• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
• /
• v.14 no.8
• /
• pp.733-739
• /
• 2008

This article proposes algorithms for the automatic initiation of the tracks of maneuvering targets in cluttered environments. These track initiation algorithms consist of IPDA-AI(Integrated Probabilistic Data Association-Amplitude Information) and MPDA(Most Probable Data Association) in an Interacting Multiple Model(IMM) configuration, and they are referred to as the IMM-IPDAF-AI and IMM-MPDA respectively. The IMM portion consists of several filters based on different dynamical models to handle target maneuvers. Each of the filters utilizes an IPDA-AI(or MPDA) algorithm to deal with the problem of track existence in the presence of clutter. Although the primary purpose of this study is to deal with the track initiation problem, the IMM-IPDAF-AI and IMM-MPDA can also be used for the maintenance of existing tracks and the termination of tracks for targets when they disappear. For illustrative purposes, simulation is used to compare the performance of the algorithms proposed to other track formation algorithms.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
• /
• v.34 no.2
• /
• pp.341-348
• /
• 2007

We dentists perform many of routine dental procedures and must deal with much of the population's dental anxiety and fear. Dentists have used many non-pharmacological modalities initially to overcome anxiety and fear, including distraction, empathy, desensitization, and so on. However, certain patients need pharmacological backup of anxiety and fear to conquer dental treatment. This article presents four cases to introduce the methods from nitrous oxide and oxygen inhalation to general anesthesia for difficult adult dental phobic patients to deal with.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.61-72
• /
• 2003

This study examines the problematic fact that most housewives are excluded from receiving the benefits of the National Pension Plan in South Korea. The National Pension Plan assigns no value to housework or household production, which in turn discourages full-time housewives from participating voluntarily in the Plan. In this article, I propose to utilize Credit Splitting and Pension Sharing in order to take into account full-time housewives' economic contribution in the National Pension Plan. In this article, I also discuss the ranges and application methods of the Credit Splitting and Pension Sharing. For this study, I have analyzed the data of 11,967 unemployed married women living with spouses published in“Research Data on Everyday Life Time Usage”by the Korea National Statistical Office in 1999. The value of the full-time housewives' labor varies depending on the methods of estimation. However, all estimated values exceed the average value assigned to the housewives by the National Pension Corporation. It is clear that full-time housewives' unpaid labor contributes a great deal to the formation of household property and wealth, which is a valid reason for Pension Sharing and Credit Splitting. This article also provides logical factors to consider in the process of Pension Sharing and Credit Splitting, which can be used for developing computerized software to determine a full-time housewives' labor value at the time of divorce or for any other purpose.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• v.61 no.1
• /
• pp.105-116
• /
• 2017

In this paper, the optimal extended homotopy analysis method (OEHAM) is introduced to deal with the damped Duffing resonator driven by a van der Pol oscillator, which can be described as a complex Multi-Degree-of-Freedom (MDOF) nonlinear coupling system. Ecumenically, the exact solutions of the MDOF nonlinear coupling systems are difficult to be obtained, thus the development of analytical approximation becomes an effective and meaningful approach to analyze these systems. Compared with traditional perturbation methods, HAM is more valid and available, and has been widely used for nonlinear problems in recent years. Hence, the method will be chosen to study the system in this article. In order to acquire more suitable solutions, we put forward HAM to the OEHAM. For the sake of verifying the accuracy of the above method, a series of comparisons are introduced between the results received by the OEHAM and the numerical integration method. The results in this article demonstrate that the OEHAM is an effective and robust technique for MDOF nonlinear coupling systems. Besides, the presented methods can also be broadly used for various strongly nonlinear MDOF dynamical systems.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.171-176
• /
• 2022

The communication signal for quick cut-off specification is defined as "design to support fast cut-off requirements of all applicable photovoltaic(PV) systems" in NEC 2014, NEC 2017 or the corresponding UL standard regardless of the system configuration. On the other hand, if you look at the domestic regulations related to new and renewable energy, the standards, regulations, and guidelines set by each institution are general, or only the parts necessary for the institution are being established and operated. There are many insufficient points to apply these things to photovoltaic facilities, and there are cases where excessive facilities are installed according to the design, inspection standards of supervisors and inspection agencies, and the skill level of inspectors. The internationally accepted IEC standards deal with various facility standards in detail. In each European country, there are separate facility regulations based on IEC. In particular, the performance and safety of devices are dealt with in detail, and in the case of 'NEC Article 690' applied in North America such as the United States, each item is described in detail. Therefore, in this paper, we will look at the details of the PV shutdown technology that is currently used and applied internationally.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
• /
• v.31
• /
• pp.3-25
• /
• 2006

