• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.37-45
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• 1994

$(NH_4)_{4.5}[H_{3.5}{\alpha}-PtMo_6O_{24}]{\cdot}1.5\;H_2O(A),\;(NH_4)_4[H_4{\beta}-PtMo_6O_{24}]{\cdot}1.5\;H_2O(B),\;and\;K_{3.5}[H_{4.5}{\alpha}-PtMo_6O_{24}]{\cdot}3\;H_2O(C)$ have been synthesized and their molecular structures have been also determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction technique. The space groups, unit cell parameters, and R factors are as follows: Compound A, monoclinic, $A_{2/a}$, a= 19.074 (3), b=21.490 (3), c=15.183 (2) ${\AA};\;{\beta}$=109.67 (1) ${\AA}$; z=8; R=0.075($IF_0I>4{\sigma}(IF_0I);$ Compound B, triclinic, P$bar{1}$, a=10.776 (2), b=15.174 (4), c=10.697 (3) ${\AA};\;{\alpha}$ =126.29 (2), ${\beta}$=111.55 (2), ${\gamma}$=93.18 (2) ${\AA}$; Z=2; R=0.046($IF_0I>3{\sigma}(IF_0I);$): Compound C, triclinic, Pl, a=12.426 (2), b=13.884 (2), c=10.089 (1) ${\AA}$; ${\alpha}$=102.59 (2), ${\beta}$=110.73 (1), ${\gamma}$=53.93 (1) ${\AA}$; Z=2; R=0.074 ($IF_0I>3{\sigma}(IF_0I)$. Compounds A and C contain the well-known Anderson structure (planar structure) heteropoly oxometalate having approximate $bar{3}_m(D_{3d})$ symmetry, while compound B contains the bent structure heteropoly oxometalate having appproximate $2_{mm}(C2_v)$ symmetry. The bent structure and the planar one are geometrical isomers. These compounds are rot only novel heteroply molybdates containing platinate(IV) but also the first example of geometrical isomerism in the hexamolybdoheteropoly oxometalates. That isomerization surprisingly occurred because of the change of only 0.5 non-acidic hydrogen atom attached to the polyanion such as $[H_{3.5}{\alpha} -PtMo_6O_{24}]^{4.5-}{\to}[H_4{\beta}-PtMo_6O_{24}]^{4-}{\to}[H_{4.5}{\alpha} -PtMo_6O_{24}]^{3.5-}$. It seems that the gradual protonation of the polyanion plays an important role in that isomerism. These heteropolyanions form dimers by strong hydrogen bonds between two heteropolyanions in the respective crystal system.

• 한국기후변화학회지
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.357-366
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• 2015

This study was conducted to estimate carbon stocks of Quercus serrata with drawing volume of trees in each tree height and DBH applying the suitable stem taper equation and tree specific carbon emission factors, using collected growth data from all over the country. Information on distribution area, tree number per hectare, tree volume and volume stocks were obtained from the $5^{th}$ National Forest Inventory (2006~2010), and method provided in IPCC GPG was applied to estimate carbon storage and removals. Performance in predicting stem diameter at a specific point along a stem in Quercus serrata by applying Kozak's model,$d=a_1DBH^{a_2}a_3^{DBH}X^{b_1Z^2+b_2ln(Z+0.001)+b_3{\sqrt{Z}}+b_4e^Z+b_5({\frac{DBH}{H}})}$, which is well known equation in stem taper estimation, was evaluated with validations statistics, Fitness Index, Bias and Standard Error of Bias. Consequently, Kozak's model turned out to be suitable in all validations statistics. Stem volume tables of Quercus serrata were derived by applying Kozak's model and carbon stock tables in each tree height and DBH were developed with country-specific carbon emission factors ($WD=0.65t/m^3$, BEF=1.55, R=0.43) of Quercus serrata. As a result of carbon stock analysis by age class in Quercus serrata, carbon stocks of IV age class (11,358 ha, 36.5%) and V age class (10,432; 33.5%) which take up the largest area in distribution of age class were 957,000 tC and 1,312,000 tC. Total carbon stocks of Quercus serrata were 3,191,000 tC which is 3% compared with total percentage of broad-leaved forest and carbon sequestration per hectare(ha) was 3.8 tC/ha/yr, $13.9tCO_2/ha/yr$, respectively.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.615-632
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• 2019

