• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.491-500
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• 2010

Three experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of polyurethane coated urea on in vitro ruminal fermentation, ammonia release dynamics and lactating performance of Holstein dairy cows fed a steam-flaked corn-based diet. In Exp. 1, a dual-flow continuous culture was run to investigate the effect of polyurethane coated urea on nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation parameters and microbial efficiency. Three treatment diets with isonitrogenous contents (13.0% CP) were prepared: i) feedgrade urea (FGU) diet; ii) polyurethane coated urea (PCU) diet; and iii) isolated soy protein (ISP) diet. Each of the diets consisted of 40% steam-flaked corn meal, 58.5% forages and 1.5% different sources of nitrogen. PCU and FGU diets had significantly lower digestibility of NDF and ADF (p<0.01) than the ISP diet. Nitrogen source had no significant effect (p = 0.62) on CP digestibility. The microbial efficiency (expressed as grams of microbial N/kg organic matter truly digested (OMTD)) in vitro of the PCU diet (13.0 g N/kg OMTD) was significantly higher than the FGU diet (11.3 g N/kg OMTD), but comparable with the ISP diet (14.7 g N/kg OMTD). Exp. 2, an in vitro ruminal fermentation experiment, was conducted to determine the ammonia release dynamics during an 8 h ruminal fermentation. Three treatment diets were based on steam-flaked corn diets commonly fed to lactating cows in China, in which FGU, PCU or soybean meal (SBM) was added to provide 10% of total dietary N. In vitro $NH_3-N$ concentrations were lower (p<0.05) for the PCU diet than the FGU diet, but similar to that for the SBM diet at all time points. In Exp. 3, a lactation trial was performed using 24 lactating Holstein cows to compare the lactating performance and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations when cows were fed PCU, FGU and SBM diets. Cows consuming the PCU diet had approximately 12.8% more (p = 0.02) dietary dry matter intake than those consuming the FGU diet. Cows fed the PCU diet had higher milk protein content (3.16% vs. 2.94%) and lower milk urea nitrogen (MUN) concentration (13.0 mg/dl vs. 14.4 mg/dl) than those fed the FGU diet. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration was significantly lower for cows fed the PCU (16.7 mg/dl) and SBM (16.4 mg/dl) diets than the FGU (18.7 mg/dl) diet. Cows fed the PCU diet had less surplus ruminal N than those fed the FGU diet and produced a comparable lactation performance to the SBM diet, suggesting that polyurethane coated urea can partially substitute soybean meal in the dairy cow diet without impairing lactation performance.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.254-259
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• 2008

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of slow-release nitrogen fertilizer (SRNF) on the growth of radish plants. Wastepaper was deinked by alkaline solution and SRNF was produced from fertilizer impregnated wastepaper, which applied to an experimental plot compared with a urea fertilized plot. The plant height and total chlorophyll content of the radishes were higher while they were treated with SRNF than with urea. Some agronomic and chemical components were also observed and significant differences between the two fertilizers were found. When the soil was treated with SRNF, the pH, organic matter and total nitrogen content were higher than in the soil which was treated with urea.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권12호
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• pp.1689-1697
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• 2013

This study was designed to determine the effect of physical form and urea treatment of rice straw on rumen fermentation, microbial protein synthesis and nutrient digestibility. Four rumen-fistulated dairy steers were randomly assigned according to a 2 (2 factorial arrangement in a 4 (4 Latin square design to receive four dietary treatments. Factor A was roughage source: untreated rice straw (RS) and urea-treated (3%) rice straw (UTRS), and factor B was type of physical form of rice straw: long form rice straw (LFR) and chopped (4 cm) rice straw (CHR). The steers were offered the concentrate at 0.5% body weight (BW) /d and rice straw was fed ad libitum. DM intake and nutrient digestibility were increased (p<0.05) by urea treatment. Ruminal pH were decreased (p<0.05) in UTRS fed group, while ruminal ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3$-N) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were increased (p<0.01) by urea treatment. Total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations increased (p<0.01) when steers were fed UTRS. Furthermore, VFA concentrations were not altered by treatments (p>0.05), except propionic acid (C3) was increased (p<0.05) in UTRS fed group. Nitrogen (N) balance was affected by urea treatment (p<0.05). Microbial protein synthesis (MCP) synthesis were greater by UTRS and CHR group (p<0.05). The efficiency of microbial N synthesis was greater for UTRS than for RS (p<0.05). From these results, it can be concluded that using the long form combined with urea treatment of rice straw improved feed intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation and efficiency of microbial N synthesis in crossbred dairy steers.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.9-15
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• 1973

