• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.530-539
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• 2021

Background: In South Korea, areas around abandoned metal mines are designated as regions with high arsenic (As) contamination. However, studies assessing urinary As exposure, As metabolism, and relevant genetic polymorphisms in residents of these metal mine areas are lacking. Objectives: To identify factors associated with As exposure and evaluate the effects of MTHFR, As3MT, and GSTO1 genetic polymorphisms on As metabolism in residents of abandoned metal mine areas by measuring urinary As species. Methods: Urinary As species (arsenite [As³⁺], arsenate [As⁵⁺], monomethyl arsonic acid, and dimethylarsinic acid) were isolated using high-performance liquid chromatography in combination with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS). Four genetic polymorphisms (MTHFR A222V, MTHFR E429A, GSTO1 A140D, As3MT M287T) were analyzed in 144 residents of four areas around abandoned metal mines. Results: The study sample was comprised of 34.7% men and 65.3% women, with a mean age of 70.7±10.9 years. The urinary inorganic As concentration was higher among those consuming more than half locally produced rice (0.31 ㎍/L) than those consuming less than half such rice (0.18 ㎍/L). The urinary dimethylarsinic acid concentration was higher in the group that had consumed seafood in the past day (31.68 ㎍/L) than in those who had not (22.37 ㎍/L). Furthermore, individuals heterozygous in the MTHFR A222V and GSTO1 A140D polymorphism had higher urinary arsenic species concentrations than did individuals with a wild type or homozygous for the variant allele. Conclusions: Consumption of locally produced rice was associated with inorganic As exposure, whereas seafood consumption was associated with organic As exposure among residents of abandoned metal mine areas. There was no clear association between MTHFR A222V and GSTO1 A140D polymorphisms and As metabolism.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.110-117
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• 1986

Plasma disappearance of amaranth (AM), a model compound of organic anionic drugs, was retarded by intravenous infusion of taurodeoxycholate (TDC), a representative bile acid, in the rat. Biliary excretion accounted for 30-60% of the systemic excretion of AM. AM seemed to be metabolised in the hepatocyte to form a compound that is excreted more rapidly into the bile than AM itself, considering apparent biliary clearance, $CL_{bil}$, is much larger than systemic clearance, $CL_s$. Decrease in $CL_{bil}$ by TDC infusion might be due to elevated plasma level rather than decreased biliary excretion of AM. Decreased distribution or urinary excretion of AM by TDC was supposed to be one of the probable reasons of elevated plasma level. Competitive inhibition between AM and TDC on tissue distribution and urinary excretion might explain the mechanism. The effect of TDC on the $CL_{bil}$ of methylene blue, a cationic dye, was quite different from that of AM, as reported previously by us. More intensive study would be necessary to elucidate the difference of biliary excretion between organic anions and cations.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.85-95
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• 1991

성형목탄가루 함유사료(CPD)를 급여한 밝은 대조에 비해서 분질소(FN)는 유의하게 (P＜0.05)많이 요질소(UN)는 유의하게(P＜0.05) 낮게 배설하였다. 단백질 소화율은 88∼92％였으며 대조에 비해서 CPD를 급여하면 유의하게(P＜0.05) 낮아졌으나 목초액 또는 양조식초의 영향은 관찰되지 않았다. 총질소섭취량(NI)에 대한 요질소(UN/NI)와 흡수질소(AN)에 대한 요질소(UN/AN)의 비율은 대조에 비해서 CPD를 급여하면 유의하게 (P＜0.05) 낮아지나, 이에 비해서 목초액 함유사료(PWV)에서는 높아지는 경향이 있고 양조식초 함유사료(PFA)에서는 유의하게 (P＜0.05) 높았다. 총질소 섭취량에 대한 요산태 질소(UAN/NI) 및 UAN/AN도 대조에 비해서 CPD를 급여하면 유의하게 낮아지나, 이에 비해서 PWV에서는 높아지는 경향이 있고 PFA에서는 유의하게 (P＜0.05) 높아졌다. 그러나 총질소 또는 흡수된 질소에 대한 암모니아태 질소율은 대조에 비해서 실험사료를 급여하면 일반적으로 높아지는 경향이 있었고 PPA에서는 유의하게(P＜0.05) 높았고, 크레아틴 및 요소태 질소의 배설은 실험사료의 영향이 관찰되지 않았다. 에너지 소화율(DE/GE)은 80∼84％로 실험사료 사이에 유의차가 발견되지 않았으나, 대사율(ME/GE또는 MEn/GE)은 대조사료를 급여한 것에 비해서 CPD및 V를 급여하면 높아지는 경향이 있었고 PFA를 급여한 것에서는 낮아지는 경향이 있었다. 한편 ME/GE는 PFA를 급여한 것에 비해서 PWV를 급여한 것에서 유의하게 (P＜0.05) 높았고, MEn/GE는 PFA를 급여한 것에 비해서 대조 및 CPD를 급여한 것에서 유의하게 (P＜0.05) 높았다. 이러한 대사율의 변화에 미치는 분에너지의 비율은 실험사료에 관계없이 16∼23％가 되었고, 요에너지는 2.3∼3.0％로 적었다. 그러나 대사율에 미치는 실험 사료의 영향은 분에너지의 변화보다는 주로 요에너지 변화에 기인하였고 요에너지 변화는 주로 요산에너지의 변화에 기인한다는 것이 관찰되었다.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.81-91
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• 2000

