• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제24권11호
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• pp.1485-1491
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• 2015

There are two treatment processes that are currently applied to ships are the biological treatment process using the activated sludge and the electrochemical treatment. However, neither of them are able to remove both nitrogen and phosphorus due to their limited ability to remove organic matters, which are main causes of the red tide. This study was conducted to identify the characteristics of nitrogen removal factors from manure wastewater by replacing the final settling tank in SBR (Sequencing Batch Reactor) process and applying immersion type hollow fiber membrane. SBR process is known to have an advantage of the least land requirement in special environment such as in ship and the immersion type hollow fiber membrane is more stable in water quality change. As the result, the average in the cases of DO (Dissolved Oxygen) is 2.9(0. 6~3.9) mg/L which was determined to be the denitrifying microorganism activity in anaerobic conditions. The average in the cases of ORP (Oxidation Reduction Potential) is 98.4~237.3 mV which was determined to be the termination of nitrification since the inflection point was formed on the ORP curve due to decrease in the stirring treatment after the aeration, same as in the cases of DO. Little or no variation in the pH was determined to have positive effect on the nitrification. T-N (Total Nitrigen) removal efficiencies of the finally treated water were 71.4%, 72.3% and 66.5% in relatively average figures, thus was not a distinct prominence. In being applied in ships in the future, the operating conditions and structure improvements are deemed necessary since the MEPC (Marine Environment Protection Committee). 227(64) ship sewage nitrogen is less than the standard of 20 Qi/Qe mg/L or the removal rate of 70%.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.558-566
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• 2020

Purpose: Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) is a rare genetic autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in ATP8B1, ABCB11 or ABCB4. Mutational analysis of these genes is a reliable approach to identify the disorder. Methods: We collected and analyzed relevant data related to clinical diagnosis, biological investigation, and molecular determination in nine children carrying these gene mutations, who were from unrelated families in South China. Results: Of the nine patients (five males, four females) with PFIC, one case of PFIC1, four cases of PFIC2, and four cases of PFIC3 were diagnosed. Except in patient no. 8, jaundice and severe pruritus were the major clinical signs in all forms. γ-glutamyl transpeptidase was low in patients with PFIC1/PFIC2, and remained mildly elevated in patients with PFIC3. We identified 15 different mutations, including nine novel mutations (p.R470HfsX8, p.Q794X and p.I1170T of ABCB11 gene mutations, p.G319R, p.A1047P, p.G1074R, p.T830NfsX11, p.A1047PfsX8 and p.N1048TfsX of ABCB4 gene mutations) and six known mutations (p.G446R and p.F529del of ATP8B1 gene mutations, p.A588V, p.G1004D and p.R1057X of ABCB11 gene mutations, p.P479L of ABCB4 gene mutations). The results showed that compared with other regions, these three types of PFIC genes had different mutational spectrum in China. Conclusion: The study expands the genotypic spectrum of PFIC. We identified nine novel mutations of PFIC and our findings could help in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.374-385
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• 2020

Objectives: This study was conducted to examine the status of foodservice management, with special interest on sanitary and nutritional food service in elderly day care centers. Methods: A total of 79 employees who managed foodservice facilities in elderly day care centers were included in the survey. The contents of the questionnaire consisted of general characteristics, importance and performance of sanitary and nutrition management, the reasons for poor performance, factors necessary for improvement, and the employee's demand for support. Data analysis was conducted using the SPSS v25.0. Results: Sanitary management showed an average importance score of 4.84 ± 0.40 and a performance score of 4.70 ± 0.61 (t-value: 8.260). The item with the lowest performance score was personal sanitary management (4.58 ± 0.71). In nutrition management, the average importance score was 4.52 ± 0.68, and the performance score was 4.20 ± 1.00 (t-value: 9.609). There were significant differences between the average score of importance and performance in both areas. As a result of an Importance-Performance Analysis, items that were recognized as important but had relatively low performance was "personal hygiene", "ventilation" and "food storage". Also in the nutritional management area, "menu planning for disease management" and "checking the saltiness in the soup" etc. had very low performance with low importance recognition. The items shown in the "low priority" quadrant were those that required professional management skills. In the areas that demanded support in foodservice management, education about sanitary and safe institutional food service had the highest score (4.42 ± 0.74), and all other items showed a demand of 4 points or more. Conclusions: Foodservice managers recognize the importance of foodservice facility management but performance is relatively low. Institutional support is, therefore, needed to improve performance. For items with low importance, it seems necessary to improve awareness of the necessity of these items and to provide education in this regard. To gradually improve foodservice management, continuous provision of education and training in these areas are of great importance.

