• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• 제29권2호
• /
• pp.113-131
• /
• 2022

A rockburst is a common disaster in deep-tunnel excavation engineering, especially for high-geostress areas. An anomalously low friction effect is one of the most important inducements of rockbursts. To elucidate the correlation between an anomalously low friction effect and a rockburst, we establish a two-dimensional prediction model that considers the discontinuous structure of a rock mass. The degree of freedom of the rotation angle is introduced, thus the motion equations of the blocks under the influence of a transient disturbing force are acquired according to the interactions of the blocks. Based on the two-dimensional discontinuous block model of deep rock mass, a rockburst prediction model is established, and the initiation process of ultra-low friction rockburst is analyzed. In addition, the intensity of a rockburst, including the location, depth, area, and velocity of ejection fragments, can be determined quantitatively using the proposed prediction model. Then, through a specific example, the effects of geomechanical parameters such as the different principal stress ratios, the material properties, a dip of principal stress on the occurrence form and range of rockburst are analyzed. The results indicate that under dynamic disturbance, stress variation on the structural surface in a deep rock mass may directly give rise to a rockburst. The formation of rockburst is characterized by three stages: the appearance of cracks that result from the tension or compression failure of the deformation block, the transformation of strain energy of rock blocks to kinetic energy, and the ejection of some of the free blocks from the surrounding rock mass. Finally, the two-dimensional rockburst prediction model is applied to the construction drainage tunnel project of Jinping II hydropower station. Through the comparison with the field measured rockburst data and UDEC simulation results, it shows that the model in this paper is in good agreement with the actual working conditions, which verifies the accuracy of the model in this paper.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• 제89권5호
• /
• pp.479-489
• /
• 2024

The cracking mechanism in ceramsite aerated concrete block (CACB) infill walls were studied in low seismic fortification intensity coastal areas with frequent occurrence of typhoons. The inter-story drifts of an eight-story residential building under wind loads and a seismic fortification intensity of six degrees were analyzed by using the PKPM software. The maximum inter-story drift ratio of the structure in wind load was found to be comparable to that under the seismic fortification intensity of six degrees. However, when accounting for the large gust wind speed of typhoon, the maximum inter-story drift ratio was much larger than that obtained under reference wind load. In addition, the finite element models of RC frames were employed by displacement loading to simulate two scenarios with and without window hole in the CACB infill walls, respectively. The simulation results show no signs of cracking in both the infill walls with window hole and those without window for the inter-story drift caused by seismic loads and the reference wind load. However, both types of infill walls experienced structural creaking when assessing the gust wind pressure recorded from previous typhoon monitoring. It is concluded that an underestimate of wind loads may contribute substantially to the cracking of frame CACB infill walls in low seismic fortification intensity coastal areas. Consequently, it is imperative to adopt wind pressure values derived from gust wind speeds in the design of CACB infill walls within frame structures. Finally, the future research directions of avoiding cracks in CACB filled walls were proposed. They were the material performance improving and building structure optimizing.

• 교육시설 논문지
• /
• 제20권2호
• /
• pp.3-14
• /
• 2013

The purpose of this study is to analyze patterns of public school building layout types, open space and relationship with communities in the Manhattan grid plan. The study illustrates how building layout patterns of school facilities are influenced by societal demands in the urban grid environment. During the nineteenth century, the Island of Manhattan was transformed into a physical representation of the Cartesian coordinate system via the development of the grid street plan. In order to take advantage of streets as urban space, it is quite important to understand characteristics of communities and open space relationships between buildings and streets. Moreover, the strategic planning of schools' outdoor space vitalizes public streets as a critical community anchor. This research reviews 118 Manhattan public schools and categorizes them by (1) building layout type, (2) site type, (3) circulation and public open space, which are the biggest factors that determine the layout patterns of the public schools in Manhattan. As a result of analysis, the layout patterns are classified into seven types : "ㅡ", "L", "ㄷ", "ㅁ", "H", "T" and "other" type. Of these, "ㅡ" type and "L" type occur most frequently, because these configurations most flexibly fit into the limited grid-locked blocks, the various types of site & topography, and adapt most dynamically to the open spaces created by using avenues and streets. The ultimate objective of this study is to provide a case study for future efforts to plan open spaces for campuses that effectively utilize the streets in proximity.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
• /
• 제10권4호
• /
• pp.179-189
• /
• 2016