본 연구는 경상북도 중북부지역 낙동강 중류의 하천 식물상을 밝히고, 생활형을 파악하여 향후 유사지역 하천에서의 관속식물상 조사연구에 기초자료를 제공하고자 실시하였다. 현지조사는 2016년 5월부터 10월, 2017년 4월부터 10월에 걸쳐 영강, 내성천, 병성천, 위천 및 감천 등 5개 하천에서 실시하였고, 조사결과 조사지역에서 생육하는 관속식물은 99과 288속 421종 4아종 39변종 10품종 등 총 474분류군이었다. 이 중 양치식물은 8과 8속 10종 1변종 등 11분류군, 나자식물은 3과 3속 4종 등 4분류군, 쌍자엽식물 73과 217속 312종 3아종 25변종 8품종 등 348분류군, 단자엽식물 14과 60속 95종 1아종 13변종 2품종 등 111분류군으로 나타났다. 특산식물은 5분류군이 조사되었고, 식물구계학적특정종으로 중요도가 높은 III등급 이상을 살펴보면 V등급은 조사되지 않았으며, IV등급 3분류군, III등급 5분류군이 조사되었다. 희귀식물은 7분류군이 조사되었고, 귀화식물은 73분류군으로 조사되었다. 조사지역 소산식물의 생활형 분석결과 Th 159분류군, H 91분류군, HH 68분류군, G 52분류군, N 35분류군, MM 32분류군, M 25분류군, Ch 12분류군, E 1분류군 등으로 나타났다.

• 식물분류학회지
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.236-263
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• 2017

전라남도 화순군 북면에 위치하는 백아산의 관속식물상을 조사하고 분포가 확인된 주요식물에 대해 논의하였다. 2011년 5월부터 2016년 10월까지 6년 동안 총 32회(36일)의 현지조사에서 확보된 표본과 전남대 생물학과 표본실(CNU)의 수장표본에 근거하여 관속식물목록을 작성하였다. 조사된 관속식물은 109과 366속 576종 5아종 70변종으로 총 651분류군이다. 한국특산식물로는 고려엉겅퀴, 광릉골무꽃등 12분류군을 확인하였다. 식물구계학적 특정식물로는 V등급 2분류군, IV등급 5분류군, III등급 11분류군, II등급 14분류군, I등급 29분류군으로 총 61분류군이 조사되었다. 희귀식물은 위기종(endangered species)인 깽깽이풀을 포함하여 총 17분류군을 확인하였고, 적색식물목록종으로는 약난초 등 총 8분류군이 조사되었다. 호석회식물로는 거미고사리, 느릅나무, 돌뽕나무 등 9분류군을 확인하였다. 귀화식물로는 돼지풀, 애기수영 등 33분류군이 조사되었다.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.279-293
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• 2021

To investigate the effect of seasonal marine environment conditions on the cyanobacteria abundance and diversity in the South Sea, four-seasonal surveys were conducted along the 127.5°E survey transect line in the central South Sea using flow cytometry and 16S-23S ITS on the Miseq platform from August 2016 to May 2017. The average abundance of Synechococcus varied from 3.3 × 10³ to 7.4 × 10⁴ cells ml^-1. The abundance was the highest in the summer and the lowest in the winter, and the abundance fluctuated according to water temperature. The abundance was high in the outer sea affected by TWC. However, in summer, the Coastal areas affected by the Yangtze River were more populated than the outer sea. Prochlorococcus was rare and could not penetrate into coastal areas due to the fronts, but showed its dominance in the waters influenced by the TWC. Synechococcus clades II, VII, IX, CRD1, and CRD2 were predominant in the outer sea area affected by the TWC. In the coastal area, clades I and IV showed higher dominance whereas clades V, VI, WPC1, and 5.3-MS3 with euryhaline characteristics, showed a high dominance rate in the water masses affected by the low-salinity water of the Yangtze River in the summer. Clade XVI, XVII, CB1, CB5, and 5.3-I/II showed high dominance in nutrient-rich waters in the summer with increased water temperature. The abundance and community composition of cyanobacteria changed in the South Sea due to the influence of the TWC and stratification. In the summer, the abundance and the community composition differed, and were mainly affected by the general influence of the TWC in addition to the influence of the Yangtze River low-salinity water.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제63권6호
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• pp.1362-1375
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• 2021

