• Toxicological Research
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.311-324
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• 2018

Arsenic is one of the most toxic environmental toxicants. More than 150 million people worldwide are exposed to arsenic through ground water contamination. It is an exclusive human carcinogen. Although the hallmarks of arsenic toxicity are skin lesions and skin cancers, arsenic can also induce cancers in the lung, liver, kidney, urinary bladder, and other internal organs. Arsenic is a non-mutagenic compound but can induce significant cytogenetic damage as measured by chromosomal aberrations, sister chromatid exchanges, and micronuclei formation in human systems. These genotoxic end points are extensively used to predict genotoxic potentials of different environmental chemicals, drugs, pesticides, and insecticides. These cytogenetic end points are also used for evaluating cancer risk. Here, by critically reviewing and analyzing the existing literature, we conclude that inorganic arsenic is a genotoxic carcinogen.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.89-98
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• 2002

In this study general pharmacological profiles of KI-60606 on the central nervous system, the cardiovascular system and the other organs were investigated. The dosages given were 0,5, 10 and 25 mg/kg and drugs were administered intravenously. The animals used for this study were mice, rats, cats and guinea pigs. KI-60606 showed no effects on general behavior, motor coordination, spontaneous locomotor activity, hexobarbital-induced hypnosis time, body temperature, analgesic activity, anticonvulsant activity and contraction of nictitating membrane in cats. Furthermore KI-60606 showed no effects on blood pressure, heart rate, LVP (left ventricular peak systolic pressure), LVEDP (left ventricular end diastolic pressure), LVDP (left ventricular developing pressure), DP(double product), CFR(coronary flow rate), smooth muscle contraction using guinea pig ileum and gastric secretion at all dosage tested except the increase of gastrointestinal transport and urinary $K^+$ excretion.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.455-459
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• 1998

Ten sheeps from one farm had sudden onset of anorexia, jaundice and hemoglobinuria and died within 3 days after showing clinical signs during 3 months period. Postmortom examination was performed on one case and copper concentrations in the livers kidney and serum of the necmpsied minim were analysed. Grossly, the conjunctive, subcutaneous tissue and abdominal fat were generally icteric. The liver was enlarged with yellowish orange in color. The kidney was enlarged with dark red in color and the urinary bladder was filled with dark red urine. Histopathologically, centrilobular hepatocellular necrosis, neutrophilic infiltrations bile stasis and aggregation of fine granules-laden macrophages in the portal area were noted in the liver. Most of the Bowman's spaces and renal tubules were filled with homogenous eosinophilic fluid. Extramedullary hematopoiesis was noted in the submandibular lymph node. Copper concentrations in serum, liver and kidney of the necropsied animal were 25.0, 2732.8 and 471.3 ppm respectively. Based on the gross and histopathological findings and the high copper concentrations in the organs, this case was diagnosed as chronic copper toxicosis. Possible etiology on this outbreak is also discussed.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.138-147
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• 1996

DWP401, a recombinant human epidermal growth factor, was subcutaneously administered to ICR mice at the dose levels of 0, 0.04, 0.2 and 1.0 mg/kg/day (15rats/sex/group) in order to evaluate the subchronic toxicity. General observations, examinations for food and water consumption, ophthalmoscopy and urinalysis were carried out during the study. For the complete gross and microscopic examinations, 10 mice/ sex/group were sacrificed at the ends of the dosing period, and the remaining animals were sacrificed with a 5 week recovery period. Examinations for hematology and blood biochemistry were also carried out at the time of recovery period. Based on the results, it was thought that the target tissue or organs were mesothelial cell, injection site, spleen, adrenal gland, ovary and transitional epithelial cell of urinary tract, and no observed toxic level of DWP401 was 0.04 mg/kg while definite toxic dose level might be 0.2 mg/kg.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.411-418
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• 2004

Mercury, one of the most diffused and hazardous organ-specific environmental contaminants, exists in a wide variety of physical and chemical states. The murcury with the nature which evaporates easily can cause an acute or chronic mercury poisoning to workers at mercury-handling workplaces. Although many studies indicate that mercury induces a deleterious damage, little has been reported from the investigations of mercury effects at surrounding levels in living things. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biological effects of mercury chloride and ionizing radiation. Prepubertal male F344 rats were administered mercury chloride in drinking water throughout the experimental period or were given wholebody irradiation with a dose of 6.5 Gy. The amount changed of body weight during the experimental period showed a 4.9% rise in the mercury-treated group and 14.4% decline in the irradiated group compared with the level of the control group. The results of hematological analysis (red blood cells, white blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit) indicated the differential effects of mercury chloride and ionizing radiation. However the concentration of cortisol as assessed by radioimmunoassay increased in both of the groups. Relative expressions of mRNA related to mitochondrion-mediated apoptosis were investigated using semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction on gonad and urinary organs of the experimental groups. While the expression of Bcl-2 mRNA exhibited different patterns depending on the organs or the experimental groups, both of the experimental groups showed a conspicuous expressions of Bax mRNA. In conclusion, the target organ of mercury chloride seems to be a urinary organ and the pattern of damage induced by mercury chloride differs from that by ionizing radiation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.85 no.1
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• pp.109-123
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• 2024

