• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.259-268
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• 1992

A procedure for the determination of KR-30075 and its metabolites in plasma and urine by high performance liquid chromatography is described. For the study of pharmacokinetic properties of KR-30075, a new PDE III inhibitor, the plasma concentration and urinary excretion after an oral administration of KR-30075 (4 mg/kg) in the male rat (Sprague Dawley) were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The best extraction efficiency of KR-30075 and KR-30072 is obtained with ethyl ether adjusted to pH 4.0. Retention times of both KR-30072 and KR-30075 were within 5 min and resolution was complete at the flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The sensitivity and specificity of this HPLC assay appears to be satisfactory for the pharmacokinetic study of KR-30075 and its metabolites. One-compartment open model with first-order absorption was applied to evaluate the pharmacokinetic parameters of KR-30075 according to Minimum AIC Estimation. $T_{max}$ was 1 hr, $C_{max}$ was $0.789{\pm}0.31\;{\mu}g/ml$ and elimination half $T_{1/2}$ was 6.31 min after oral administration of 4 mg/kg KR-30075 to male rats.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.194-201
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• 2006

The general pharmacological properties of GCSB-5, a herbal formulation consisting of 6 Oriental herbs(Ledebouriellae Radix, Achyranthis Radix, Acanthopanacis Cortex, Cibotii Rhizoma, Glycine Semen and Eucommiae Cortex), were investigated in mice, rats, guinea pigs and rabbits. The administration of GCSB-5 had no effect on general behavior, and did not influence the central nervous system. Mean blood pressure, heat1 and respiratory rate and contractile response of the isolated guinea pig atrium were unaffected by the treatment of GCSB-5. Addition of GCSB-5 did not cause spontaneous relaxation and contraction of the isolated guinea pig ileum and rat uterus. And also, GCSB-5 had no effect on the gastrointestinal system and the blood system of the animals examined in this study. GCSB-5, at higher doses(1,000 and 3,000 mg/kg), increased the urinary excretion of electrolytes, however, the urine volume and pH in rats were unaffected. Taken together, these results indicate that GCSB-5 does not induce any adverse effects in experimental animals and is expected to have no significant general pharmacological activities.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.118-124
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• 2020

An analytical method was developed for hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) stabilizers based on QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) sample preparation and liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry analysis. HIF stabilizers potentially enhance the performance of athletes, and hence, they have been prohibited. However, the analysis of urinary HIF stabilizers is not easy owing to their unique structure and characteristics. Hence, we developed the QuEChERS preparation technique for a complementary method and optimized the pH, volume of extraction solvent, and number of extractions. We found that double extraction with 1% of formic acid in acetonitrile provided the highest recovery of HIF stabilizers. Moreover, the composition of the mobile phase was also optimized for better separation of molidustat and IOX4. The developed method was validated in terms of its precision, detection limit, matrix effect, and recovery for ISO accreditation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the application of the QuEChERS method, which is suitable as a complementary analytical method, in antidoping.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.9
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• pp.1367-1373
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• 2007

The aim of this study was to determine the feeding value to sheep of Acacia saligna grown under temperate conditions. Pen trials were undertaken to determine the effects of feeding A. saligna, which had been grown in a Mediterranean environment, on feed intake, nitrogen balance and rumen metabolism in sheep. Sheep were given ad libitum access to A. saligna with or without supplementation with PEG 4,000 or PEG 6,000. PEG 4000 appears to be the major detannification agent used in trials involving high tannin feed despite the fact that PEG 6000 has been shown to be more effective, in vitro. For this reason it was of interest to compare the two, in vivo. Dry matter intake was greater (p<0.05) in sheep supplemented with either PEG 4,000 or PEG 6,000 compared to the control. There was no difference, however, in intake between those supplemented with either PEG 4,000 or 6,000. Although animals were not weighed throughout the trial, a loss in body condition was obvious, in particular in the control group. Intake of N was greater (p<0.05) in sheep supplemented with either PEG 4,000 or PEG 6,000 than in the control. There was no difference in N intake between those supplemented with either PEG 4,000 or PEG 6,000. There were no significant differences in either the faecal or urinary N output between any of the treatment groups and all treatment groups were in negative N balance. Neither the average nor maximum pH of ruminal fluid of the control group was different to those supplemented with PEG. The minimum pH for the control group, however, was significantly higher (p<0.05) than for either of the PEG treatments. The average and the maximum ammonia levels were lower (p<0.05) in the control group compared with those in either of the PEG treatment groups. For all dietary treatments ruminal ammonia levels were well below the threshold for maximal microbial growth. Feeding A. saligna, without PEG, had a definite defaunating effect on the rumen. For all dietary treatments ruminal ammonia levels were well below the threshold for maximal microbial growth. It was concluded that A. saligna was inadequate as the sole source of nutrients for sheep, even with the addition of PEG 4,000 or PEG 6,000. The anti-nutritional effects on the animals were largely attributed to the excessive biological activity of the phenolics in the A. saligna leaves. There is a need to determine other supplements that may be complimentary with PEG to enhance the nutritive value of A. saligna to maintain a minimum of animal maintenance.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.157-162
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• 2003

