• 한국조경학회지
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.131-142
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 동일한 열환경 특성을 가진 공간 분류와 관련하여 전 세계적으로 활용되고 있는 World Urban Database and Access Portal Tools(WUDAPT) protocol의 Local Climate Zone(LCZ) 분류체계 및 분류 방법론을 바탕으로 사례지역인 서울특별시의 도시기후구역 유형을 분류하고, 유형별 특징을 분석하였다. 이를 위해, 구글 어스(Google Earth)를 활용하여 서울특별시를 포함하는 분석 지역을 대상으로 17개 LCZ 유형별 10개의 훈련지역(training area)을 선정한 후 SAGA GIS에서 LCZ 분류 및 분석결과에 대한 보정(Filtering)을 실시하였다. 그 후, ArcGIS를 이용하여 적절한 보정 횟수 분석 및 LCZ 유형별 특징을 도출하였다. 분석 결과, 보정 횟수는 1회가 가장 적절한 것으로 파악되었다. 또한, 연 평균기온 및 최고평균기온이 다른 구에 비해 높은 구 중 양천구와 영등포구는 저층 건물이 밀집해 있으며, 녹지가 적은 LCZ 3과 고층건물이 일정한 간격으로 있으며, 녹지가 풍부한 LCZ 4 유형의 비율이 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 연 평균기온 및 최고평균기온이 다른 구에 비해 낮은 구 중 종로구, 은평구, 노원구, 관악구는 녹지가 많고, 자연피복으로 이루어진 LCZ A의 비율이 가장 높았다. LCZ 유형별 평균 건폐율, 불투수포장율 및 건물높이는 WUDAPT에서 제시하는 LCZ 유형별 특징의 범위에 속해 있으나, 투수포장율은 LCZ 4~6 및 9~10에서 그 범위를 벗어났다. 본 연구는 국내 도시를 대상으로 한 기존의 도시기후구역 분류 연구에서 활용하지 않았던 WUDAPT protocol의 LCZ 분류 방법론을 활용함으로써 기후구역 분류에 관한 새로운 방법론을 제시하였으며, 기후변화 적응에 관한 공간계획 및 정책수립 과정에서 열환경 요소를 보다 적극적으로 고려하는데 기여할 것으로 기대된다.

• 환경분석과 독성보건
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.220-228
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• 2018

$PM_{2.5}$-bound mercury (PBM) was monitored at weekly intervals for three years (from 2014 to 2016) at an urban (Seoul) and rural site (Baengnyeong) in South Korea. The average PBM concentrations in $PM_{2.5}$ samples over the entire sampling period were $12{\pm}11pg/m^3$ and $36{\pm}34pg/m^3$ for Baengnyeong and Seoul, respectively. Seasonal differences were pronounced, with concentrations being highest in winter due to local meteorological conditions (high gas-particle coefficient due to low temperature and low mixing layer height in winter) as well as seasonal factors, such as coal combustion for heating purposes in China. In Baengnyeong, the significant positive correlation of PBM with $PM_{2.5}$, air pollutants, and heavy metals suggested that coal combustion in China might be the most important source of ambient mercury in Korea. In winter, no correlation of PBM with $PM_{2.5}$, air pollutants, and heavy metals was seen in Seoul. Furthermore, Seoul showed higher $PBM/PM_{2.5}$ and $Pb/PM_{2.5}$ ratios in winter due to the strong atmospheric oxidation-reduction reaction conditions as well as local and regional PBM sources. We conclude that immediate attention must be given to addressing PBM levels in Korea, including considering it as a key component of future air quality monitoring activities and mitigation measures.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.130-144
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• 2013

본 시험은 도심지역의 고온이 사과나무의 생리적 반응에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자, 도심지역인 대구와 전원지역인 군위에 재식된 '후지'/M.9 사과나무의 광합성, 신초생장, 과실품질을 2년(2009-2010년) 동안 조사하였다. 사과 생육기(4-10월) 동안 대구의 평균기온은 군위보다 $3.0^{\circ}C$ 정도 높았고, 사과 생육기 동안의 총 강수량은 대구가 군위보다 100mm 정도 많았다. 과실 비대기(6-8월) 동안 대구는 일 평균기온이 $30^{\circ}C$를 넘은 날이 2010년은 10일 정도 있었으나 2009년에는 하루도 없었다. 대구의 과실 성숙기(9-10월) 동안 평균기온은 $19.8^{\circ}C$로 군위보다 $4.0^{\circ}C$ 정도 더 높았다. 과실 비대기의 $30^{\circ}C$ 이상의 고온은 '후지'/M.9 사과나무의 광합성속도, 신초생장, 과중 및 가용성 고형물 함량을 감소시켰다. 과실 성숙기의 $20^{\circ}C$ 정도의 온난한 기온은 광합성속도 및 가용성 고형물 함량을 증가시켰으나 착색을 감소시켰다. 지역별 비교에 있어서, 장마 전에는 대구의 광합성속도가 군위보다 낮았으나, 장마 이후로는 대구가 군위보다 높았다. 대구의 과중은 군위보다 컸으나, 대구의 일 최고기온이 $35^{\circ}C$를 넘은 날이 많아질수록 대구와 군위의 과중 차이는 없어졌다. 대구의 가용성 고형물 함량은 군위보다 높았으나 착색은 반대로 군위가 높았다. 결론적으로 지구온난화 및 도시화에 의해 '후지'/M.9 사과나무에서 가장 문제가 되는 부분은 착색불량이었다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제26권12호
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• pp.1399-1405
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• 2017