Some effect on the protein metabolism in growing albino rats by feeding on the rice mixed with wheat or barley have been studied. The species of wheat and barley used in this experiment were either 80% polished or nonpolished wheat, barley and naked barley. The growing rats to be examined were fed on 30% wheat or barley mixed with rice diets for 8 weeks. The total nitrogen, creatinine, amino acid nitrogen and urea-nitrogen contents in the liver and the creatinine and urea-nitrogen contents in the urine have been measured. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The total nitrogen contents in the liver and the serum were no remarkable difference by feeding on each mixed diet, compared with the rice diet group. 2. The creatinine contents in the liver of the unpolished wheat and barley mixed diet groups were the similar to that of the rice diet group, but these were higher by feeding on the polished wheat and barley mixed with rice diets. 3. The amino acid nitrogen contents in the liver of the polished naked barley mixed with rice diet groups were the similar to that of the rice diet group, but these were higher by feeding on the other mixed diets than the rice diet. 4. The urea-nitrogen contents in the serum of the polished wheat and naked barley mixed with rice diet groups were higher than that of the rice diet group, but these were significantly lower by feeding on the polished barley mixed with rice diets than the others. 5. The creatinine and the urea-nitrogen contents in the urine of the original wheat and barley mixed with rice diet groups were higher than that of the polished wheat and barley mixed with rice diet groups. In the view of the above results, it could be seen that the protein metabolism was remarkable change according to polish of the wheat and barley.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.90-103
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• 1987

A study was conducted to measure nitrogen intake and excretion in young korean women on their normal diet and leading normal activity level. Dietary survey by food record, fecal and urinary samples were collected for 3 days in 19 healthy female college students in Korea. On one of the 3 days, duplicate of one-day diet was collected from each subjects. Mean daily intakes of energy and protein were calculated from food recorded. Duplicate diet samples and pooled fecal samples were analyzed for N content. Pooled urine samples were analyzed for total N, urea N, and creatinine content. Apparent N absorption, apparent N balance and urea N/creatinine N were calculated to evaluate protein nutritional status. The results obtained are summarized as following ; 1) Accordingly to food record, mean daily intakes of energy, protein, carbohydrate and far were 1535.2 $\pm$53.78Kcal, 55.95$\pm$2.97g(total nitrogen 8.95$\pm$0.45g), 254.13$\pm$10.31g and 39.24$\pm$2.76 g, providing 14.6%, 66.2%, 19.2% of total energy respectively. 2) Nitrogen intake by chemical analysis was 7.16$\pm$0.31g/day (protein 44.75$\pm$1.94kg/day) providing 82.39$\pm$4.58% of nitrogen intake by food record. The difference of total nitrogen intake between food record and chemical analysis in diets was significant(p<0.05). 3) Mean daily fecal nitrogen excretion was 1.38$\pm$0.10g and then mean apparent digesbility of protein was 80.53$\pm$5.21%. 4) Mean daily urinary nitrogen excretion, urea N excretion and creatinine excretion were 6.03$\pm$0.30g, 4.52$\pm$0.22g, and 0.88$\pm$0.04g respectively. Urinary urea nitrogen was 75.2$\pm$1.38% of total urinary nitrogen excretion and urinary nitrogen was 85.4$\pm$3.56% of total nitrogen intake by chemical analysis. 5) Mean urea N/creatinine N ration was 14.01$\pm$0.77. 6) Mean nitrogen balance was -0.244$\pm$0.33g/day. From the above results, it is concluded that the subjects in this study seem to be in marginal protein nutritional status and therefore should increase dietary protein intake.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.115-120
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• 2000

This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis the hypothesis that treatment with hCG (5,000 IU) at the time of embryo transfer would enhance pregnancy rates in recipients, and the concentration of plasma urea nitrogen(PUN) in recipients was related to the effect of hCG on the reproductive performance. Blood samples were taken according to experimental condition for the assessment of the endogenous plasma progesterone concentration and plasma urea nitrogen. Concentrations of progesterone in plasma were higher in cows treated with hCG on day 7(estrus=day 0) than in those untreated during 7∼43 days after insemination. The pregnancy rates were 65.5 and 54.6% for the hCG treated and untreated groups, respectively. In recipient group categorized with PUN concentration of <12 mg/이, the pregnancy rates were 68.8 and 46.7% for the hCG treated and untreated groups, respectively. The results suggest that hCG treatment at 7 days after insemination could be used to increase the pregnancy rate of embryo transfer, and transfer, and only the recipients with PUN concentration of <12 mg/dl were influenced by treatment with hCG.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.3-10
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• 1987

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of plant density and urea supplement on the yield, quality, value and total nitrogen, alkaloid contents of burley tobacco leaves. The results were as fellows; As urea supplement were increased from 0kg/10a to 50kg/10a, yield, total alkaloid, total nitrogen of cured leaf were significantly increased. The lower plant density levels also increased dry weight and leaf area per plant. Price of cured leaves were not influenced by plant density and amounts of urea supplemented. The effects of plant density and urea supplement on the number of leaves were not detected.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.265-273
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• 1984