The generation of secretory IgA antibodies(Abs) for specific immune protection of mucosal surfaces depends on stimulation of the mucosal immune system, but this is not effectively achieved by parenteral or even oral administration of most soluble antigens. Thus, to produce a possible vaccine antigen against urinary tract infections, the uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) adhesin was genetically coupled to the ctxa2b gene and cloned into a pMAL-p2E expression vector. The chimeric construction of pMALfimHIctxa2b was then transformed into E. coli K-12 TB1 and its nucleotide sequence was verified. The chimeric protein was then purified by applying the affinity chromatography. The purified chimeric protein was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and western blotting using antibodies to the maltose binding protein (MBP) or the cholera toxin subunit B (CTXB), plus the N-terminal amino acid sequence was analyzed. The orderly-assembled chimeric protein was confirmed by a modified $G_{M1}$-ganglioside ELISA using antibodies to adhesin. The results indicate that the purified chimeric protein was an Adhesin/CTXA2B protein containing UPEC adhesin and the $G_{M1}$-ganglioside binding activity of CTXB. This study also demonstrate that peroral administration of this chimeric immunogen in mice elicited high level of secretory IgA and serum IgG Abs to the UPEC adhesin. The results suggest that the genetically linked CTXA2B acts as a useful mucosal adjuvant, and that the adhesin/CTXA2B chimeric protein might be a potential antigen for oral immunization against UPEC.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.124-131
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• 1991

This study was to examine the effects of dietary protein levels and the sources of protein(animal and plant) on calcium and phosphorus metabo lism in 10 healthy Korean female adults. The 26­d day study consisted of a 6-day adaptation period and lO-day moderate protein(109 N, 550mg Ca) a and IO-day high protein( 14g N, 570mg Ca) pe­r riod. During the experimental period, the subjects w were divided into two groups, either consuming a animal protein diet(75 % animal protein) or plant protein diet(75 % plant protein). Calcium(300 mg) was supplemented to two subjects of each d dict group for the last 4 days. Feces, urine and diet were analyzed nitrogen. calcium and phos­p phorus. The apparent absorption of calcium was significantly increased as the protein intake was inc­r reased from 60g to 90g in animal protein diet. A Average calcium absorption rate was 30% and 46 % from high and moderate levels of animal p protein diet Urinary calcium excretion was not affected by t the amount of the protein intake in both animal and plant protein diet. There was significantly higher urinary calcium excretion(I34mg) in high I level of animal protein diet than that( 83mg) in h high level of plant protein diet. Calcium balance was improved as the protein intake increased and c calcium was supplemented. Phosphorus absorp­t tion was more efficient in the high animal diet(77.81 %) than in the high plant diet(55-65%). The overall results indicate that an increase of protein and calcium supplement in moderate pro­ttein intake can improve calcium balance due to the increase of calcium absorption.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.151-159
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• 1972

Protein malnutrition of children is one of the most serious nutritional deficiencies in developing country. Urea nitrogen excretion in ureotelic animals is the function most sensitive to dietary protein. The 24 hours excretion of creatinine in the urine of a given subject is remarkably constant from day to day. The creatinine excretion of different individuals of the same age and sex is also quite constant. Low ratios of urinary urea to creatinine are found children low protein intake. The foregiving world-wide investigations indicate that the urea nitrogen/creatinine ratios seems to be a good biochemical indicator to distinguish among group with different levels of protein intake. The purpose of this study is to evluate an indicator of protein intake on the elementary school children ranged from 6 to 8 years of age living in rural and urban areas. Each child measured for height and weight of body. weight measured by means of a plate from scale and height by a vertical measuring rod. Biochemical test were taken from a finger-tip and urine. Hemoglobin level in the blood was measured by cyanomethemoglobin method. From the urine samples, urea nitrogen and urea creatinie were determined by Folin-Wu method and: calculate the ratio. The following result were obtained: 1) Mean of the body weight and height in urban children(Seoul) was higher and heavier than rural children(Kyunggi, Kangwon). And 12% of boys, 18% of girls in Kyunggi and 25% of boys, 22% of girls in Kangwon area weight less than 80% of Korean Physical Standard weight level. 2) The mean hemoglobin values of boys and girls in Seoul are children were 13. 3g/100ml, 13.1g/100ml and the mean of hemoglobin values in Kyunggi 12.9g/100ml of boys, 12.4g/100ml of girls, and 12.4g/100ml of boys, 12.9g/100ml of girls in Kangwon children. It is found that 22% to 24% children inrural area (Kyunggi, Kangwon) had hemoglobin level less than 12g/100ml which means anemia. 3) The mean of hematocrit level of Seoul, boys and girls children were 33.5%, 34.1% and 33.4%, 33.1%, in Kyunggi area and 33.1%, 32.9% in Kangwon area. 4) Urea nitrogen/creatinine ratios in Seoul children were 9. 0, 10. 0 of boys and girls, the ratio were 8.2, 8.0 in Kyunggi boys and girls children, and 7.5 and 7.4 in Kangwon boys, girls children. Low-income rural and upper-income urban background large differences between two groups in the urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio(Seoul: Kangwon in male, female children. p<0.05, p<0.001). The urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio definetly seems to be a good indicator of the quantity of the protein intake. However, whether or not it is an indicator of the quality of the ingested protein ramains to be seen.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.7
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• pp.1096-1103
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• 1999