We compared the spatial distribution of several heat stress indices (the Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature(WBGT) index, Environmental Stress Index (ESI), and Modified Discomfort Index(MDI)) for the heat wave of June 6~August 26, 2016, in Daegu. We calculated the heat stress indices using data from the high density urban climate observation network in Daegu. The observation system was established in February. 2013. We used data from a total of 38 air temperature observation points (23 thermometers and 18 automatic weather stations). The values of the heat stress indices indicated that the danger level was very high from 0900-2000h in downtown Daegu. The daily maximum value of the WBGT was greater than or equal to $35^{\circ}C$. The differences in the heat stress indices from downtown and rural areas were higher in the daytime than at nighttime. The maximum difference was about 4 before and after 1400h, and the time variations of the heat stress indices corresponded well. Thus, we were able to confirm that the ESI and MDI can be substituted with the WBGT index.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• 제18권E3호
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• pp.129-142
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• 2002

This paper provides a long-term perspective for ozone concentrations at 20 national air quality monitoring sites in Seoul from 1989 to 1998, which were managed by the Korean Ministry of Environment. Ozone episodes occurred more frequently in the east areas (Bangi, Guui, Seongsu, and Ssangmun) than in the west area (Guro and Oryu). When an ozone episode happened, hourly ozone concentrations over 80 ppb continued for an average of 4.0 hours at all sites. Annual variations in daily mean and maximum oBone concentrations showed broadly consistent upward trends at Ssangmun and Gwanaksan. Monthly mean ozone concentrations were the highest from May to June and the 99$^{th}$ and 95$^{th}$ percentile levels appeared higher during June, July, and August. The diurnal patterns of hourly mean ozone levels in urban areas showed typical photochemical formation and destruction, while the flat diurnal shape before 1996 at Gwanaksan indicated few significant photochemical reactions due to a lack of precursors of ozone. The occurrence of ozone over 80 ppb was ascribed to meteorological conditions such as high temperature, strong solar radiation, low relative humidity, and low wind speed with winds most frequently in a westerly direction.

• 한국태양에너지학회 논문집
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.21-31
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to understand the characteristics of urban climate in several cities, from observing radiation according to wavelength band(UV, short and long wave radiation). Observation start from 5 May to 31 August 2013. The followings are the main results from this study. 1) In every observation area, greater amounts of short-wave radiation have been recorded in May compared to June. Even though the highest solar elevation occurs in June, May sees clearer days, which has attributed to the outcome. 2) The analysis concerning the correlation between ultraviolet radiation and shortwave radiation have revealed that regions closer to the Daegu area have stronger correspondence. 3) The time series of daily long-wave radiation shares a similar tendency with the time series of air temperature, and the maximum value was recorded at 14:00 and 15:00.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.105-113
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• 2009

연안습지 생태계에서 열에너지 교환 과정은 매우 중요하다. 지표 열에너지 평형을 이루는 요소인 순복사플럭스, 현열 플럭스, 잠열 플럭스 그리고 토양열 플럭스를 전라남도 고흥에 위치한 수평적으로 균질하다고 판단되는 지역인 고흥만 간척지에서 관측하고 분석하였다. 열의 수송을 평가하기 위해서 5회의 집중관측 기간에 대기 난류를 측정하였고, 특히 갈대로 덮여있는 간척지에서 지표층 열에너지 수지를 분석하기 위해서는 물과 매우 미세한 입자로 구성된 토양 그리고 계절에 따라 색깔과 밀도가 변하는 식생캐노피를 고려하였다. 순복사 플럭스, 현열 플럭스, 잠열 플럭스, 토양열 플럭스를 기존의 에너지 수지방정식에 적용하여 식생과 토양과 같은 지표면 특성에 따른 열 플럭스의 특징을 조사하여 습지의 기온조절 효과에 대해 알아보았다. 에너지 수지비로 식생 성장기에는 주로 잠열 플럭스에 의해 열이 대기로 전달되는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 식생층은 열을 저장하여 기온의 일교차를 줄이는 역할을 한다. 여름철에 집중관측지의 기온이 주변 지역의 기온보다 보다 낮고 겨울철에는 다소높게 나타난 결과는 식생층을 포함하는 연안습지가 열환경을 조절함을 보여주었다.