• 지질공학
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.459-466
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• 2012

엔지니어링 탄성파 반사법 자료에서 자주 부딪히는 문제는 천부 불연속면의 작은 반사 에너지가 발파로 인한 음파, 직접파, 굴절파 및 진폭이 큰 표면파와 같은 잡음으로 가려진다는 점이다. 자료처리 과정에서 그 동안 국내 지반탐사 자료에 적용되지 않았던 방사변환 기법을 통하여 현장에서 얻어진 거리-시간 영역의 자료를 단순히 속도-시간 영역의 자료로 변환시켜 일관성 잡음을 제거하고자 하였다. 적용성 평가를 위해 수백 미터 깊이를 대상으로하는 고품질의 퇴적분지 탐사자료와 수십 미터 깊이를 대상으로 하는 잡음이 많은 엔지니어링 탐사자료를 시험자료로 선택하였다. 이 방법은 대역통과 필터링과 주파수-파수 필터링에 비해 반사파의 진폭을 약화시키지 않고 음파, 표면파, 직접파, 굴절파와 같은 천부의 일관성 선형 잡음을 효과적으로 약화시킬 수 있었다. 방사 트레이스 영역에서 잡음의 주파수 특성을 고려하여 설계된 저주파 제거 필터를 적용할 때 표면파 분산 구간은 물론 주파수-파수 필터링에서 통제하기 힘든 직접파, 굴절파 및 음파의 중첩 구간(50m 깊이 이내)에 있는 천부 반사면들이 효과적으로 부각되었다. 일관성 있는 선형 잡음에 제한되어 적용되는 이 방법은 앞으로 속도-시간 영역에서 각 종 잡음의 분포 특성을 정확히 파악할 때 엔지니어링 자료에 흔히 나타날 수 있는 절리, 파쇄대, 천부 단층에 의한 회절파와 역-산란파와 같은 잡음도 충분히 조절할 수 있을 것으로 보인다.

• 암석학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.23-37
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• 2011

제3기 결정질 응회암에서 발달하는 미세균열 모집단의 길이분포에 대한 스케일링 성질을 조사하였다. 15개 방향각 및 5개 그룹 (I~V)에 대한 길이범위의 분포도에서 미세균열의 방향성에 따른 평균길이의 체계적인 변화가 나타난다. 분포도는 거의 남-북방향을 경계로 하여 좌우 대칭형태를 취하는 것이 특징이다. 미세균열의 모집단에 대한 길이-누적빈도 도표의 전 영역은 상관곡선의 분포양상에 의하여 3개 구간으로 구분할 수 있다. 특히, 5개 그룹에 대한 각 도표의 선형의 중앙구간은 멱함수 분포를 지시한다. 5개 그룹에 대한 중앙의 선형구간의 빈도비는 46.6%~67.8T의 범위이다. 한편 각 그룹에 대한 선형의 중앙구간의 기울기는 그룹 V($N60{\sim}90^{\circ}E$, -2.02) > 그룹 IV($N20{\sim}60^{\circ}E$, -1.55) > 그룹 I($N60{\sim}90^{\circ}W$, -1.48), 그룹 II($N10{\sim}60^{\circ}W$, -1.48) > 그룹 III($N10^{\circ}W{\sim}N20^{\circ}E$, -1.06)의 순으로 나타난다. 거의 멱함수의 길이분포를 따르는 부집단(5개 그룹)에서는 지수(-1.06~-2.02)의 범위가 넓다. 5개 그룹간의 이러한 지수의 상대적인 차이는 방향성 효과의 중요성을 강조한다. 또한, 곡선의 하부에서의 기울기의 분리는 보다 긴 미세균열의 급격한 발달을 대변하며, 멱함수 지수의 감소로 반영된다. 특히, 이러한 분포양식은 $N10{\sim}20^{\circ}E,\;N10{\sim}20^{\circ}W$ 및 $N60{\sim}70^{\circ}W$의 방향각에 대한 도표에서 볼 수 있다. 이들 3개 방향각은 연구지역 일대에서 발달한 단층의 주방향과 부합한다. 15개 방향각에 대한 길이-누적빈도 도표의 개개 특성을 보여주는 분포도를 작성하였다 상기한 도표들을 3개 그룹(A, B and C)의 범주에 따라 배열함으로서 이들 그룹간 길이-빈도 분포의 차이를 용이하게 도출할 수 있다. 분포도는 미세균열 조들에 대한 개별적인 분리의 중요성을 보여준다. 관계도에서, 보다 짧은 미세균열의 출현빈도는 그룹A > 그룹 B > 그룹 C의 순서를 보인다. 이들 3가지 유형의 분포양상은 미세균열이 성장하는 동안 발생한 과정들에 대한 중요한 정보를 드러낼 수 있다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제28권12호
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• pp.1293-1303
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 식물군락이 조성된 일부 학교 정온시설을 선택하여 도로교통소음 특성을 파악하고 식물군락 유무에 따른 소음의 효과를 분석하였다. 차량을 4가지로 분류할 때 전체 교통량에 가장 기여하는 차량은 소형차로 나타났고 전체 교통량 대비 도로소음에 가장 영향을 미치는 차량은 오토바이로 나타났다. 교통량(Q)과 자롱차 속력(V) 관계에서 자동차 속력이 증가할수록 소음도는 감소하였다. 하지만 자동차를 4가지로 분류한 후 각 자동차 속력의 분포별로 분석한 결과, 소형차의 경우 교통량은 $2016{\leq}Q{\leq}2388$ 및 속력 67 km/h에서 소음도가 감소한 결과를 제외한 모든 구간의 교통량에 따른 속력에서 소음도가 증가하였다. 또한 다른 차종(중형차, 대형차, 오토바이 등)에서는 교통량에 따른 차량속력에 의해 모든 구간에서 소음도가 증가하였다. 식물군락 유무에 따른 두 집단 차이를 쌍체 t 검정을 수행한 결과 두 집단간 차이(p<0.05)가 있었고 식물군락이 존재하지 않는 지역에서 주간과 야간의 차이를 이표본 t 검정을 수행한 결과 두 집단 간 차이(p<0.05)가 있었다. 하지만 식물군락이 존재할 경우 주간과 야간의 차이를 비교시 두 집단 차이(p>0.05)가 없었다.

