisae. They showed their typical biochemical characteristics by API 20E kit (bioMerieux), respectively. It was examined whether their cultural supernatants had enzymatic activities such as hemolysin, protease or urease. The 46 strains showed hemolytic activities and/or protease activities. But we could not find any strain which had urease activity. All isolates of V. cholerae non O1 showed $\beta$ hemolysis. The others showed $\alpha$ hemolysis or did not show clear zones on sheep blood agar plates. These results of Kanagawa phenomenon were not always correspondant with hemolytic activities of cultural supernatants at late log phase. Some strains had higher hemolytic activities despite of showing protease activities on skim milk agar plates and in litmus milk media. On the other hand, some strains showed protease activities but did not show hemolytic activities. Therefore we could guess that there were the relationships between hemolysins and proteases produced by pathogenic vibrios.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.133-142
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• 2018

Objectives: The pathogenic Vibrios genus denotes halophilic bacteria that are distributed in aquatic environments, including both sea and freshwater. Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio vulnificus, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus are the most important species since they can be potent human pathogens and leading causes of septicemia, wound infections, and seafood borne gastroenteritis. The recent emergence of a potential pandemic clone, V. cholera serotype O1 and the cholera outbreak in South Korea in 2016 indicates the importance of consistent surveillance of pathogenic Vibrio genus within coastal areas. Methods: The present study was undertaken to determine where and how vibrios live in the aquatic environment adjacent to coastal areas of South Korea. For this survey, a total of 838 samples were obtained at 35 different sites in South Korean coastal areas during the period from January 2016 to December 2016. Pathogenic vibrios was determined using the real-time PCR method, and its clones were isolated using three selective plating media. We also monitored changes in seawater and atmospheric temperature, salinity, turbidity, and hydrogen ion concentration at the collection points. Results: The total isolation rates of V. vulnificus, V. cholera (non-pathogenic, non-O1, non-O139 serogroups), and V. parahaemolyticus from seawater specimens in 2016 were 14.2, 13.48, and 67.06%, respectively. Conclusions: The isolation rates of pathogenic vibrios genus showed a positive correlation with temperature of seawater and atmosphere but were negatively correlated with salinity and turbidity.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제30권11호
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• pp.1760-1768
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• 2020

Vibrio cholerae, cause of the life-threatening diarrheal disease cholera, can be divided into different serogroups based on the structure of its lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which consists of lipid-A, core-polysaccharide and O-antigen polysaccharide (O-PS). The O1 serogroup, the predominant cause of cholera, includes two major serotypes, Inaba and Ogawa. These serotypes are differentiated by the presence of a single 2-O-methyl group in the upstream terminal perosamine of the Ogawa O-PS, which is absent in the Inaba O-PS. To ensure the consistent quality and efficacy of the current cholera vaccines, accurate measurement and characterization of each of these two serotypes is highly important. In this study, we efficiently screened a phage-displayed human synthetic Fab library by bio-panning against Ogawa LPS and finally selected three unique mAbs (D9, E11, and F7) that specifically react with Ogawa LPS. The mAbs bound to Vibrio cholerae vaccine in a dose-dependent fashion. Sequence and structure analyses of antibody paratopes suggest that IgG D9 might have the same fine specificity as that of the murine mAbs, which were shown to bind to the upstream terminal perosamine of Ogawa O-PS, whereas IgGs F7 and E11 showed some different characteristics in the paratopes. To our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate the generation of Ogawa-specific mAbs using phage display technology. The mAbs will be useful for identification and quantification of Ogawa LPS in multivalent V. cholerae vaccines.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.229-235
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• 2007

2006～2007년 전남 다도해 바다목장 내 9개 정점을 대상으로 표층수와 저층수에서 비브리오속 세균의 개체수를 측정하고, 군집의 종조성 및 우점종을 분석하였다. 계절별 비브리오속 세균의 개체수는 여름(2007년 6월) 표층수에서 5.4～93.2 cfu㎖-1, 저층수에서 1.0～53.1 cfu㎖-1로 4계절 중 가장 많이 검출되었으며, 해수온도가 낮은 겨울(2007년 1월)의 경우에는 1개 정점의 표층수에서만 0.2 cfu㎖-1의 비브리오속 세균이 검출되었다. 봄(2007년 4월) 조사에서 표층수는 0～11.9 cfu㎖-1, 저층수에서 0～8.3 cfu㎖-1, 가을(2006년 11월) 조사의 표층수는 0.1～21.4 cfu㎖-1, 저층수에서는 0～2.9 cfu㎖-1의 비브리오속 세균이 검출되었다. 비브리오속 세균 군집의 종조성은 V. parahaemolyticus, V. alginolyticus 및 V. cholerae non-01으로 조사되었으며, V. parahaemolyticus와 V. alginolyticus가 4계절 모두 분리되어 우점종으로 나타났다. V. alginolyticus는 수온이 낮은 겨울에도 대부분의 정점에서 분리되어 다른 비브리오속 세균에 비하여 온도에 덜 민감한 종인 것으로 조사되었다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.361-366
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• 1997

금강 하구의 물에서 분리된 sucrose 분해성 Vibrio 속 중에 용혈독소를 생산하는 균주의 독성을 시험한 결과와 기존에 알려진 12종의 병원성 Vibrio 녹과 비교한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 분리된 장소의 환경조건은 염도가 $4.7\%_{\circ}$, pH가 7.6, 수온이 $24^{\circ}C$ 및 conductivity가 $7800{\mu}MHOS$이었다. 2. 생리, 생화학적 특성과 염분 요구도를 비교한 결과 sucrose를 분해하는 병원성 Vibrio인 V. alginolyticus, V. cholerae, V. cincinnatiensis, V. fluvialis, V. furnissii 및 V. metschnikouii와는 확실히 구별되었다. 3. 생육가능한 염도는 $0.5\~7.5\%_{\circ}$이었으며 생육가능한 pH는 $4.5\~9.5$이었다. 4. TCBS 평판한천배지에서 균의 집락은 전형적인 황색집락이었으며, 전자현미경에 나타난 균의 형태은 콤마상 간균이었다. 5. 새앙쥐에 대한 치사독성이 확실하였으며, 사람과 면양 적혈구에 대한 용혈성이 확인되었고 rat 피부혈관 투과성 항진작용이 양성이었다. 이상의 결과로 이 균은 병원성이 확인되었고 기존에 알려지지 않은 Vibrio 속으로 확인되어 이 균을 Vibrio sp. D5로 명명하였다.