• 한국지리정보학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.1-17
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• 2022

본 연구는 경상남도 창원시 국가산업단지 인근에 설치된 21개의 PM_2.5 간이 측정기에서2020년 6월부터 2021년 5월까지 1년 동안 측정된 자료를 활용하여 PM_2.5의 발생 패턴을 분석하였다. PM_2.5의 발생 패턴은 측정지점 주변의 토지이용현황과 기온 및 풍속의 기상적인 요인을 고려하였다. PM_2.5 농도는 계절별로는 겨울철인 11월부터 3월까지, 시간대별로는 새벽과 이른 아침인 1시부터 9시까지가 높았다. PM_2.5는 공업지역에 인접할수록 농도가 높았으나, 주거지역과 공공시설지역은 농도가 낮았다. 기상적인 요인에서는 높은 기온과 풍속일수록 PM_2.5의 농도는 낮았기 때문에 기상 상태는 PM_2.5의 확산에 영향을 미치는 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구의 결과는 창원국가산업단지 인근의 PM_2.5 발생 패턴을 파악할 수 있었다. 이 결과는 향후 도시지역의 PM_2.5를 포함한 대기질을 개선하기 위해 도시 및 환경계획에서 활용할 수 있는 유용한 자료가 될 것이다.

• 대한건축학회논문집:계획계
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.27-37
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• 2019

This study focused on the possibility of reducing the cooling load through the change of micro climate in the outdoor space during summer season. This study proposes an efficient planning model by comparing the effects of urban heat island mitigation through wind path planning, outdoor space vegetation, and exterior material change by using the basic model of the street-oriented block housing proposed in the previous research by the same author. As a result, the most effective wind path planning strategy in the street-oriented block housing was the change of the air flow through the mass height adjustment. When the tall building masses were staggered and arranged in a balanced manner, the overall wind environment could be improved. The greater the height difference between low and high masses, the better the air flow was shown. It was also important to arrange the building masses so that the inlet of the main wind was open and to allow the external space to connect to the adjacent block to create a continuous flow. The change of outdoor space vegetation and flooring, and the formation of wind paths through the opening of lower part also showed the effect of heat island reduction. In addition, the change of PMV in summer was the biggest influence of shadow by tall building mass. Attention should be paid to the fact that high-albedo exterior materials are adversely affected by multiple reflections in dense street-oriented block housing. The use of albedo of the exterior material showed that it is necessary to pay attention to apply in the high density block housing. This is attributed to the rise of the temperature due to the absorption of energy into the low-albedo flooring, where the high-albedo exterior causes multiple reflections.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.65-71
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• 2013

Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) pollinosis is the most popular pollinosis in Japan. It has been reported that Cryptomeria japonica pollen allergenic species are suspended as fine particles in the urban atmosphere. These allergenic fine particles are responsible for inducing asthma by breaking into the lower respiratory tract. It has also been found that pollinosis symptoms on the sufferers appear mainly at night-time by the results from epidemiological studies. However, the exact reason for these phenomena is not yet clarified. In this study, the diurnal and nocturnal behaviours of Cryptomeria japonica pollen grains and their allergenic species in the urban area of Saitama city of Kanto Plain were investigated. Airborne pollen grains and allergenic Cry j 1 concentrations in total suspended particulate matter (TSP) were investigated at two sampling sites, a heavy traffic road (roadside site) and at the balcony of the $10^{th}$ floor of the Building of Research and Project of Saitama University (general urban site). The latter sampling site where located about 300 m away from the roadside site was used as a general urban site unaffected by automobile traffic. The airborne pollen counts were measured with a real-time pollen monitor. Cry j 1 particles were collected with two high volume air samplers, and these concentrations were measured by surface plasmon resonance method with a Biacore J system. The diurnal variation of the airborne pollen counts was similar to the trends of temperature and wind speed during the day-time; whereas its tendency with wind speed trend was not observed during the night-time. Airborne pollen counts were lower with northern wind than with southern wind because the pollen comes from the mountainous areas, and the mountains in the south are closer, about half the distance to the northern mountains. It is suggested that the peaks of airborne pollen counts during night-time in the sampling site occurred by transport of pollen grains released during day-time in the mountainous forest areas, located c.a. 100 km away from the sampling site. On the roadside site the allergenic Cry j 1 concentrations were higher than at the general urban site, nevertheless pollen grains counts were lower. These results suggested that worsening of pollinosis symptoms during night-time in urban area was caused by transport of pollen grains during day-time in the mountainous forest areas. Moreover, pollen allergenic species become different morphology from pollen grain at roadside site, and the subsequent pollen grains re-suspension by automobile traffic.