A study was conducted to clarify the impact of recombinant porcine somatotropin (pST) on the efficiency of absorbed nitrogen use for protein deposition in growing pigs. Three levels of dietary crude protein (9.0, 11.5, 14.0% CP) were used. Each had either a sub-optimum or near optimum lysine: CP concentration (Low-lysine, 3.8 g/100 g CP and High-lysine, 5.5 g/100g CP) in order to achieve different metabolic efficiencies for nitrogen deposition (ca. 45 vs. 60%). Twelve crossbred female pigs $(59{\pm}4kg\;BW)$ were placed in metabolism cages and fitted with bladder catheters. Each pig received an excipient injection daily for the first 10-d, a pST (5 mg/d) injection for the second 10-d, and then excipient for the last 10-d. Pigs were randomly assigned to one of six dietary treatments (2 pigs/diet) and fed 4 times per d at $92g/kg\;BW^{0.75}$ $(3{\times}maintenance)$. Means for the excipient period were compared to means for the pST period. Urinary nitrogen (N) output declined in pST-treated pigs (p<0.01) irrespective of dietary protein content or lysine level. Nitrogen retention increased by an average of 11% (p<0.01) with pST treatment (726 vs. $803mg\;N/kg^{0.75}\;BW/d$). Forty-eight percent of the absorbed N was retained with Low-lysine diets, but this increased to 53% with pST injection (+11%, p<0.01). Pigs fed High-lysine diets retained 62% of absorbed N which increased to 69% with pST (+11% p<0.01). the addition of lysine improved N use by 27% (High vs. Low, p<0.01), but the effect of lysine and pST was additive (+40%). Therefore, pST improves N retention and the efficiency of apparently absorbed N use in growing pigs (>60kg). It does so with diets having the potential for either low or high efficiencies of N use (48% and 62%). More work is needed to determine if the partial efficiency of N use improves in direct proportion to pST dose since the improvement in protein deposition is a function of pST dose.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.46-53
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• 2003

The current study investigated the effect of Korean safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seed powder and its water and ethanol extracts on bone metabolism during recovery from rib-fracture induced by surgical operation in rats. 10-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing about 320 g were divided into 9 groups after arrival: 10d control (AIN 76 semi-purified diet), 10d safflower seed powder (10d SS-powder), 10d safflower seed ethanol extract (10d SS-EtOH), 10d safflower seed water extract (10d SS-$H_2O$), 20d control (AIN-76 semi-purified diet), 20d safflower heed powder (20d SS-powder), 20d safflower seed ethanol extract (20d SS-EtOH), 20d safflower seed water extract (20d SS-$H_2O$), and 20d sham-operation (20d sham), The dietary level for all the supplements was 5% based on the raw material weight. The rats were fed the experimental diets for 10 days before the rib fracture operation and for a further 10 or 20 days after the operation. A number 9 rib was fractured surgically and a sham-operation also performed. The rats were then sacrificed on the l0th or 20th day after the operation. The body weight initially decreased after the operation in all the rib-fractured groups, then gradually recovered. The concentrations of plasma osteocalcin were higher in the control group than in all the safflower-supplemented groups 10 and 20 days after the rib-fracture (p < 0.05). The bone-specific ALP (alkaline phosphatase) activity was significantly higher in the SS-EtOH group than in the other groups 20 days after the rib-fracture (p < 0.05). The level of urinary DPD (deoxypridinoline) was significantly higher in the SS-EtOH and SS-$H_2O$ groups than in the other groups 10 days after the rib-fracture. When comparing the PTH (parathyroid hormone) and calcitonin levels, the SS-$H_2O$ group exhibited the highest PTH level among the groups 10 and 20 days after the rib-fracture. Thus, it was concluded that the bone turnover during the fracture-healing period was more rapid in the rats supplemented with safflower seed powder or its fractions than in the control rats. Furthermore, the SS-$H_2O$ fraction was identified as the most effective in stimulating bone remodeling, as bone resorption and bone formation were both significantly increased during fracture healing when compared to the control group.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.68-83
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• 1977

