• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.163-187
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• 2006

Taxonomic studies were conducted to evaluate the interspecific relationships in Viola albida var. albida and its related taxa using seven populations for morphology, palynology and anatomy. Molecular phylogenetic studies were also examined in 28 populations including 19 Korean, four Chinese, two Japanese, one American population and two outgroups using nrITS, and 27 populations except V pinnata for trnL-F region of chloroplast DNA. Morphological differences was observed among seven populations of three species in leaf shape, but characters such as serrate number of leaf margins, petal size, pistil shape were showed overlap between populations. Pollen shape of seven populations was monad and grain shape on the polar axis was semi-angular. Morphology of aperture was tri-colporate, and the surface sculpturing was scabrate in rugulate. The grain shape of equatorial view of five populations was prolate whereas V albida var. taknhashii type 1 and V albida var. chaerophylloides type 3 were subprolate. The anatomical characters of rnidvein of leaf, petiole, peduncle, root were also described for the species. The stomatal apparatus of the leaves was observed only in abaxial surface, and the number of stoma per unit ($mm^2$) were abundant in incised than lobate or cleft margin of the leaves. The nrITS analysis shows that V. pinnata and V. dissecta was monophyletic and occupied a basal position in the V. albida var. albida and its related taxa. The other clade including infraspecific populations of V. albida, and V. eizanensis was paraphyletic. The trnL-F noncoding region analysis was similar to the ITS tree. According to the above observations in morphology, palynology, anatomy, and molecular phylogenetic analysis, the significant differences were not found except for leaf shape in Viola albida var. albida and its related taxa, therefore V. albida var. takanhashii and V. albida var. chaerophylloides were considered to be an infraspecific taxa of V. albida var. albida rather than an independent species, subvariety or variety of V. pinnata and V. dissecta.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.139-144
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• 1997

A destructive collar rot of apple caused by a species of Phytophthora has widely occurred in Kyungbuk and less extended in Chungbuk, Chungnam and Chunbuk provinces of Korea. Significantly higher incidence of the disease was observed on cv. Fuji when M26 or M9 was used as dwarfing stocks. Incidence of the disease at several orchards in Uisung, Kunwi, Yesan and Muju ranged from 45 to 80%. Twenty-five isolates of the causal fungus were collected and all isolates were identified as P. cactorum on the basis of their cultural and morphological characters. The fungus produced markedly papillate and broadly ovoid deciduous sporangia both on agar and in water, and a short pedicel was attached to each sporangium. Oospores were readily formed on clarified V8 agar by single isolates and all the antheridia were paragynous. The fungus neither grew nor produced oospores under 5 and over 33$^{\circ}C$. The destructive collar rot of apple caused by P. cactorum has not been reported in Korea previously.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.243-252
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• 1996

The somata and boutons of the zinc-containing neurons in the spinal cord of the rats were labeled by intraperitoneal injection of sodium selenite and silver amplification. The labeled somata of the neurons were located in laminae V, VI, VII and X of the gray matter. The zinc selenium reaction products were retrogradely transported and precipitated into somata of the neuron with survival 8 hours. This observation suggest that all or part of the spinal cord zinc-containing neurons are interneurons. At survival 1 hour, the loaded axonal boutons with zinc precipitates of zinc-containing neurons were distributed in the gray matter and in the processes of lateral and ventral funiculi of the white matter. In particular, AMG stained boutons with huge form were appeared in the lamina IX. Ultrastructurally, the zinc precipitates were located in the cytoplasmic lysosomes or the vesicle within boutons of the zinc-containing neuron in accordance with survival times.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.147-208
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• 2013

