• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.158-167
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• 2006

The object of this study is to detect of land-cover change in western DMZ and vicinity. This was performed as a basic study to construct a decision support system for the conservation or a sustainable development of the DMZ and Vicinity near future. DMZ is an is 4km wide and 250km long and it's one of the most highly fortified boundaries in the world and also a unique thin green line. Environmentalists want to declare the DMZ as a natural reserve and a biodiversity zone, but nowadays through the strengthening of the inter-Korean economic cooperation, some developers are trying to construct a new-town or an industrial complex inside of the DMZ. This study investigates the current environmental conditions, especially deforestation of the western DMZ adopting remote sensing and GIS techniques. The Land-covers were identified through the linear spectvral mixture analysis(LSMA) which was used to handle the spectral mixture problem of low spatial resolution imagery of Landsat TM and ETM+ imagery. To analyze quantitative and spatial change of vegetation-cover in western DMZ, GIS overlay method was used. In LSMA, to develop high-quality fraction images, three endmembers of green vegetation(GV), soil, water were driven from pure features in the imagery. Through 15 years, from 1987 to 2002, forest of western DMZ and vicinity was devastated and changed to urban, farmland or barren land. Northern part of western DMZ and vicinity was more deforested than that of southern part. ($52.37km^2$ of North Korean forest and $39.04km^2$ of South Korean were change to other land-covers.) In case of North Korean part, forest changed to barren land and farmland and in South Korean part, forest changed to farmland and urban area. Especially, In North Korean part of DMZ and vicinity, $56.15km^2$ of farmland changed to barren land through 15 years, which showed the failure of the 'Darakbat' (terrace filed) project which is one of food increase projects in North Korea.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1972.03a
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• pp.5-6
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• 1972

Noise and air pollution, which accompany the development of industry and the increase of population, contribute to the deterioration of urban environment. The air pollution level of Seoul has gradually increased and the city residents are suffering from a high pollution of noise. If no measures were taken against pollution, the amount of emission of pollutant into air would be 36.7 thousand tons per year per square kilometer in 1975, three times more than that of 1970, and it would be the same level as that of United States in 1968. The main sources of air pollution in Seoul are the exhaust has from vehicles and the combustion of bunker-C oil for heating purpose. Thus, it is urgent that an exhaust gas cleaner should be instaled to every car and the fuel substituted by less sulfur-contained-oil to prevent the pollution. Transportation noise (vehicular noise and train noise) is the main component of urban noise problem. The average noise level in downtown area is about 75㏈ with maximum of 85㏈ and the vehicular homing was checked 100㏈ up and down. Therefore, the reduction of the number of bus-stop the strict regulation of homing in downtown area and a better maintenance of car should be an effective measures against noise pollution in urban areas. Within the distance of 200 metres from railroad, the train noise exceeds the limit specified by the pollution control law in Korea. Especially, the level of noise and steam-whistle of train as measured by the ISO evaluation can adversely affect the community activities of residents. To prevent environmental destruction, many developed countries have taken more positive action against worsening pollution and such an action is now urgently required in this country.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.16-38
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• 1994

The spatial structure of Korea has been changed drastically during the second half of this century. The events such as the Korean War and the resultant division of the Korean Peninsular into two Koreas, rapid industrialization and urbanization are the major causes among others for the spatial changes of the nation. The changes in turn have spawned a number of spatial problems. It is time, we argue, to diagnose how much the nation is now ill-structured, and to discuss of which directions the long-term spatial management be reoriented. A delphi survey was conducted during the early 1993 to fulfill such research needs. Questionnaires were distributed among geographers, planners, and high governmental officials throughout the nation. These 'experts of spatial problems' were requested to evaluate the past spatial policies and strategies, and to identify spatial and environmental problems at the national, regional and local levels. The survey included questions with regard to the spatial problems in North Korea too. A complementary literature survey in the fields of spatial sciences was accomplished as well in order to identify the major research interests and issues with regard to the nations's spatial structure. The delphi survey results indicatee that the present spatial structure: in relation to consumption, housing and economic activities is satisfactory in overall, while rather poor in terms of education, leisure and community activities. Most of the experts consider infrastructural improvements are urgent in the areas of roads, waste disposal facilitles, railroads, harbors, water supply and drainage systems. The over-concentration of economic, social and political function in the Seoul Metropolitan Region is perceived to be the most serious spatial problem in Korea. The long-term solutions suggested are strategies toward a more balanced regional development as well as toward a cleaner environment. The concensus among the experts for the short-term solution is the redistribution of population and industries from the Seoul Metropolitan Region to the intermediate and small cities. The land use policies and concurrent large-scale infrastructural projects are evaluated largely pertinent and desirable in general. It is, however, suggested that development projects be conducted in a more harmonious way with environment. The survey respondents suggest that the present environmental management policies should be reexamined critically. With regard to regional and local problems, transportation and pollutions are thought to be most serious in the Seoul Metropolitan Region, while employment opportunities, and information, education and health care services are most deprived in small cities and rural areas. The majority of the experts consider a city size of 250, 000-500, 000 population is desirable to live within. Respondents beileve that North Korea's physical environment is still not aggravated much whereas its infrastructural provisions are largely pool. The co-authors of this research figure a "environmentaly sound and spatially balanced Korean Penninsular" as the ideal type of spatial structure in Korea. The basic guidelines toward this ideal prototype are suggested: the recovery of spetial integrity, progressive restructuring of the nation, land uses geared to public welfare rather than private interests, and eco-humanistic approach in spatial policies.