• 센서학회지
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.328-336
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• 1997

HWE 방법에 의해 CdSe 박막을 (100)방향 Si 기판 위에 성장시켰다. 증발원과 기판의 온도를 각각 $600^{\circ}C$, $430^{\circ}C$로하여 성장시킨 CdSe 박막의 이중 결정 X-선 요동곡선(DCRC)의 반폭치(FWHM)값이 380 arcsec로 가장 작았다. Van der Pauw 방법으로 Hall 효과를 측정하여 운반자농도의 In n 대 (1/T)에서 구한 활성화에너지는 0.19eV로 측정되었다. Hall 이동도의 온도 의존성은 30K에서 150K까지는 $T^{3/2}$에 따라 증가하여 불순물산란에 기인하고, 150K에서 293K까지는 $T^{-3/2}$에 따라 감소하여 격자산란에 기인한 것으로 고찰되었다. 광전도셀의 특성으로 spectral response, 최대 허용소비전력(MAPD), 광전류와 암전류(pc/dc)의 비 및 응답시간을 측정하였다. Cu 증기분위기에서 열처리한 광전도셀의 경우, 감도(${\gamma}$)는 0.99, pc/dc은 $1.39{\times}10^{7}$, 그리고 최대 허용소비전력(MAPD)은 335mW, 오름시간(rise time)은 10ms, 내림시간(decay time)은 9.5ms로 가장 좋은 광전도 특성을 얻었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권10호
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• pp.1391-1399
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• 2009