In der vorliegenden Arbeit geht es um die vergleichende Betrachtung von deutschen Urteilen OLG Munchen, Urt. v. 21. 4. 2011 - Az. 1 U 2363/10; BGH, Urt. v. 22. 5. 2012 - VI ZR 157/11) und einer Reihe von koreanischen Urteilen im Bereich des Arzthaftungsrechts. Sie behandelt die Kausalitat von Tatbestand und Rechtswidrigkeitszusammenhang in der normativen Haftungszurechung. In Korea gilt die sog. Adaquanztheorie noch entscheidend als bewertendes Zurechnungskriterium - sogar manchmal als umgangssprachliches Homonym im Sinne der Verh$\ddot{a}$ltnism$\ddot{a}{\ss}$igkeit angewendet -, die dogmengeschichtlich von Deutschland $\ddot{o}$bernommen wurde. Doch wie aus den deutschen Urteilen ersichtlich, ist sie dort schon $\ddot{u}$berwunden. Die Ergebnisse der betrffenden koreanischen Urteile sind zwar nicht unbillig, deren Urteilsbegrundungen aber theoretisch bzw. praktisch nicht $\ddot{u}$berzeugend. Nach allgemeiner Ansicht kommt es vielmehr auf den Schutzzweck an, der auch bei der Anwendung des ${\S}$ 393 KBGB gelten kann. Schlie${\ss}$lich wurde die $\ddot{U}$bertragung des praxisgerechten L$\ddot{o}$sungsansatzes in deutschen Urteilen auf rechtsvergleichende Weise dazu beitragen, die Zivilrechtspraxis in der koreanischen Justiz nachvollziehbarer machen.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1975

Despite a number of recent studies on appendix its function appears to remain unknown. The present studies were undertaken in order to extend and confirm the previous studies concerning the role of appendix in immune response. An early hemagglutinin response of mercaptoethanol sensitive antibody(IgM antibody) in rabbit injected intravenously(i.v.) with 200mcg of bovine gamma globulin(BGG) was abolished by lethal whole body irradiation(900 r), but preserved in animals whose appendix and bone marrow were shielded during irradiation. Late formation of mercaptoethanol resistant antibody(IgG antibody) and the development of memory in bone marrow shielded animals were not affected by irradiation of the appendix. Formation of either IgM or IgG antibody to sheep red blood cells(SRBC) injected i.v. as determined by direct plaque forming cell(DPFC) technique in spleen were effectively abolished by appendectomy, thymectomy, or both followed by irradiation. When bone marrow was shielded in combination with autologous appendix reconstitution, DPFC response was about 5 times greater than the sum of two. Lysed appendix cells failed to restore the response. Lethally irradiated rabbits restored with combination of autologous appendix and thymus cells showed DPFC responses which were essentially normal. Three pools of appendix were obtained by manual separation technique and were stimulated with soluble concanavalin A(Con A), phytohemagglutinin-P(PHA) and pokeweed mitogen(PWM). Rabbit appendix cells responded to Con A, PHA and PWM. Cells of thymus dependent area(TDA) of the appendix were relatively enriched in their response to T cell mitogens compared to dome and follicle cells. The PHA/Con A responsive ratio of appenix TDA subpopulation was high, indicating that Con A responsive cells have a wider distribution among appendix. This finding showed that interfollicular area of the appendix is thymus-dependent. The present studies confirmed other evidence that the rabbit appendix cells itself are unable to form antibody and T lymphocytes in appendix TDA may be heterogenous, and that the appendix cells are synergistic with either bone marrow or thymus cells in the early hemagglutinin on splenic antibody response to BGG or SRBC.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.195-201
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• 2003

Chlamydospore formation from mycelia and conidia of Cylindrocarpon destructans isolated from the root rot lesion of the Panax ginseng was investigated by scanning electron and light microscopy. Typical chlamydospores were formed only from hyphae but not from conidia on culture media. However, immature chlamydopspore-like cells were formed from microconidia after 12 days of incubation at 20$^{\circ}C$ on Czapek Dox broth (CDB) adjusted to pH 4.0. Chlamydospores were yellowish or reddish brown in color, and produced singly or in chain with the hyphal intercalary or terminal position on potato-dextrose agar, V-8 juice agar and CDB with no addition of nitrogen sources after 16∼20 days of incubation at 20$^{\circ}C$. They were 11.3 to 11.9 $\mu\textrm{m}$ in diameter, having many lumps-like warts on their surface with the length of 1.5 to 1.8 $\mu\textrm{m}$.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.2985-2992
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• 2015

In this study, the characteristics of heat transfer and pressure drop was theoretically analyzed by changing longitudinal pitch, bump phase, location of vortex generator about the staggered tube banks by applying SST (Shear Stress Transport) turbulence model of ANSYS FLUENT v.14. Before carrying out CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) analysis, It is presumed that the boundary condition is the tube surface temperature of 363 K, the inlet air temperature of 313 K and the inlet air velocity of 5-10 m/s. The results indicated that the heat transfer coefficient is not affected by the longitudinal pitch and the bump phase of circle type was more appropriate than serrated type in the characteristics of heat transfer and pressure drop. Additionally, in case of vortex generator location, the heat transfer characteristics showed that forward location of tube was more favorable 4.6% than backward location.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.79-90
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• 1993