영양실태조사 및 사람을 대상으로 하는 많은 영양적 연구에서 요중(尿中) 여러 성분(成分)들의 배설량을 측정하기 위해 만 하루의 소변을 완전히 채취하기는 매우 어려우므로 임의시간(任意時間)의 소변을 채취하여 사용한다. 이 경우엔 흔히 요성분(尿成分)의 농도는 요중(尿中) 크레아티닌을 양(量)을 기준으로 하여 표시되는데, 크레아티닌은 요중(尿中) 일일(一日) 배설량이 개인에 따라 알정하고 요양(尿量)에는 상관없이 비교적 일정한 속도로 배설 된다고 간주되기 때문이다. 그러나 비교적 높은 발생율을 갖는 세균재(細菌在) 요도염(尿道炎)에서는 감염균(感染菌)이 크레아티닌을 파괴할 가능성이 있고 따라서 이 경우의 요중(尿中) 크레아티닌의 여러 용도(用途)는 비합리적으로 될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 이 가설을 규명하려고 한다. 첫 실험에서는 감염균(感染菌)이 요소(尿素)를 암모니아로 파괴함으로써 형성되는 요(尿)의 알칼리성에 대한 크레아티닌의 안정성(安定性)을 알아 보았다. 건강인(健康人)의 요중(尿中) 크레아티닌과 완충액에 용해시킨 순수 크레아티닌을 pH $4.5{\sim}9.0$으로 조정하여 $37^{\circ}C$에서 6일간 배양시켰다. 잔존한 크레아티닌을 측량한 결과, 크레아티닌은 완충용액이나 요(尿)에서서 모두 산성 pH에서 보다 알칼리 pH에서 더욱 안정(安定)함을 보여주었다. 1일간 배양 후엔 거의 변화(變化)가 없었고 6일 후에나 $4.2{\sim}8.0%$의 감소율을 나타냈을 뿐이다. 두번째 실험에서는 감염균이 크레아티닌을 성장(成長)을 위한 질소급원으로 사용하는지를 결정하기 위해 세균성(細菌性) 요도염(尿道炎)에서 자주 발견되는 13종류(種類)의 박테리아를 건강인(健康人)의 요(尿)와 크레아티닌을 질소급원으로 하는 합성배지(合成培地)에 $37^{\circ}C$로 배양하였다. 대부분의 박테리아는 크레아티닌함양(含量)을 감소시키지 않았다. 그러나 Pseudomonas aeruginosa와 Klebsiella pneumoniae는 합성배지중(合成培地中)의 크레아티닌을 상당량 파괴시켰고, 그 파괴율은 그들 성장율과 평행하였다. 배양 6일후에는 크레아티닌이 Pseudomonas aeruginosa에 의해 처음 양(量)(500mg/100m1) 의 12.8%가, Kleobsiella pneumoniae에 의해서는 11.8%가 감소되었다. 감소율은 크레아티닌의 처음 농도가 낮을수록 커져서 50mg/100ml 일 때는 각각 21.1%와 28.2%이었다. 더욱이 Klebsiella pneumoniae는 황산암모늄과 요소(尿素)같은 다른 질소급원이 크레아티닌과 공존(共存)할 때에도 크레아티닌을 어느 정도 파괴함을 보여 주었다. 결론으로, 세균성(細菌性) 요도염(尿道炎)환자의 요(尿)의 알칼리성은 요중(尿中) 크레아티닌양(量)에 중요한 영항을 주지 못한다. 그러나 본(本) 연구(硏究)에서 사용된 Klebsiella pneumoniae와 가능하게는 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 같은 몇 감염균(感染菌)은 크레아티닌을 그들 성장(成長)의 질소급원으로 사용하여 요중(尿中) 크레아티닌양(量)을 저하시킬지도 모른다. 특히 요(尿)에 요소(尿素), 요산(尿酸)같은 다른 질소급원이 크레아티닌에 비해 비교적 낮은 비율로 존재할 때에, 예(例)를 들면 저(低)단백식사(食事)인 경우, 감염균에 의한 크레아티닌의 파괴율이 더 클 것으로 기대된다.