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a combination 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid (THB) and oregano extracts (i.e., Carvacrol and Thymol) at intake/dietary different levels on growth performance, intestinal health indicators, immune responses and fecal oocyst shedding in broiler chickens under Eimeria challenged condition. A total of 336 one-day-old broilers were randomly assigned to one of six dietary treatments with seven replications per treatment. Dietary treatments were: i) Non-challenged bird without any dietary treatment (NCNT), ii) Challenged bird without any dietary treatment (CNT), iii) Challenged birds fed a THB diet (0.1 g/kg, THB), iv) Challenged birds fed a combination of THB and oregano extracts diet (0.1 g/kg, COM 100), and a gradual increase of combination of THB and oregano extracts likely v) 0.15 g/kg (COM 150), and 0.2 g/kg (COM 200). On day 14, all groups except for NCNT have orally challenged with a 10-fold dose of Livacox^® T anticoccidial vaccine to trigger coccidiosis. The results indicated that Eimeria-challenged broilers fed COM 100 and COM 200 diets increased (p < 0.05) body weight than CNT diet on day 35. Furthermore, birds fed COM 100 and COM 200 diets increased (p < 0.05) average daily gain compared to those fed CNT diets for the entire experimental period. There is no significant (p > 0.05) in average daily feed intake, feed efficiency between NCNT and birds fed with combined THB and oregano extracts for the entire experimental period. A combination of THB and oregano extract regardless of concentration levels or THB alone reduced (p < 0.05) lesion score in ileum compared to the CNT diet for 7 days post-infection (dpi). Birds fed COM 100 diet had lower (p < 0.05) intestinal lesion scores in jejunum and caeca on 7 dpi compared to those were in the CNT diet. No (p > 0.05) difference was observed in the oocysts per gram of feces count, intestinal morphology, carcass traits and blood cytokine concentration among the infected treatments. Collectively, we conclude that birds fed with a combination of THB and oregano extracts regardless of the ratios that were used demonstrated better recovery of health after the coccidial challenge than using only THB alone.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권9호
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• pp.1381-1388
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• 2019

Objective: The aims of this study were to reveal the magnitude of the differences in protein structures at a cellular level as well as protein utilization and availability among soybean meal (SBM), canola meal (CM), and rapeseed meal (RSM) as feedstocks in China. Methods: Experiments were designed to compare the three different types of feedstocks in terms of: i) protein chemical profiles; ii) protein fractions partitioned according to Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System; iii) protein molecular structures and protein second structures; iv) special protein compounds-amino acid (AA); v) total digestible protein and energy values; vi) in situ rumen protein degradability and intestinal digestibility. The protein second structures were measured using FT/IR molecular spectroscopy technique. A summary chemical approach in National Research Council (NRC) model was applied to analyze truly digestible protein. Results: The results showed significant differences in both protein nutritional profiles and protein structure parameters in terms of ${\alpha}-helix$, ${\beta}-sheet$ spectral intensity and their ratio, and amide I, amide II spectral intensity and their ratio among SBM, CM, and RSM. SBM had higher crude protein (CP) and AA content than CM and RSM. For dry matter (DM), SBM, and CM had a higher DM content compared with RSM (p<0.05), whereas no statistical significance was found between SBM and CM (p = 0.28). Effective degradability of CP and DM did not demonstrate significant differences among the three groups (p>0.05). Intestinal digestibility of rumen undegradable protein measured by three-step in vitro method showed that there was significant difference (p = 0.05) among SBM, CM, and RSM, which SBM was the highest and RSM was the lowest with CM in between. NRC modeling results showed that digestible CP content in SBM was significantly higher than that of CM and RSM (p<0.05). Conclusion: This study suggested that SBM and CM contained similar protein value and availability for dairy cattle, while RSM had the lowest protein quality and utilization.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.115-168
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• 2018

본 논문에서는 일본 항공법상 무인항공기의 규제 전반을 개괄적으로 살펴보았다. 먼저 일본 항공법상의 항공기 개념과 공역체계를 검토한 후, 무인항공기의 비행공역 규제와 비행방법 규제를 구체적으로 검토해 보았다. 무인항공기 규제에 관한 일본법과 우리법의 비교분석의 결과로서 다음과 같은 몇 가지 시사점들을 생각해 볼 수 있었다. 첫째, 항공안전법상 무인항공기에 관한 일반적인 정의규정이 필요하다고 생각된다. 항공안전법은 항공기의 한 종류로서 '무인항공기'를 규정하고, 초경량비행장치의 한 종류로서 '무인비행장치'를 규정하여 각각의 개별규제를 실시한다. 이로 인해 무인항공기에 관한 일관적인 규제가 쉽지 않고, 규제 내용 역시 산재되어 있어 그 체계를 파악하기가 어렵다는 문제가 있다. 따라서 무인항공기에 관한 일반적인 정의규정을 마련하고 그 대상요건을 명확하게 지정할 필요가 있다. 둘째, 항공안전법상 무인항공기와 사람 물건과의 안전거리 지정이 필요할 것으로 보인다. 항공안전법에는 일본법과 같은 안전거리확보 규정이 없는데, 지상에 있는 인명 물건의 피해를 적극적으로 예방하기 위해서는 이와 관련한 명시적인 규정이 필요하다고 생각한다. 셋째, 항공안전법상 위험물 수송 금지에 관한 명시규정이 필요할 것으로 보인다. 위험물 수송은 단한번의 투하 또는 사고로도 수많은 인명피해와 재산손해를 초래할 수 있다. 따라서 이 부분에 대해서는 명확한 금지 규정을 두어 규제하는 것이 옳다고 본다. 넷째, 수색 구조 활동을 수행하는 무인항공기에 대해서는 특별한 허가나 승인 없이 이러한 활동을 수행할 수 있도록 하는 항공안전법상의 특별한 예외규정이 필요하다고 생각한다. 항공안전법의 경우에는 수색 구조와 관련하여 국가기관 등의 항공기에 대한 적용특례를 두고 있으나, 무인항공기에도 이와 같은 특례 적용이 가능한지 명확하지 않으므로, 일반적 규제 적용이 배제되는 명시적인 예외규정이 필요할 것으로 보인다.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.29-37
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• 2019