This study focus on interest for arrears and filling of the gaps left in Article 78 of CISG. In the case of CISG, Article 78 provides for interest any time a payment under a contract is untimely, but does not specify a particular rate of interest or a method to determine such a rate. This issue did not cause any uncertainty under ULIS, the CISG's antecedent, since Article 83 of ULIS provided for 1%p above the official discount rate in the creditor's country. Lacking any CISG general principle as well as any indication by the very same CISG, one can only conclude that the matter must be deferred to the domestic rule of private international law. Actually, resorting to private international law is not only admissible, but expressly required by Article 7(2). In the interpretation and filling of the gaps left in Article 78, there is a considerable difference of opinion especially amongst commentators on whether the gap is a lacuna praeter legem, i.e., one being governed by, but not expressly settled in the CISG, or whether it is an issue falling outside the scope of application of the CISG, i.e. a lacuna intra legem. The protagonists of the former view lay emphasis on the overall objective of the CISG, namely to create a uniform law, whereas the supporters of the latter view refer to the legislative history of Article 78 as the dominant principle in interpreting Article 78. Some authors believe that the issue of determining the rate of interest is not dealt with by CISG and it is, therefore, governed by the applicable domestic law, which is the subsidiary law applicable to the sales contract, since "no special connecting points seem to have developed for the entitlement to interest." In the light of the relevant case law, it seems correct to conclude that the interest rate is not determined by CISG and that courts normally determine it according to their own rules of private international law. While CISG Article 78 expressly does not deal with this issue, PICC Article 7.4.9 and PECL Article 9.508, on the other hand, set forth a precise method for computing interest. Although a method like the one set by PICC may be useful and may encourage uniformity, it still cannot be used under the CISG. The PICC or PECL formula may, however, be a very good starting point in a de jure condendum analysis when a new Article 78 will be drafted, if an interest rate method will ever be embodied in the text of an international convention.

• Journal of the Korean Statistical Society
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.585-595
• /
• 2001

A second-order response surface model is often used to approximate the relationship between a response factor and a set of explanatory factors. In this article, we deal with canonical analysis in response surface models. For the interpretation of the geometry of second-order response surface model, standard errors and confidence intervals for the eigenvalues of the second-order coefficient matrix play an important role. If the confidence interval for some eigenvalue includes 0 or the estimate of some eigenvalue is very small (near to 0) with respect to other eigenvalues, then we are able to delete the corresponding canonical factor. We propose a formulation of criterion which can be used to select canonical factors. This criterion is based on the IMSE(=Integrated Mean Squared Error). As a result of this method, we may approximately write the canonical factors as a set of some important explanatory factors.

• International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.43-48
• /
• 2010

This article presents the experimental studies of controlling angle and position of the inverted pendulum system using neural network to compensate for errors caused due to fuzzy controller. Although fuzzy control method can deal with nonlinearities of the system, fixed fuzzy rules may not work and result in tracking errors in some cases. First, a nominal Takagi-Sugeno (TS) type fuzzy controller with fixed weights is used for controlling the inverted pendulum system. Then the neural network is added at the reference input to form the reference compensation technique (RCT)control structure. Neural network modifies the input trajectories to improve system performances by updating internal weights in on-line fashion. The back-propagation learning algorithm for neural network is derived and used to update weights. Control hardware of a DSP 6713 board to have real time control is implemented. Experimental results of controlling inverted pendulum system are conducted and performances are compared.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.153-164
• /
• 2016

The purpose of this article was to examine the influence of physical environment on customer's buying-risk perception at franchise Korean restaurants. In this research factor analysis and multi regression analysis were used. Physical environment were divided to 3 factors and risk perception to 5 factors. Internal environment affected negatively financial risk (p<0.001), time risk (p<0.001) and psychological risk (p<0.001). External environment had negative influence on time risk (p<0.05) and psychological risk (p<0.05). And the other environment negatively affected financial risk (p<0.001), time risk (p<0.001) and psychological risk (p<0.05). According to these results, we confirmed that various physical environments influenced on the risk perception of customers. As a result, food service corporations need to deal with physical environment efficiently. And the findings of this research would help their business management to build effective service marketing strategies and to satisfy the needs of customers at franchise Korean restaurants.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
• /
• v.23 no.6
• /
• pp.11-19
• /
• 2017

The purpose of this article was to study the influence of eco-friendly management on customer's purchasing-intention at franchise Korean restaurants. In this research, factor analysis and multi regression analysis were used. Eco-friendly management was divided into 4 factors. Eco friendly service affected positively brand image (p<0.05). Energy saving positively affected brand image (p<0.005). Contribution to local society positively affected brand image (p<0.05). Menu composition affected the most positively brand image (p<0.001). At last, brand image had positive influence on purchasing intention (p<0.001). According to these results, we confirmed that the factors of eco friendly management influenced significantly on the customers' perception of brand image. As a result, food service corporations need to deal with the factors of eco friendly management efficiently. The findings of this research would help business management to build effective service marketing strategies and to satisfy the needs of customers at franchise Korean restaurants.