• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.24 no.4 s.47
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• pp.885-895
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• 1994

This study was performed to compare the dental arch dimensions of urban and rural high school females according to the region of residence and facial type. A model and cephalometric analysis was made from 48 urban and 48 rural high school females. The results of this study were obtained as follows : 1. Arch width in the urban group were similar to the rural group. 2. Lingual arch length at upper 1st premolar level in the urban group was larger than the rural group and lingual arch length at lower canine level in rural group was larger than the urban group. 3. Palatal height at canine level in the rural group was higher than the urban group. 4. Palatal heights at 2nd premolar and 1st molar level had correlation with the VERT index. In comparison of lingual arch dimensions according to Rickett's facial group, palatal heights at 2nd premolar and 1st molar level in dolichofacial group were lower than other groups.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.7
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• pp.1174-1182
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to compare the nutritional status and the immunocompetence of elderly women residing in urban and rural areas. Dietary food records and anthropometric measurements were used to evaluate the nutritional status of subjects. The immune function of subjects was assessed by total and differential white blood cell(WBC) counts. Total B and T Lymphocytes, and T cell subsets were quantified by flow-cytometer. Immunoglobulin G, A, and M concentrations were also measured as an index of humoral immunity. Elderly women in rural area showed a relatively lower dietary intake of total energy, protein, and iron than did urban elderly women. Total WBC, neutrophil counts, eosinophil counts, and the percentage of neutrophils among total leukocytes were significantly higher in urban elderly women than in rural women. Although the numbers of lymphocytes were not significantly different, the percentage of Lymphocytes among total leukocytes as greater in rural elderly women than in urban. Both groups did not show any significant differences in numbers of T cell subsets and NK cells. Immunoglobulin G, A, and M levels were not significantly different between the two groups, but the numbers of subjects placed under the deficient range of immunoglobulins were greater in rural than in urban elderly women. from the present study, it could be suggested that poor nutritional intake may selectively affect the number of immune cells, thereby influencing the immunocompetence of elderly women. (Korean J Nutrition 31(7) 1174-1182, 1998)

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.371-383
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• 2017

The aim of this paper is to investigate adjusting process of trade-off relationship between economic growth and income distribution in China which is established by mixed with social and market-oriented economic systems. The characteristic nature of social welfare index in urban and rural regions in China is examined by employing principal component analysis. Empirical evidences reveal that unlike national wide or urban region, the increases of income contribute to improve social well-being in rural region, but not social welfare index. Accordingly, it can be said that although social well-being in rural region seems to be harmful because of weakly organized social welfare index, the potentiality exists to improve social well-being by increased income. Taken all together, the results signifies that the mixed economic system such as China might distribute its increased income appropriately, however, the distributional system is hardly operated to improve social welfare index. And thus the distributional system has to be amended to enhance social well-being in China.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.469-479
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• 2009

New rural village development programs have been implemented, and rural village land use is expanded to encompass green-tourism, citizen and silver domicile space because of the internal and the external changes in the agricultural environment. This study was conducted to propose the evaluation index for retiree rural village development project issued by Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. The evaluation index was consisted of four categories (population, economic, environment, and living), which were consisted of 35 variables. The relative weight for 35 variables was calculated based on the questionnaire survey from the experts and AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process). Growth rate of population in population criteria, job creation by exterior inflow in economics criteria, improvement of exchange between urban and rural in life criteria, and the flood outbreak in environment criteria were the most important contents of 35 variables. These results are consistent with the objectives of retiree rural village development project, and indicate the need of prevention the negative sides by implementation of the project.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2015