본 연구는 우리나라에 자생하고 있는 팥배나무 11개 집단으로부터 잎의 형태적 특성과 변이를 조사하여 조경수로서의 팥배나무 선발 및 육종에 대한 기초자료를 제공하고자 수행하였다. 잎의 형태적 특성 12개를 조사하고 집단 간 차이를 비교한 결과 11개 특성에서 유의적인 차이가 인정되었다. 특히 잎의 길이와 너비, 엽면적 등 잎 크기와 관련된 인자들은 마니산 집단이 모두 상위그룹에 속하여 비교적 큰 경향을 나타냈으나, 백운산과 두륜산은 하위 그룹으로 분류되어 비교적 작은 경향을 나타냈다. 주성분 분석을 실시한 결과 제1 주성분은 29.9%의 설명력이 있으며 엽면적, 잎의 너비, 잎의 길이 순으로 높은 상관을 나타내어 잎의 형태적 차이를 설명하는 주요 요인으로 나타났고, 제5 주성분까지 72.9%의 누적 설명력을 나타냈다. 제5 주성분까지의 득점치를 새로운 변량으로 하여 유집분석을 실시한 결과 I그룹인 광교산과 안면도 집단, II그룹인 덕유산 등 3집단, III그룹인 발왕산 등 3집단, IV그룹인 가지산과 축령산 집단, V그룹인 마니산 집단 등 5개 그룹으로 분류되었고, 지리적으로 인접 집단 간의 구분은 명확하게 이루어지지 않았다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.701-710
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• 2019

Objective: This study investigated the effect of different acute heat stress (HS) levels on chicken meat quality and ultra-structure. Methods: Chickens were randomly divided into 7 groups to receive different HS treatments: i) $36^{\circ}C$ for 1 h, ii) $36^{\circ}C$ for 2 h, iii) $38^{\circ}C$ for 1 h, iv) $38^{\circ}C$ for 2 h, v) $40^{\circ}C$ for 1 h, vi) $40^{\circ}C$ for 2 h, and vii) un-stressed control group ($25^{\circ}C$). Blood cortisol level, breasts initial temperature, color, pH, water holding capacity (WHC), protein solubility and ultra-structure were analyzed. Results: HS temperatures had significant effects on breast meat temperature, lightness ($L^*$), redness ($a^*$), cooking loss and protein solubility (p<0.05). The HS at $36^{\circ}C$ increased $L^*{_{24h}}$ value (p<0.01) and increased the cooking loss (p<0.05), but decreased $a^*{_{24h}}$ value (p<0.05). However, as the temperature increased to $38^{\circ}C$ and $40^{\circ}C$, all the values of $L^*{_{24h}}$, cooking loss and protein denaturation level decreased, and the differences disappeared compared to control group (p>0.05). Only the ultimate $pH_{24h}$ at $40^{\circ}C$ decreased compared to the control group (p<0.01). The pH in $36^{\circ}C$ group declined greater than other heat-stressed group in the first hour postmortem, which contributed breast muscle protein degeneration combining with high body temperature, and these variations reflected on poor meat quality parameters. The muscle fiber integrity level in group $40^{\circ}C$ was much better than those in $36^{\circ}C$ with the denatured position mainly focused on the interval of muscle fibers which probably contributes WHC and light reflection. Conclusion: HS at higher temperature (above $38^{\circ}C$) before slaughter did not always lead to more pale and lower WHC breast meat. Breast meat quality parameters had a regression trend as HS temperature raised from $36^{\circ}C$. The interval of muscle fibers at 24 h postmortem and greater pH decline rate with high body temperature in early postmortem period could be a reasonable explanation for the variation of meat quality parameters.