Here we evaluated the effect of using water retentive pavement or WRP made from fly ash as material for main street in a real city block. We coupled computational fluid dynamics and pavement transport (CFD-PT) model to examine energy balance in the building canopies and ground surface. Two cases of 24 h unsteady analysis were simulated: case 1 where asphalt was used as the pavement material of all ground surfaces and case 2 where WRP was used as main street material. We aim to (1) predict diurnal variation in air temperature, wind speed, ground surface temperature and water content; and (2) compare ground surface energy fluxes. Using the coupled CFD-PT model it was proven that WRP as pavement material for main street can cause a decrease in ground surface temperature. The most significant decrease occurred at 1200 JST when solar radiation was most intense, surface temperature decreased by $13.8^{\circ}C$. This surface temperature decrease also led to cooling of air temperature at 1.5 m above street surface. During this time, air temperature in case 2 decreased by $0.28^{\circ}C$. As the radiation weakens from 1600 JST to 2000 JST, evaporative cooling had also been minimal. Shadow effect, higher albedo and lower thermal conductivity of WRP also contributed to surface temperature decrease. The cooling of ground surface eventually led to air temperature decrease. The degree of air temperature decrease was proportional to the surface temperature decrease. In terms of energy balance, WRP caused a maximum increase in latent heat flux by up to $255W/m^2$ and a decrease in sensible heat flux by up to $465W/m^2$.

• 한국건설관리학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국건설관리학회 2003년도 학술대회지
• /
• pp.99-103
• /
• 2003

건설공사 현장에서 공간활용을 위해 가장 보편적으로 쓰이는 방법이 site plans 이다. 이 방법은 건설 물자재를 적재하고 운반할시 공간이 부족한 도심지 부근에서 어떻게 건설 물자재를 옮기고 적재하는가? 크래인의 위치는 어디에 선정할것인가? 하는 문제를 해결하기 위한 것이다. 본고는 이러한 문제를 수평적으로 해결함과 동시에 수직적으로도 해결할 수 있는 방안을 도출했다. 이러한 해결 방안은 건설현장을 지도 또는 감독하는 메니져에게 가장 효과적으로 건설 물자재를 적재시켜 줄 수 입어 방법론을 제시함으로써 공기의 단축을 가져올 수 있는 효과를 누릴 수 있다. 방법론으로는 Genetic Algorithm을 이용하여 multiple-floor layout 문제점 해결하였다.

• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
• /
• 제22권2호
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 2020

This study is intended to derive the adaptive reuse techniques through the history and aspects of new construction, extension, repair, and other works, limited to the deep and narrow lots facing Seongan-gil and Nammun-gil in Nammun-ro 2 ga of Cheongju, the historic urban area. The results are as follows. 1) In the case of newly built reinforced concrete buildings, the central part of the top floor of the residence or all floors are opened to the open space(void) to facilitate lighting and ventilation. This is developed as a convection phenomenon due to the temperature difference from the slits between buildings, which affects the entire air flow of the block. 2) The buildings of extension and repair are composed of two-story masonry or steel frame, both the front store facing the road and the house on the back, but it looks like one because it is in contact with each other. If only a small gap between the front and rear buildings is restored to an external space or a space equipped with sun light, a small breath can be provided in lighting and ventilation. 3) The existing two-story wooden stores and houses have lost their external space due to repairs. With minimal intervention to restore the small courtyard, slits, and space under the eaves, it will not only improve lighting and ventilation, but also create a unique appearance as a segment of the elongated store.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
• /
• 제12권4호
• /
• pp.1817-1823
• /
• 2011

도시철도 분야에서 멀티미디어 전송을 위하여 18GHz 대역에서 영상전송을 위한 OFDM변조 방식이 이용되고 있다. 양방향으로 영상뿐만 아니라 이더넷 데이터를 전송하기 위한 응용분야가 크게 늘고 있다. 도시철도 분야에 적용된 18GHz분야는 멀티패스페이딩에 영향이 크므로 OFDM캐리어 개수가 큰 경우가 유리하다. 그러나 이더넷 전송이 가능한 기존 WLAN의 경우 캐리어의 개수가 64개로 원거리 고속이동에 적합하지 않다. 따라서 본 연구에서 고속이동체에서 고속데이터 전송에 적합한 2,000 캐리어의 OFDM 이더넷 모뎀을 구현하고 검증하였다. 고속이동에서 도플러효과를 상쇄하기 위하여 도플러보상 블럭을 구현하였다. 도시철도 및 고속철도 분야에서 기술의 활용이 크게 기대 된다.