Residents who live near petrochemical industrial areas are exposed to a variety of petrochemicals, including benzene or benzene-containing liquids. It is a serious concern because some VOCs are carcinogens naturally present in petroleum and gasoline. The aim of this study was to assess the exposure to VOCs, measured by personal/indoor/outdoor air sampling, and to estimate the relationship between the air samples and biological monitoring data. Through biological monitoring, we investigated VOCs in blood and s-phenylmercapturic acid (s-PMA) , minor urinary metabolites of benzene. The external benzene exposure of subjects was measured using passive dosimeters and urinary s-PMA and blood-benzene were determined by GC/MS. More than 80% of subjects were detected for m-xylene, ethylbenzene, and toluene in blood samples and not detected at all for chloroform, 1 , 1 , 1 -trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene. The mean concentration of benzene in the breathing zone of residents was 6.3 $\mu\textrm{g}$/m$^3$, personal, indoor and outdoor concentrations were strongly correlated to each other. s-PMA detected in all subject samples was affected by personal exposure (p< 0.05) and the level was different by age (p< 0.01). Blood benzene was not affected by external benzene during these periods .

• 분석과학
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.433-440
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 톨루엔, 크실렌, 스티렌 등의 폭로에 대한 측정지표로써 체내에서 대사되어 뇨로 배설되는 마뇨산, 메틸마뇨산, 만델산과 페닐글리옥실산에 대한 신속한 동시분석법을 개발하였다. 일반 충전형 ODS 칼럼과 달리 빠른 유속에서도 고분리능을 구현할 수 있는 monolithic 칼럼을 사용하였고, 이동상으로는 ion-pairing reagent인 tetrabutylammonium bromide 5.5 g과 potassium phosphate monobasic 1.5 g을 증류수 1 L에 녹인 후, 메탄올 0.6 L와 혼합하여 조제한 것을 사용하였으며, 유속 2.4 mL/min에서 분석한 결과, 6종의 유기용매 대사체들을 2.5분 이내에 검출하였다. 일정 농도 범위 내에서 6종 화합물 모두 검량선의 상관계수($r^2$)가 0.9993 이상으로 양호한 직선성을 나타내었다. 각 화합물별로 5가지 농도에 대하여 하루에 5번 반복 실험하여 구한 일내 정밀성 %C.V.와 정확성은 0.01~7.32%, 83.9~116.3%이고 5일간 반복 실험하여 구한 일간 정밀성 %C.V.는 0.01~7.16%이다. 본 분석법은 뇨 중 유기용매 대사체의 분석에 필요한 충분한 감도와 특이성, 직선성, 정확성 및 정밀성을 가지며, 한국산업안전공단 산하 산업안전보건연구원 직업병연구센터의 정도관리 소변시료를 분석 비교하여 그 신뢰성을 확보하였다.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.135-144
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• 2001