This research was designed to examine the dietary habits and unbalanced diet of middle school students by gender and region. The survey was conducted using questionnaires on dietary habits and unbalanced diet administered to 726 students (urban: 367, rural: 359). The obesity index using BMI showed that the largest proportion of girls was 'underweight' in both regions, which showed a significant difference by region (p<0.001). Male students in urban areas prefer salty taste more than rural students (p<0.05). In urban areas, problems relating to dietary habits were 'unbalanced diet' and 'overeating' in male students and 'frequent snacks' and 'irregular mealtime' for female students (p<0.01). The frequencies of skipping breakfast (p<0.01), snack intake (p<0.001), eating out (p<0.001) and fast food consumption (p<0.001) were significantly higher in urban students than in rural students, and the reason for eating snacks was 'hungry' in urban students and 'habitually' and 'delicious' in rural students (p<0.01). Unbalanced diet was significantly higher in rural students compared with urban students (p<0.001) and male students compared with female students in urban (p<0.05), and the factors affecting dietary habits were mostly related to family. Male students in urban areas showed a significantly lower intake frequency of 'fish, tofu and beans' (p<0.05) and 'milk and yogurt' (p<0.05), but higher intake frequency of 'vegetables' (p<0.001) compared with female students. Male students in rural areas showed a significantly lower intake frequency of 'meat' (p<0.05) but higher intake frequency of 'milk and yogurt' (p<0.05) compared with female students. Urban students showed a significantly higher intake frequency of food groups compared with rural students. To conclude, desirable nutrition education on meal regularity, snack choice, and problems relating to unbalanced diet should be conducted in schools.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.69-81
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• 2009

This study was intended to evaluate the objective landscape of rural region using an additive integration index method in the Seondong region of Gochang-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea. This study consisted of the following three steps. First, this study developed an additive integration index calculation model for landscape assessment based on indicators and weight to each space type in accordance with three landscape fields which were developed by the expert Delphi method. Second, this study used NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) and permeable area rate, which were available from high resolution satellite image, to calculate the green naturality degree, area rate, and building coverage respectively. Third, this study has calculated the landscape assessment index of rural regions using an additive integration index method made of assessment data and weight for each indicator. This study has found the following results: 1) landscape level was very poor in all 6 types of space, marking grade five; 2) while the highest level of natural landscape and mixed landscape was grade two, that of artificial landscape was grade five; 3) based on objective landscape, grade five showed the highest frequency, and grade one, two, three, and four followed in that order.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.679-690
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• 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Concerns about regional disparities in heathy eating and nutritional status among South Korean adults are increasing. This study aims to identify the magnitude of regional disparities in diet and nutritional status among Korean adults who completed the 2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). SUBJECTS/METHODS: The participants were a nationally representative sample of Korean adults aged 19 years and older from the 2017 KNHANES (n = 6,126). We employed the svy commands in STATA to accommodate the complex survey design. The relative concentration index (RCI), absolute concentration index (ACI) and index of disparity were used to measure regional nutritional inequalities. RESULTS: Overweight and obese adults were more prevalent among the poor than among the rich in urban areas (RCI = -0.041; P < 0.05), while overweight and obese adults were more prevalent among the rich than among the poor in rural areas of South Korea (RCI = 0.084; P < 0.05). Economic inequality in fruit and vegetable intake ≥ 500 g per day was greater in rural areas than in urban areas in both relative size (RCI = 0.228 vs. 0.091, difference in equality = 0.137; P < 0.05) and absolute size (ACI = 0.055 vs. 0.023, difference in equality = 0.032; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides useful information identifying opposite directions in the relative concentration curves between urban and rural areas. Adult overweight/obesity was more prevalent among the poor in urban areas, while adult overweight/obesity was more prevalent among the rich in rural areas. Public health nutrition systems should be implemented to identify nutritional inequalities that should be targeted across regions in South Korea.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.592-603
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• 2001