Xanthogranulomatous (XG) inflammatory disease is a rare benign disease involving various organs, including the gallbladder, bile duct, pancreas, spleen, stomach, small bowel, colon, appendix, kidney, adrenal gland, urachus, urinary bladder, retroperitoneum, and female genital organs. The imaging features of XG inflammatory disease are nonspecific, usually presenting as a heterogeneous solid or cystic mass. The disease may also extend to adjacent structures. Due to its aggressive nature, it is occasionally misdiagnosed as a malignant neoplasm. Herein, we review the radiological features and clinical manifestations of XG inflammatory diseases in various organs of the abdomen and pelvis.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.313-322
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• 1982

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of long- term Ginseng administration on metabolism of rats during growing period. A group of pregnant rats was divided into 2 groups, the one was given 18% casein diet and the other, 18% casein diet with ginseng powder 500 mg/kg body was during the gestation and lactation. After weaning, 84 male offsprings were taken at random from the 2 groups. The rats from each group were divided subsequently into 2 groups. Ginseng and control group. The rats were sacrificed at three different times -7, 11, 17 weeks of age. The body weight and amount of food intake were measared during the feeding period. After sacrificing, the weight of some organs, liver glycogen. serum total lipid values, urinary nitrogen and creatinine were examined. The results were analysed by t-test and F-test Results obtained are summarized as follows : 1) Addition of Ginseng did not significantly affect the body weight of rats. 2) The weight of liver, testis, epididymal fat pad were not significantly different between ginseng group and control group during the experimental period. 3) Urinary nitrogen and creatinine did not have significance among all the experimental groups. 4) Amount of liver glycogen was not statistically significant in the ginseng group and control group. 5) The serum total lipid values of rats Iron ginseng group was not statistically different from that of the control group. It can be concluded that Ginseng, 500 mg ginseng powder /kg body wt, does not affect the metabolism of rats under the conditions of this study.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.43-50
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• 2003

This study describes a practical method for interpretation of bioassay results of inhaled uranium to assess the committed effective doses both for chronic and acute intake situations. Organs in the body were represented by a series of mathematical compartments for analysis of the behavior of uranium in the body according to the gastrointestinal track model, respiratory track model and biokinetic model recommended by the ICRP. An analytical solutions of the system of balance equations among the compartments were obtained using the Birchall's algorithm, and the urinary excretion function and the lung retention function of uranium were obtained. An initial or total intakes by intake modes were calculated by applying excretion and retention functions to the urinary uranium concentration and the lung burden measured with a lung counter. The dose coefficients given in ICRP 78 are used to estimate the committed effective doses from the calculated intakes.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.401-407
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• 1990

This study was performed to investigate the effect of protein intake on kidney development and function in growing rats. Fourty-two male Spraque-Dawley rats of weighing $97.5\pm1.9g$ were divided into 3 groups and given 5%, 15% or 50% casein diets for 6 weeks. Body weight gain was higher in the 50% group. The kidney weight was selectively affected more by the level of dietary protein compared to the other organs. DNA and RNA content were significantly higher in the 15% and 50% groups than in the 5% group but the differences disappeared when DNA and RNA were expressed per g of kidney weight. Protein and protein/g kidney content were increased with increasing level of protein in diet. GFR/animal and GFR/100gB. W. were significantly higher in the 50% group compared to the 5% and 15% groups. There was no differences in PAH clearence and RBF. Osmolality was not affected by dietary protein level. BUN and urinary nitrogen excretion were increased with the increasing dietary protein level. Although urinary Ca excretion was not significantly difference among 3 groups, the rats in the 5% group showed 30% less Ca excretion compared to the other groups. Above results suggest that dietary protein level has a great effect on the kidney weight and GFR in growing rats. Especially the hyperfiltration inhanced by high protein diet may accelerate the kidney senescence.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.173-185
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• 2019

Background: Galgeun-tang used in traditional Korean medicine, is a mixture of the medicinal plants Cinnamomi Ramulus, Ephedrae Herba and Puerariae Radix, and has been prescribed for the treatment of various ailments, including fever. Although the use of traditional medicinal herbs to treat diseases has recently increased, their safety and toxicity profiles incompletely elucidated. Thus, we evaluated Galgeun-tang's toxicity in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods and Results: Galgeun-tang (1,000, 2,000 and 4,000 mg/kg) was orally administered to rats for 13 weeks, and then, they were maintained for 4 weeks without administration (recovery period). Their clinical signs, and hematological and urinary properties, were monitored. The results showed that Galgeun-tang administeration slightly increased serum creatinine, urea nitrogen and, aspartate aminotransferase levels. Additionally, 2,000 and 4,000 mg/kg Galgeun-tang significantly increased urinary bilirubn and protein levels of male and female rats, which were restored during the recovery period. Conclusions: The no-observed-adverse-effect level of orally administered Galgeun-tang was 4,000 mg/kg in both female and male rats, and no target organs were identified. In addition, 400 mg/kg was found to be the no-observed-effect level for toxicity under the study conditions.