• Korea Science and Art Forum
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• v.29
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• pp.305-318
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• 2017

The need for recognizing the crime in the urban spaces as a social problem and finding out specific approaches such as the study of space design and various guidelines for crime prevention is increasing. In this regard, "Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design" (marked as "CPTED") is actively underway. Yeomri-dong Salt Way is the first place to which the Seoul Crime Prevention Design Project was appled. The business objective of improving the local environment has been implemented rationally through cooperation and voluntary participation between subject of the project executives and community members. Since its efficiency has been proven, the sites have been expanded since then and becomes a benchmarking example of each local government.This kind of problem solving effort has the same context in purpose and direction of the 'Village Art Project' which has been implemented since 2009 with the aim of promoting the culture of the underdeveloped area and encouraging the participation of the residents by introducing the public art. It is noteworthy that this trend is centered around the characteristics of community functions and values. The purpose of this study is to propose the application method of community furniture as a way to increase the efficiency of CPTED to improve the 'quality of life' of residents. To do this, we reviewed CPTED, community design, public art literature and prior research, and identified the problems and implications based on the site visit Yeomri-dong of Seoul and Gamcheon Village of Pusan which is the successful model of "Seoul Root out Crime by Design" and 'Maeulmisul Art Project' respectively. The common elements of the two case places identified in this study are as follows: First, the 'lives' of community residents found its place in the center through the activation of community by collaborative activities in addition to the physical composition of the environment. Second, community design and introduction of public art created a new space, and thereby many people came to visit the village and revitalize the local economy. Third, it strengthened the natural monitoring, the territoriality and control, and the activity increase among the CPTED factors. The psychological aspect of CPTED and the emotional function of public art are fused with the 'community furniture', thereby avoiding a vague or tremendous approach to the public space through a specific local context based on the way of thinking and emotion of local people and it will be possible to create an environment beneficial for all. In this way, the possibility and implication of the fusion of CPTED and public art are expected to be able to reduce the social cost through the construction of the crime prevention infrastructure such as expansion of the CPTED application space, and to suggest a plan to implement the visual amenity as a design strategy to regenerate city.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.485-495
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• 2017

A development of underground space is very useful solution to slove problem occurred from ground surface enlargement in urban areas due to the growth of population, tunnelling is the most popular way and widely used. Researches regarding tunneling-induced pile-soil interactive behaviour have been conducted by many researchers. A study on pile axial force distribution due to tunnelling through laboratory model test, however, is being rarely carried out. In this study, therefore, authors investigate ground behaviour due to tunnelling below grouped pile subjected vertical load as well as pile axial force distribution. A concept of volume loss is used to express tunnel excavation, which is normally applied to 1~2% for tunnelling in soft ground. In this study, however, 10% of that applied to investigate failure mechanism. As a result of laboratory model test, a decrease of pile axial force occurs at 1.5% of volume loss, settlement of grouped pile is 1.2~4.7 times greater than the adjacent ground surface one. Ground deformations at 1.5% of volume loss are measured using Close Range Photogrammetry and compared with results from numerical analysis.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.305-313
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• 2019

Recently, spatial information is being constructed actively based on the images obtained by drones. Because occlusion areas occur due to buildings as well as many obstacles, such as trees, pedestrians, and banners in the urban areas, an efficient way to resolve the problem is necessary. Instead of the traditional way, which replaces the occlusion area with other images obtained at different positions, various models based on deep learning were examined and compared. A comparison of a type of feature descriptor, HOG, to the machine learning-based SVM, deep learning-based DNN, CNN, and RNN showed that the CNN is used broadly to detect and classify objects. Until now, many studies have focused on the development and application of models so that it is impossible to select an optimal model. On the other hand, the upgrade of a deep learning-based detection and classification technique is expected because many researchers have attempted to upgrade the accuracy of the model as well as reduce the computation time. In that case, the procedures for generating spatial information will be changed to detect the occlusion area and replace it with simulated images automatically, and the efficiency of time, cost, and workforce will also be improved.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.1-10
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• 1977