This study was performed to measure airborne dimethylformamide(DMF), methyl ethyl ketone(MEK) and toluene and their urinary metabolites concentrations and to determine the relationship between airborne and urinary concentration. Airborne samples and their urinary metabolites were measured 98 male workers who work for 8 synthetic leather factories in a portion of Kyoung-In area. Urine samples were collected at end-of-shift to estimate the exposure levels. 1. The concentration of airborne DMF by process was 8.81 ppm for wet-mixing, 15.05 ppm for wet-coating, 6.03 ppm for dry-mixing, 5.58 ppm for dry-coating, 5.37 ppm for printing, and 9.03 ppm for total. There was statistically significant difference by process. Urinary NMF concentrations of wet-mixing, wet-coating, dry-mixing, dry-coating and printing were $90.55mg/{\ell}$, $79.80mg/{\ell}$, $39.86mg/{\ell}$, $25.23mg/{\ell}$, and $38.15mg/{\ell}$, respectively, and total geometric mean was $56.24mg/{\ell}$. There was significant difference by process. 2. The concentration of airborne MEK by process was 1.89 ppm for wet-mixing, 1.96 ppm for wet-coating, 10.33 ppm for dry-mixing, 29.24 ppm for dry-coating, 14.98 ppm for printing, and 4.87 ppm for total. There was statistically significant difference by process. Urinary MEK concentrations of wetmixing, wet-coating, dry-mixing, dry-coating and printing were $0.93mg/{\ell}$, $0.70mg/{\ell}$, $3.29mg/{\ell}$, $3.29mg/{\ell}$, and $1.06mg/{\ell}$, respectively, and total geometric mean was $1.25mg/{\ell}$. There was statistically significant difference by process. Urinary MEK 3. The concentration of airborne toluene by process was 0.35ppm for wet-mixing, 0.42ppm for wet-coating, 2.95ppm for dry-mixing, 11.67ppm for dry-coating, 4.88ppm for printing, 1.24ppm for total. There was statistically significant difference by process. Urinary hippuric acid concentrations of wet-mixing, wet-coating, dry-mixing, dry-coating and printing were 0.24g/g creatinine, 0.21g/g creatinine, 0.34g/g creatinine, 0.52g/g creatinine, and 0.29g/g creatinine, respctively and total geometric mean was 0.28g/g creatinine. There was statistically significant difference by process. 4. No. of exceeded KPEL was 40 workers(40.8%) for DMF(10ppm), 1 worker(1.0%) for MEK(200ppm), and no worker for toluene(100ppm). No. of exceeded KBEI was 62 workers(63.3%) for urinary NMF($40mg/{\ell}$), 29 workers(29.6%) for urinary MEK, 1 worker(1.0%) for urinary hippuric acid. 5. The regression equations were Log(NMF)=0.4094*Log(DMF)+1.3587(r=0.4516) for DMF, Log(MEKU)=0.1859*Log(MEK)-0.0324(r=0.3303) for MEK, Log(HA)=0.2106*Log(Toluene)-0.5685(r=0.4497) for toluene. Synthetic leather factory workers expose to 3 kinds of organic solvents which are DMF, MEK and toluene. Their urinary NMF and MEK levels were higher than their concentration levels through respiratory. It seems that the urinary levels were affected skin absorption for working habit and alcohol intake.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.112-124
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• 1999

The purposes of this study were to provide the data for composition of ethylene glycol ethers and 2-ethoxyethyl acetate(EEA) exposure assessment of workers in various industrial operations. In this study, 80 thinners were analyzed to identify their composition and the air concentration of 2-ethoxyethyl acetate(EEA) and urinary 2-ethoxyacetic acid(EAA) were measured. In this study the subjects were the total of 183 drawn from 98 workers who were occupationally exposed to EEA and 85 workers who were not. The results were as follows: 1. There were found average 4.2 components in each thinner. 2. There were 90 components(26.9%) in ethylene glycol ethers of total of 334 detected organic solvents 3. Ethoxyethyl acetate, ethoxyethanol, buthoxyethanol, methoxy-ethanol were found in 30(37.5%), 27(33.8%), 19(23.8%), 2thinners(2.5%), respectively and their contents were average 18.5%. 4. Benzene was found 8 thinners(10.0%) of the total 80 surveyed. 5. In the electronic painting workers EEA exposure concentration was the highest, as showed 2.88ppm(0.01~15.1ppm), cases of exceeded threshold limit value(TLV=5ppm) were 7(10.6%) workers among the total of 98 exposed workers. 6. The geometric mean of urinary EEA in exposed workers was 1.61 mg/gcreatinine, and was higher than that of workers who were not exposed. In the electronic painting workers and offset printers, the geometric mean of urinary EAA was the highest showing 2.8 mg/gcreatinine. 7. The correlation coefficient between urinary concentration of EAA and air concentration of EEA was 0.90(P<0.05). The present results suggest that composition of ethylene glycol ethers in thinners must be evaluated when industrial hygiene surveys and biological monitoring are performed.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.25-35
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• 2024