• 도시과학
• /
• 제7권2호
• /
• pp.53-60
• /
• 2018

Digital Twin is a technology that creates a photocopy of real-world objects on a computer and analyzes the past and present operational status by fusing the structure, context, and operation of various physical systems with property information, and predicts the future society's countermeasures. In particular, 3D rendering technology (UAS, LiDAR, GNSS, etc.) is a core technology in digital twin. so, the research and application are actively performed in the industry in recent years. However, UAS (Unmanned Aerial System) and LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) have to be solved by compensating blind spot which is not reconstructed according to the object shape. In addition, the terrestrial LiDAR can acquire the point cloud of the object more precisely and quickly at a short distance, but a blind spot is generated at the upper part of the object, thereby imposing restrictions on the forward digital twin modeling. The UAS is capable of modeling a specific range of objects with high accuracy by using high resolution images at low altitudes, and has the advantage of generating a high density point group based on SfM (Structure-from-Motion) image analysis technology. However, It is relatively far from the target LiDAR than the terrestrial LiDAR, and it takes time to analyze the image. In particular, it is necessary to reduce the accuracy of the side part and compensate the blind spot. By re-optimizing it after fusion with UAS and Terrestrial LiDAR, the residual error of each modeling method was compensated and the mutual correction result was obtained. The accuracy of fusion-based 3D model is less than 1cm and it is expected to be useful for digital twin construction.

• 한국지역지리학회지
• /
• 제12권5호
• /
• pp.614-630
• /
• 2006

자연 및 기술재해에 빠르고 효과적으로 대응하기 위해서는 그 재해지역 내에 있는 인구수를 정확히 추정할 필요가 있다. 그러나 센서스 구역과 재해지역의 공간적 불일치 문제 때문에, 재해지역 내에 있는 인구수를 정확하게 추정할 때에는 구역단위 인구자료를 공간적으로 세분화할 필요가 있다. 본 논문은 센서스 블럭그룹 내의 인구를 개개의 화소로 세분화하기 위한 밀도 구분적 표면모델을 구현하고, 그 표면기반 공간적 세분화 모델의 성능을 통계적 및 가시적으로 평가한다. 표면기반 공간적 세분화 모델은 밀도 구분적 내삽법과 위성영상으르부터 추출된 토지이용 및 피복자료를 사용하며 지리정보시스템에서 구현되었다. 토지이용 및 피복자료는 밀도 구분적 내삽법에서 인구의 지리적 분포에 관한 추가정보를 제공했고, 토지이용 및 피복자료의 퍼센트에 기반을 둔 경험적 표본추출법과 지역가중법은 각 화소에 대한 밀도 구분적 가중치를 객관적으로 결정하기 위해서 사용되었다. 표면기반 공간적 세분화 모델은 애틀란타 대도시권의 밀도 구분적 인구표면을 만드는데 적용되었다. 그 밀도 구분적 인구표변의 정확도는 센서스 수치와의 비교를 통해서 RMSE와 수정 RMSE를 사용하면서 검증되었다. 또한, 각 센서스 트랙과 블럭그룹별 오차들은 퍼센트 오차지도들에 의해서 가시화 되었다. 분석결과에 따르면, 밀도 구분적 인구표면은 인구수의 정확한 추정치를 제시할 뿐만 아니라, 센서스 블록그룹 내의 인구의 상세한 공간분포를 보여 준다. 또한, 인구표면은 대개 교외 및 산림지역 그리고 도심지역에서 인구를 과소평가하거나 과대평가하는 경향이 있다는 것을 밝혀냈다.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
• /
• 제24권5호
• /
• pp.69-76
• /
• 2020

지구온난화는 급격한 기후변화 및 자연재해를 발생시키고 있어 세계에서 가장 중요한 문제로 대두되고 있다. 이에 각국에서는 이산화탄소 배출 저감, 재생에너지 비중 확대 등의 정책을 대폭적으로 추진하면서 재생에너지에 관련된 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 이중 태양광 발전은 기존의 도시 외곽의 유휴부지 뿐만 아니라 BIPV와 같이 도심지 내에 적용연구가 수행되고 있으며, 선진국에서는 도로에 태양광 발전을 적용하기 위한 실증시설 조성이 진행되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 태양광 발전이 가능한 도로 건설을 위해, 태양광 패널과 프리캐스트 콘크리트 블록을 모듈화 하기 위한 구조요소 설계와 시험시공을 수행하였다. 시공 후 6개월간 현장 적용성 평가를 위하여 미끄럼 저항성 및 블록의 침하량과 단차를 측정하였다. 실험 결과 미끄럼 저항성은 국내 일반도로의 기준은 만족하였으나, 고속도로의 기준은 만족하지 못하는 것으로 나타났으며 시간이 경과함에 따라 미끄럼 저하성이 감소되는 경향을 나타내었다. 또한 블록의 침하량도 점차 미소하게 증가하는 경향을 보여 일부 단차가 발생하는 것으로 확인되었으나 도로의 허용 침하량을 고려하여 볼 때 매우 미소한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 이후 일정기간 동안 추후 변화양상을 조사 분석함으로서 유지관리 기법의 확립이 요구된다.