본 시험은 우리나라의 밭 토양조건에서 몇 가지 완효성 질소질 비료의 보리에 대한 질소 공급효과를 시험하고저 한 것이며 공시비료는 황입힌 요소 SCU, ureaform, melamine 등의 완효성 질소비료와 대조로써 요소를 사용하였으며 질산화 저해제로는 thiourea를 처리하였다. 토양조건은 수분함량, pH 그리고 온도를 달리하여 사질양토의 보통 밭토양으로 pot시험 및 실내 배양시험하여 질소 공급력과 보리의 생장에 대한 효과를 생육시기별로 조사하여 얻은 결과를 다음과 같이 요약 보고한다. 완효성 질소질비료의 공급능력을 조사한 항온처리 실험에서 항온처리의 초기 2주에서 암모늄태질소로의 최고 전환율을 보였으며, urea, SCU, ureaform 순으로 27~59%, 25~39%, 9~34%이었고 melamine은 5주동안 0.7~4.3%의 낮은 분해를 보였다. 질산화작용에 의한 $NO_3-N$의 생성은 pH6.54와 pH5.84에서는 유사하였으며 pH6.54는 pH4.73보다 더 많은 양이 생성되었다. 토양수분은 암모니아화작용과 질산화작용에 큰 영향을 미쳐 수분함량 20%가 풍건상태보다 $NH_4-N$ 및 $NO_3-N$ 생성이 많았다. Thiourea는 4주까지는 질산화작용을 현저히 억제하였고 그 이후에 $NO_3-N$ 생성량이 증가하였으나 thiourea 무처리보다는 적었다. Pot시험으로 조사된 전 생육기 (출수후 유숙기까지)에 걸친 질소공급력은 SCU, urea가 ureaform, melamine 보다 높았으며 파종전 melamine 처리는 작물에 대하여 장애를 일으켰다. urea에 thiourea 혼합처리는 속효성으로 인한 urea의 과잉 질소 공급을 억제하여 보리의 후기생육에 도움을 주었으며 완효성 질소질비료에 소량의 urea 혼합처리는 조사된 생육기간 동안 질소공급에 크게 기여하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.479-484
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• 2004

The study was conducted to assess the effect of milk production, parity, stage of lactation, season and individual milk components themselves on milk urea nitrogen (MUN) concentration and other milk components of 3,219 Holstein dairy cows in Korean dairy farms. The MUN concentrations in Korean dairy cows were estimated to 16.68$\pm$5.87 mg/dl. Milk yield was negatively correlated with fat and protein contents and somatic cell counts (SCC) in milk (p<0.01). The increasing MUN concentration has positive correlation with yield and fat content. By increasing somatic cell, milk yield was reduced and MUN level was increased. Cows in spring and winter produced more milk over 1.43 and 0.93 kg/day, respectively, than cows in summer (p<0.01). Milk urea nitrogen concentrations of milk produced in summer and fall were significantly lower (p<0.01) than those in spring and winter. Both MUN concentration and somatic cell counts were highest in winter. Milk yield was lower (p<0.01) in the first calving than other calving time and was tended to increase until the fifth parity and then decrease. Milk urea nitrogen and SCC were not related to parity of cows in this study. Milk yield and SCC were positively related to lactation period while MUN concentrations and milk fat and protein contents were negatively influenced by stage of lactation. In the present study, the relationship between MUN and reproduction of dairy cows was also investigated. Cow produced milk in high MUN concentrations (greater than 18 mg/dl) had more open days than cows in MUN concentrations less than 18 mg/dl. However, no significant difference between MUN concentration levels and frequency of artificial insemination was found in this study. It is suggested that although MUN values for nutritional management and measures of production or reproduction are used, non-nutritional factors should be considered.

• BMB Reports
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.96-101
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• 2012

Urea-based nitrogen fertilizer was widely utilized in maize production, but transporters involved in urea uptake, translocation and cellular homeostasis have not been identified. Here, we isolated three maize aquapoin genes, ZmNIP2;1, ZmNIP2;4 and ZmTIP4;4, from a cDNA library by heterogous complementation of a urea uptake-defective yeast. ZmNIP2;1 and ZmNIP2;4 belonged to the nodulin 26-like intrinsic proteins (NIPs) localized at plasma membrane, and ZmTIP4;4 belonged to the tonoplast intrinsic protein (TIPs) at vacuolar membrane. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed that ZmNIP2;1 was expressed constitutively in various organs while ZmNIP2;4 and ZmTIP4;4 transcripts were abundant in reproductive organs and roots. Expression of ZmTIP4;4 was significantly increased in roots and expanded leaves under nitrogen starvation, while those of ZmNIP2;1 and ZmNIP2;4 remained unaffected. Functions of maize aquapoin genes in urea transport together with their distinct expression manners suggested that they might play diverse roles on urea uptake and translocation, or equilibrating urea concentration across tonoplast.