Background: There are concerns about the health effects of various environmental pollution exposures among residents living near coal-fired power plants (CFPP). Objectives: This study attempted to compare the concentrations of heavy metals in blood and urine and those of urinary volatile organic compound (VOC) metabolites according to the residential separation distance. Methods: Participants in the study totaled 334 people who have lived for more than 10 years in areas within 10 km of a CFPP. The separation distance was analyzed in quartiles by dividing it into Q1 (88 people), Q2 (89 people), Q3 (89 people), and Q4 (68 people). We explained the purpose of this study to the participants and collected blood and urine after obtaining signatures on a participation agreement. Results: The study participants were 102 males (30.5%) and 232 females (69.5%), with an average age of 71. The average length of residence and distance were 43.8 years and 4,800 meters. The geometric mean concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Hg in blood and As and Cd in urine were respective 1.35 ㎍/dL, 1.43 ㎍/L, 3.16 ㎍/L. They were 167.88 ㎍/g for creatinine and 1.58 ㎍/g creatinine. The metabolite concentrations of VOCs were 50.67 ㎍/g creatinine in t, t-muconic acid (t, t-MA), 10.73 ㎍/g creatinine in benzyl mercapturic acid, 317.05 ㎍/g creatinine in phenylglyoxylic acid, 123.55 ㎍/g creatinine in methylhippuric acid, and 190.82 ㎍/g creatinine in mandelic acid. The concentration of Pb in the blood and Cd and t, t-MA in the urine of residents within affected area of the CFPP showed statistically significant differences among distance groups. Conclusions: The concentration of urinary VOCs metabolites, especially t, t-MA, differed according to the distance groups of residents within the affected area of CFPP (p<0.05).

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제29권10호
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• pp.530-537
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• 2017

Scales generated inside pipes cause negative effects on heat transfer performance, pressure loss and flow rate due to increased thermal resistance and reduced flow cross-sectional area. If these scales are not prevented or eliminated, thermal-fluid performance of the facilities can be deteriorated, or in extreme cases, accidents such as explosion due to overheating can occur. There are two ways to remove the scales, physically and chemically. Removing the scales physically needs specific machines which are expensive, and removing them chemically may provoke corrosion or shorten the age of the facilities. In this study, an eco-friendly pipe scale cleaner using natural organic acid is developed by applying the concept of a limestone cave generation. The manufactured scale cleaner is applied to remove the scales in industrial, water heating and urinal pipes. The results show that this cleaner removes scales more effectively and safely compared to existing scale treatments. Scale removal efficiencies of this work is 1.2~10.7 times for industrial pipes and 1.8~15.5 times for boiler water heating pipes higher than those of conventional cleaners.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 1992

유기용제를 취급하는 작업장의 근로자들의 정신증상의 양상과 정신증상에 관련된 요인을 조사하기 위하여 모 화학섬유공장에서 유기용제를 취급하는 42명의 폭로군과 일반사무직에 종사하는 96명을 비폭로군으로하여 환자 대조군 연구를 시행하였다. 정신증상은 일반 건강설문지(general health questionnaire 28 : GHQ28)로 평가하였고, 대상자들의 사회경제학적인 변수와 유기용제에 대한 폭로정도를 알기위한 지표로서 근무기간과 톨루엔의 요중 대상물인 마뇨산을 측정하였다. 폭로군은 마뇨산농도의 평균과 표준편차가 $2.953{\pm}1.496g/creatinine\;g$(범위:$1.06{\sim}7.67$)이었고 비폭로군은 $0.395{\pm}0.128g/creatinine\;g$(범위:$0.11{\sim}0.71$)으로 폭로군은 비폭로군 보다 통계적으로 유의하게 높았다(P<0.01). 전 문항의 증상 호소율은 폭로군은 27.1%이었고, 비폭로군이 17.2%로서 폭로군의 호소율이 비폭로군보다 유의하게 높았다(P<0.05). 항목별로는 폭로군의 경우 신체화 증상이 34.7%의 호소율로 가장 높았고 다음으로 불안증, 사회적 적응장해, 우울증의 순위로 나타났으나, 비폭로군에서는 사회적 적응장해의 호소율이 21.7%로 가장 높았고 불안증, 우울증, 신체화증상의 순위로 나타났으며, 신체화증상과 불안증의 호소율에서 폭로군이 비폭로군보다 통계적으로 유의하게 높았다(P<0.05). 전체문항 중 6문항이상의 증상이 있었던 감정부전 상태(dysthymic state)는 폭로군이 64.3%로, 비폭로군의 37.5%보다 통계적으로 유의하게 높았으며(P<0.01), 나이, 성, 보수, 근무기간 및 교육수준을 통제한 후에도 두 군사이의 정신증상에 대한 총점수는 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었다(P<0.01). 통제변수들 중에서는 보수만이 정신증상에 영향을 미치는 통계적으로 유의한 변수였다(P<0.05). 폭로군에서 폭로정도와 관련된 변수로서 근무기간은 길수록 그리고 요중 마뇨산의 농도는 높을수록 즉, 고농도의 유기용제에 폭로될 수록 폭로군의 정신증상에 영향을 미치는 위험요인으로 작용하는 경향이 있었으나 통계적으로 유의하지는 않았다. 앞으로 유기용제 폭로군에 대한 보다 정확한 정신증상의 평가와 함께 본 연구에서 조사되지 않은 다른 사회과학적인 변수들을 고려하여 지속적인 연구가 필요하다고 생각된다.