Seasonal variations of nutrient intake ware evaluated through a 3-day dietary records in 196 Korean adolescents(86 males, 108 females) aged 13 - 15 years and living in urban and rural areas of Chungnam. The seasonal differences of nutrient intake were tested by repealed measure ANOVA. Comparing nutrient intakes among flour seasons using repealed measure ANOVA, mean values of daily intakes were higher in winter and autumn for most nutrients, and were the lowest in summer in the urban areas and in spring in rural areas. Girls recieved the largest amount of nutrients, except Ca and vitamin $B_12$, in winter and the lowest amount in summer, while in boys significant differences were not observed among the four seasons for meet nutrients, except fats, Mg, and vitamin E. Interestingly, the seasonal differences for many nutrients were more evident in rural areas than in urban areas. Vitamin A intake in urban areas was higher in winter and spring, while in rural oreas, in summer. Mean values of daily intakes as a percent of the RDA throughout the year in boys and girls ware 82.2% and 84.2% for energy and 88.9% and 82.7% for protein, respectively. Ca and vitamin A intakes were as low as 32.4% and 24.2% of the RDA in boys and 39.7% and 30.6% in girls. Intakes of Fe, Zn, folic acid and vitamin B$_{12}$ ranged from 40 - 60% of the RDA. The nutrients which showed the largest seasonal difference in the percent of RDA were vitamin E in boys and vitamin C, vitamin E, and Fe in girls. The index of nutritional quality(INQ) for Fe was significantly lower in autumn in both genders. The INQ for vitamin C in girls of both areas was much higher in winter. Annual mean adequacy ratio(MAR), an index of overall nutritional quality, ranged from 0.57 - 0.69, which was higher in winter than in other seasons. Conclusively, nutrient intakes of Korean adolescents showed seasonal variations, particularly in girls and in rural area. Thus, seasonal variations should be considered in the assessing nutritional status, particularly ill the rural areas of Korea.a.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.53-62
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• 1986

An Idea of Standard Rural Area(SRA), the rural areas which have higher ruralities of the rice cropping region and also higher urban characteristics, was conceptualized to develop the tentative basic indices necessary for rural settlement design in reclaimed land. The SRA's were determined by a technique of the principal component analysis with relevant data from 81 counties or cities located in the west side of Korea(Chon-Nam,Chon-Buk, Chung-Nam, Kyung-Ki Do).By the definition of the SRA, the principal component analysis is seperately carried out by two subworks, analyses of rurality and urban characteristics. From the analysis, rurality of the SRA is characterized by four components which appears to describe the scale of farm management, intensive farming, soundness of farming and farming basis on rice cropping, while urban characteristics of the SRA by three components to describe the accessibility, keeping ratio of infrastructures and level of medical services. Through grouping and synthesizing two characteristics of all counties by each component score, 24 counties were classified as urban-rural harmonized region which is the same result as that obtained from the extraction index being more than 50% of available area to total area except 1 county. Therefore, SRA is defined as the group of counties having more than 50% of available area to total area.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.201-209
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• 2017

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the socioeconomic inequality in malnutrition in under-5 children in Iran in order to help policymakers reduce such inequality. Methods: Data on 8443 under-5 children were extracted from the Iran Multiple Indicator Demographic and Health Survey. The wealth index was used as proxy for socioeconomic status. Socioeconomic inequality in stunting, underweight, and wasting was calculated using the concentration index. The concentration index was calculated for the whole sample, as well as for subcategories defined in terms of categories such as area of residence (urban and rural) and the sex of children. Results: Stunting was observed to be more prevalent than underweight or wasting. The results of the concentration index at the national level, as well as in rural and urban areas and in terms of children's sex, showed that inequality in stunting and underweight was statistically significant and that children in the lower quintiles were more malnourished. The wasting index was not sensitive to socioeconomic status, and its concentration index value was not statistically significant. Conclusions: This study showed that it can be misleading to assess the mean levels of malnutrition at the national level without knowledge of the distribution of malnutrition among socioeconomic groups. Significant socioeconomic inequalities in stunting and underweight were observed at the national level and in both urban and rural areas. Regarding the influence of nutrition on the health and economic well-being of preschool-aged children, it is necessary for the government to focus on taking targeted measures to reduce malnutrition and to focus on poorer groups within society who bear a greater burden of malnutrition.