Two hundred and sixteen 68-week-old Hy-Line brown laying hens were used in a 6-week feeding trial to compare the efficacy of phytases Optiphos (OPT) and Natuphos (NAT), which were isolated from Escherichia coli and Aspergillus niger, respectively. Hens were randomly allotted into six treatments with six replications (six layers in three adjacent cages) per treatment according to their initial BW. The hens were then subjected to one of the following dietary treatments: i) Positive Control (PC; available phosphorus (AP) 0.4%); ii) Negative control (NC; AP 0.2%); iii) NAT1 (NC+250 FTU/kg NAT); iv) NAT2 (NC+500 FTU/kg NAT); v) OPT1 (NC+250 FTU/kg OPT); vi) OPT2 (NC+500 FTU/kg OPT). Feed intake, egg production, egg quality, apparent nutrient digestibility and serum P and Ca concentration were evaluated to compare the effect of the two phytases. Feed intake and eggshell thickness were not affected by the treatments. Superior effects (p<0.05) of OPT were only observed in egg production and egg weight compared with NAT. Characteristics such as eggshell breaking strength, apparent digestibility of N, Ca and P and serum P concentration were equally increased with the supplementation of both phytases (p<0.05), where no significant difference was observed in those characteristics between PC and phytase supplementation at 500 FTU/kg. Equally effective improvements (p<0.05) were also observed in egg production and DM digestibility, where no improvements were observed (p<0.05) between the PC group and the groups with phytase supplementation at 500 FTU/kg. Equal increases in the serum Ca level were observed when the groups with phytase supplementation were compared to the PC group. Overall, the results of this study suggest that NAT and OPT are equally effective at liberating phytate-bound complexes when included in 0.2% available phosphorus diets for 68-week laying hens; either source of phytase can be fed to commercial 68-week laying hens at 500 FTU/kg to correct the negative effects associated with a 0.2% available phosphorus diet. In conclusion, either source of phytase can be fed to commercial first cycle laying hens at 500 FTU/kg to effectively replace inorganic phosphorus when economically justified.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권8호
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• pp.1152-1159
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• 2013

Four male lambs (Katahdin; average live weight $25.9{\pm}2.9$ kg) with "T" type cannulas in the rumen and proximal duodenum were used in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square experiment to evaluate the influence of supplemental dry distillers grain with solubles (DDGS) levels (0, 10, 20 and 30%, dry matter basis) in substitution for dry-rolled (DR) corn on characteristics of digestive function and digestible energy (DE) of diet. Treatments did not influence ruminal pH. Substitution of DR corn with DDGS increased ruminal neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestion (quadratic effect, p<0.01), but decreased ruminal organic matter (OM) digestion (linear effect, p<0.01). Replacing corn with DDGS increased (linear, $p{\leq}0.02$) duodenal flow of lipids, NDF and feed N. But there were no treatment effects on flow to the small intestine of microbial nitrogen (MN) or microbial N efficiency. The estimated UIP value of DDGS was 44%. Postruminal digestion of OM, starch, lipids and nitrogen (N) were not affected by treatments. Total tract digestion of N increased (linear, p = 0.04) as the DDGS level increased, but DDGS substitution tended to decrease total tract digestion of OM (p = 0.06) and digestion of gross energy (p = 0.08). However, it did not affect the dietary digestible energy (DE, MJ/kg), reflecting the greater gross energy content of DDGS versus DR corn in the replacements. The comparative DE value of DDGS may be considered similar to the DE value of the DR corn it replaced up to 30% in the finishing diets fed to lambs.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.380-388
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• 2015

Objectives: Poisonous substances experts engage in policymaking regarding poisonous substances, whereas poisonous substances managers perform legal duties related to poisonous substances management systems at worksites. To understand and improve poisonous substances designation systems, it is necessary to distinguish the roles of these experts and managers. We further aimed to identify problems with poisonous substances appointment systems and provide basic data for their improvement by investigating the knowledge and recognition of the need for system improvement among managers and experts. Methods: To determine the $subjects^{\circ}{\emptyset}$ awareness of poisonous substances designation systems, a selfadministered questionnaire comprised of items on general characteristics and knowledge and recognition of the need for system improvement was issued. Data were analyzed via t-tests and ANOVA using SPSS v 16.0 Results: Regarding system comprehension, managers (n=213; mean 3.28, SD 0.63) significantly differed from experts (n=35; mean 4.08, SD 0.59) (P<0.001). No differences were found in recognition of need for improvement between managers (mean 3.11, SD 0.34) and experts (mean 3.24, SD 0.31). Significant differences in comprehension were found among managers by education level (P<0.05) and company size (P<0.05). Regarding industry type, comprehension was greater in the electrical/electronic and chemical/environmental industries compared to in other industries (P = 0.066). Comprehension was higher among those with five years or more of experience compared to those with less than five years. Regarding recognition of need for improvement, managers showed significant differences by company size (P<0.05). $Experts^{\circ}{\emptyset}$ comprehension showed no differences by general characteristics, while need for improvement differed according to work experience (P<0.001). Conclusion: The study found that the bigger the company size, the higher the level of comprehension by managers and the experts. In the case of both groups, where a higher comprehension of the poisonous substances designation system was evident, they recognized the necessity of its improvement.