With immunohistochemical method, We have examined the distribution, the size, the number, and the morphology of somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons in the cerebral cortex of rats at the 1st. 2nd, 3rd, 4th postnatal week and the 2nd and 3rd months of age. The results are summarized as follows : 1) Strongly immunoreactive somatostatin neurons were found in the layer V and VI at the first postnatal week and then they were observed to be densely populated in the layer II and III from the 3rd postnatal week on as in the adult rat. 2) The size of the neuron was largest at the 2nd postnatal week while the number of the neurons was greatest in the 1st or 2nd postnatal week, depending on the different areas of the cortex. Overall the postnatal development of somatostatin neurons are well corresponds with the general principle of neuronal development of CNS.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.133-144
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• 1981

The ultrastructures of the pigment cells in the Asiatic land salamander (Hynobius leechi) dorsal skin were obtained by means of electron microscope. The results were as follows; 1. The pigment cells of the epidermis consisted of the melanocytes in the germinal layer and of the melanophores distributing to the keratinocyte layer. The traits of these cells in the epidermis were as follows: A. The nuclei of the melanocytes were round or oval in shape and appeared as partly small or large infoldings of the nuclear envelope. B. Rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulums and Golgi complexes were well developed in infranuclear cytoplasm. Many ribosomes were mainly distributed around the perinuclear portion. C. The melanosomes of the melanocytes were observed as a found or an oval shape and strong electron-dense or less electron-dense melanosomes were observed. D. The infoldings of the nuclear envelope in the melanophore were partly found deeper than those of the melanocyte. The cytoplasm of the melanophore filled with melanosomes caused organelles not to be observed in that. 2. The pigment cells in the dermis were composed of the xanthophores just beneath basement membrane and the melanophores in the connective tissue. The traits of these cells in the dermis were as follows: A. The xanthophores contained round or oval vesicles, and these vesicles were divided into 6 types (type I pterinosome, type II pterinosome, type III pterinosomes, type iv pterinosome, type V pterinosome, type VI pterinosome). B. Most of the nuclei of the melanophores in the dermis were elongate in shape, and a portion of the nuclear envelope was deep infolded. C. Becuase the cytoplasm was filled with the melanosomes of the same electron-density, organelles were not observed in the cytoplasm. D. Two processes of the melanophore in the dermis extended in parallel with a xanthophore and the cytoplasm in those processes were filled with the melanosomes.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.135-152
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• 2005

Prefrontal cortex is a psychological and metaphysical cortex, which deals with feeling, memory, planning, attention, personality, etc. And it also integrates above-mentioned events with motor control and locomotor activities. Prefrontal cortex works as a highest CNS center, since the above mentioned functions are very important for one's successful life, and further more they are upgraded every moments through memory and learning. Many of these highest functions are supposed to be generated via forebrain basal nuclei (caudate nucleus, fundus striati nucleus, accumbens septi nucleus, septal nucleus, etc.). In this experiment, prefrontal efferent terminals within basal forebrain nuclei were ultrastructurally studied. Spraque Dawley rats, weighing $250{\sim}300g$ each, were anesthetized and their heads were fixed on the stereotaxic apparatus (experimental model, David Kopf Co.). Rats were incised their scalp, perforated a 3mm-wide hole on the right side of skull at the 11mm anterior point from the frontal O point (Ref. 13, Fig. 1), suctioned out the prefrontal cortex including cortex of the frontal pole, with suction instrument. Two days following the operations, small tissue blocks of basal forebrain nuclei were punched out, fixed in 1% glutaraldehyde-1% paraformaldehyde solution followed by 2% osmium tetroxide solutions. Ultrathin sections were stained with 1% borax-toluidin blue solution, and the stained sections were obserbed with an electron microscope. Degenerating axon terminals were found within all the basal forbrain nuclei. Numbers of degenerated terminals were largest in the caudate nucleus, next in order, in the fundus striati nucleus, in the accumbens septi nucleus, and the least in the septal nucleus. Only axospinous terminals were degenerated within the caudate nucleus and the fundus striati nucleus, and they showed the characters of striatal motor control system. Axodendritic and axospinous terminals were degenerated within the accumbens septi nucleus and the lateral septal nucleus, and they showed the characters of visceral limbic system. Prefrontal role in integrating the limbic system with the striatal system, en route basal forebrain nuclei, was discussed.