• Journal of architectural history
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.67-81
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• 2008

Aldo Rossi explained Roman Forum as a significant urban artifact, because Roman Forum analogically showed not only an image of Roman Empire but also a figure of primitive design for its region. Thus the comparison and analysis between characteristics of Aldo Rossi's architectural works which are based on the theory of 'Analogical city' and the forums, the urban artifacts, was proceeded in this study. Consequently, it was discovered that Aldo Rossi had used his analogical thinking from the forum for his architectural languages such as gable roofs, square windows with depth, columns and so on. His analogical use of organizing spaces, such as courtyard type and pillar corridor type, has also shown that their types came from forum spaces. His analogical aspects of the forum: a space where urban images are analogically formed; were expressed in the 'Theater of Science' with the urban architecture form as the actor and the Theatre as the stage for analogical urban performances. Nevertheless, the expression of primitive design which divides the Roman Forum from other forums was actualized in 'the Theater of the World'. He not only analogically used types from Roman Forum in architectural design but also used boat in Water space, which decided the lifestyle and culture of Venice even before the civilization, to express the primitive design of Venice. Consequently, Aldo Rossi, by aiming the severance from the tradition, provided the possibility of explaining the newest modem type within the historical meaning by forming type which finds its continuance in history through 'the Theater of the World' and through analogical thinking along with the level of modern culture, to our urban architectural atmosphere that has lost its historical meanings.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.63-72
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• 2011

This study describes the impact of positive sampling artifact caused by a filter-based sampling in the determination of ambient organic carbon (OC). Three different sampling media combinations were employed for this investigation: (1) Quartz filter-alone (Q-alone), (2) quartz filter behind quartz-fiber filter (QBQ), and (3) quartz filter and quartz filter behind Teflon filter (Q-QBT). The measurement of ambient OC was carried out at a semi-urban site near oceanside at the end of November of 2008. It was found that Q-alone sampling configuration resulted in a higher OC than QBQ and Q-QBT by 14% and 28%, respectively due to no correction for positive artifact caused by adsorption of gas-phase OC onto the filter. A lower quantity of OC was collected from the backup quartz filter on QBQ than that from Q-QBT. A possible explanation is that the front quartz filter of QBQ was not fully saturated with gas-phase OC during the sampling period, allowing smaller amount of gas-phase OC to reach the backup quartz filter. The contribution of positive artifact to $PM_{2.5}$ mass was approximately 2.15 ${\mu}g/m^3$ which is equivalent to 6% in terms of Q-QBT sampling configuration. The positive artifact was found to be more dominated during summer than during winter, showing temperature dependence. It was concluded that Q-QBT sampling configuration offers less impact of positive artifact on ambient OC sampling than QBQ in quantification of OC.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.107-113
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• 2017

This study describes (1) the impact of positive sampling artifacts caused by not only a filter-based sampling, but also a denuder-based sampling in the determination of particle-phase organic carbon (POC), (2) the effect of sample flow rate on positive artifacts, and (3) an optimum flow rate that provides a minimized negative sampling artifact for the denuder-based sampling method. To achieve the goals of this study, four different sampling media combinations were employed: (1) Quartz filter-alone (Q-alone), (2) quartz filter behind quartz-fiber filter (QBQ), (3) quartz filter and quartz filter behind Teflon filter (Q-QBT), and (4) quartz filter behind carbon-based denuder (Denuder-Q). The measurement of ambient POC was carried out in an urban area. In addition, to determine gas-phase OC (GOC) removal efficiency of the denuder, a Teflon filter and a quartz filter were deployed upstream and downstream of the denuder, respectively with varying sample flow rates: 5, 10, 20, and 30 LPM. It was found that Q-alone sampling configuration showed a higher POC than QBQ, Q-QBT, and Denuder-Q by 12%, 28%, and 23%, respectively at a sample flow rate of 20 LPM due to no correction for positive artifact caused by adsorption of GOC onto the filter. A lower quantity of GOC was collected from the backup quartz filter on QBQ than that from Q-QBT. This was because GOC was not in equilibrium with that adsorbed on the front quartz filter of QBQ during the sampling period. It is observed that the loss of particle number and mass across the denuder increases with decreasing sample flow rate. The contribution o f positive arti facts to POC decreased with increasing sample flow rate, showing 29%, 25%, and 22% for 10, 20, and 30 LPM, respectively. The 20 LPM turns out to be the optimum sample flow rate for both filter and denuder-based POC sampling.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.601-613
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• 2018

This study aims to find out the types of convergence types between devices/technology and artifact in smart city space. The main contents of the research are in-depth analysis on the convergence change of ET, IT, and ET+IT in a smart city. First, the devices/technology and artifacts through 31 cases study are found out below. There are 92 artifacts and 134 devices/technologies (ET:83, IT:51). Second, the convergence change between devices/technology and artifacts is evolved by 7 types. Type 1, the Evolutionary ET type of ET-centric, is Period 1 (Separation fusion between ET and IT), Period 2 (ET-centric fusion), and Period 3 (Growth IT and ET+IT fusion of ET-centric). Type 2, the Advanced ET type of ET+IT-centric, is Period 1 (ET+IT fusion), Period 2 (Advanced ET of ET+IT-centric), and Period 3 (Hyper-advanced ET of ET+IT-centric). Type 3, the All-in-One type of ET+IT, is Period 1 (Separation fusion between ET and IT), Period 2 (Mixed fusion between ET and IT), and Period 3 (All-in-One fusion of ET and IT). Type 4, the Advanced type of IT-centric, is Period 1 (Development of IT-centric), Period 2 (Advanced IT-centric), and Period 3 (Hyper-advanced IT-centric). Types 5 and 6, the Advanced together type of ET+IT, is Period 1 (Developed IT of ET+IT-centric), Period 2 (Advanced IT of ET+IT-centric), and Period 3 (Hyper-advanced IT of ET+IT-centric). Type 7, the Advanced IT type of ET+IT-centric, is Period 1 (ET+IT fusion), Period 2 (Sub-fusion of ET, Advanced IT), and Period 3 (Sub-fusion of ET, Hyper-advanced IT). This study results are going to expect making new types of convergence through further study.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.230-242
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• 2020

We performed a magnetotelluric (MT) survey to delineate the geological structures below the depth of 20 km in the Gyeongju area where an earthquake with a magnitude of 5.8 occurred in September 2016. The measured MT data were severely distorted by electrical noise caused by subways, power lines, factories, houses, and farmlands, and by vehicle noise from passing trains and large trucks. Using machine-learning methods, we classified the MT time series data obtained near the railway and highway into two groups according to the inclusion of traffic noise. We applied three schemes, stochastic gradient descent, support vector machine, and random forest, to the time series data for the highspeed train noise. We formulated three datasets, Hx, Hy, and Hx & Hy, for the time series data of the large truck noise and applied the random forest method to each dataset. To evaluate the effect of removing the traffic noise, we compared the time series data, amplitude spectra, and apparent resistivity curves before and after removing the traffic noise from the time series data. We also examined the frequency range affected by traffic noise and whether artifact noise occurred during the traffic noise removal process as a result of the residual difference.