Personalized Patient centered nursing care is increasingly difficult to achieve despite the fact that it remains one of our consistent goals. So, we must find away to individualized nursing care. One means, to achieve this is by use of the nursing history form, which has been developed to help the nurse make maximum use of her limited time with the patient, by obtaining systematically the information needed to plan his nursing care. The nursing history form can be used to collect data about individual nursing needs but also it lends itself to the collection of epidemiological data relevant to the needs of patient population. So this study was undertaken in an attempt to describe the general characteristics of the population studied, to find out their perceptions and expectations related to their illness and hospitalization, to find out specific basic needs and to examine the relationship between the patients nursing needs and demographic characteristics through the responses to the nursing history questions. The study population defined and selected was all the patients (70) who were admitted to Yonsei University Hospital from October 1 - 15, 1975. The direct interview method was used and the data were categorized by the investigator, according to the nature of responses to each question and were subjected to the percentile and the chi- square tests. The findings can be summarized as follows 11. General characteristics of the study population ; The population was made up mainly of urban patients who were highly educated. The age was equally distributed. 2. Patients, perceptions and expectations related to illness and hospitalization ; 88.6% of the patients knew about the reason for hospitalization but 64. 5% could state symptoms only. 37.5% recognized the cause of illness. Approximately three fourth of the patients expressed on expectation for early recovery. 60.0% of the patient responses indicated, that they expected less than 10 days of hospitalization. Of the total responses regarding hospitalization, 45.7% were negative about the post -hospitalization expectation, 45.7% expected to return to work. As a result of these findings, we can see that there is a great educational need, a psychological need and environmental need for adaptation to the hospital and a socio- economic need for the post - hospitalization period. 3. Specific basic needs : The physical needs include the problem of getting sufficient sleep (50.0%), difficulty in food intake(47.1%), problems with hospital diet (47.0%), abnormal condition of the skin(44.3%), problems with bowel elimination(35.7%), assistance with bathing(35.7%), pain(30.0%), difficulty in walking(30.0%) , difficulty in seeing(30.0%) problems in urinary elimination(20.0%) , and difficulty in hearing(10.0%), 4. Nursing needs and epidemiological characteristics ; Age distribution was related to the rendition of the mouth but no significant differences were observed statistically with the patients responses to the other nursing history questions according to the epidemiological variables of age, sex, education and residence.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.166-173
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• 2008

Recently, problem of earth environment being attended with international issue, people are concerned about the environmentally-friendly and renewable biomass energy. Especially, the forest biomass is more important because Korea have to control carbon footprint for Kyoto Protocol and Convention on Climate Change. In case of Korea, forest area covers the land about 2/3 of all country. It is needed that more economical and efficient method to estimate the biomass by remote sensing data which include wide coverage and is progressed by one-step. In this study, we estimate forest biomass with LiDAR data and aerial photograph. Three biomass equation is used and estimate mean biomass of single tree and entire biomass in plots. The results are compared with field data. $R^2$ of the mean biomass of single tree is greater than 0.8 and that of entire biomass in plots is greater than 0.65. In conclusion, the method using remote sensing data is verified more economical and efficient than previous field data method.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.413-422
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• 2016

With the rapidly increasing population density and development of infrastructure, the loss of life and property damage caused by landslides has increased gradually in urban area. Especially, Because Busan has high percentage of mountainous terrain among the metropolitan in Korea, it is unavoidable to develop mountainous region excessively. The objective of this evaluation is to study on landslide hazard possibility for Mt. Hwangryeong in Busan Metropolitan City using the infinite slope model considering the groundwater level. All data related to creating the thematic maps was carried out using ArcGIS 10.0. The results show that FS (Factor of Safety) for landslide is inversely proportional to groundwater level change as expected. Most area indicates stable state in dry condition, and unstable area increase due to high pore water pressure when the groundwater level rise. However, several places in high lineament density area where landslide has been previously occurred, are more stable than other places according to the analysis. This inconsistency between real situation and analysis results indicates that additional analytical method would be necessary to solve the problem. Therefore, we suggest that development of new infiltration theory for unsaturated zone would be helpful to evaluate groundwater level distribution as time goes by.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.58
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• pp.59-80
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• 2019

Recently, our company has entered the modern knowledge company, government policy and regulation has a big influence on people's lives. Also, unlike in the past, I am hoping for administrative intervention as a problem peculiar to the environment, such as environmental housing problems, urban transportation problems, misuse problems, etc. and corporate pending issues. In this study, through the 10th year of the Seoul Special Citizen Judicial Police Force, if the local autonomy is a special envoy, it will try to present the correctness in the organization luck. As a measure to secure the nature of administrative action, the method of investigation was through the study of the execution process of administrative penalty and its result based on the statistical data of Seoul City. Therefore, we will analyze the process and operation of the 10-year organizational change of the Seoul Metropolitan Government's police force and examine how the police force of the people's livelihoods, which is a special investigation organization, is expanding its duties in order to strengthen the enforcement power of the administration. Also, we will make future-oriented suggestions to encourage the readjustment of the current relevant laws, such as the Ministry of Patriots and Veterans Affairs, and to actively accommodate the expected changes of the special law police organization in charge of the enforcement of the police system.